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	Johan Vaaler
		Johan (or Johann) Vaaler (March 15, 1866 - ????) was a Norwegian inventor who invented the paperclip in 1899[1] (http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blpaperclip.htm).
		Some histories say Vaaler was a patent clerk; others note that Norway had no patents at the time and suggest that his patents had to be obtained in Germany (in 1899) and the United States (in 1901) for that reason.
		A giant paperclip was erected in Oslo in honour of Vaaler.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/jo/Johan_Vaaler.html (99 words)

	Johan Vaaler - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Johan Vaaler (March 15, 1866–1910) was a Norwegian inventor who was granted the first known patents for a kind of paperclip in 1899.
		Nonetheless, Vaaler's association with the "invention" of the paperclip ultimately became a Norwegian nationalistic symbol.
		Vaaler was not actually the first to invent the paperclip, but the intricacies of patent law and enforcement circa 1900 make for a convoluted history, often conflated into simply crediting Vaaler as the inventor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Johan_Vaaler (304 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Johan Vaaler was born on March 15, 1866.
		Johan Vaaler did not know this, partly because he was born in Norway and news at the time did not travel fast, but mostly because he was not yet born at the time of the robbery, it having taken place a full month before his birthday.
		Johan Vaaler's paperclip, however, was never manufactured, due to the simple fact that a superior version of his invention existed nine years before he invented it.
	www.yiggs.com /part_eleventh.htm (676 words)

	Johann Vaaler info here at en.20of100c.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Inventions The paperclip was invented by Norwegian Johann Vaaler.
		Johan Vaaler (March 15, 1866â“1910) was a Norwegian inventor who was granted the vital manifest patents for a good-hearted of paperclip in 1899.
		Vaaler wasn't in case the vital to invent the paperclip, but the intricacies of glaring law und enforcement circa 1900 knock extinguished for a convoluted history, oftentimes conflated into guilelessly crediting Vaaler as the inventor.
	en.20of100c.info /Johann_Vaaler (416 words)

	Biography of Johan Vaaler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Johan Vaaler (March 15, 1866 - 1910) was a Norwegian inventor who was granted patents for a kind of paperclip in Germany in 1899 and in the United Statesin 1901.
		Vaaler was a patent clerk at Bryn's patent office in Oslo.
		Most literature on the subject falsely credits Vaaler with the invention of the "Gem" clip, the now common type.
	biography-2.qardinalinfo.com /v/Vaaler_Johan.html (166 words)

	Untitled Document
		Vaaler was on the right please fore a patent.
		Vaaler dyad in 1910 after a long sickbed on a age of 44.
		Vaaler was earlier ferry bustle with designing from the paperclip.
	members.home.nl /h.lammertink/engels/geschiedenis-e.htm (566 words)

	Old and New
		Although there are references to the modern paper clip dating back to 1883, most consider Norwegian inventor Johan Vaaler the father of the modern paper clip.
		Vaaler, the son of a farmer from Akershus, had a degree in electronics, science and mathematics, was employed at an invention office when he made his breakthrough in 1899.
		He patented his innovative device in Germany in 1899 and described it as: "A piece of wire that is bent to a rectangular, triangular, or otherwise-shaped hoop, the end parts of which...
	www.biggeworld.com /archive/npbizpaper.html (1694 words)

	Patents(Second Amendment ) Bill, 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Straight pins were designed to be used in sewing and tailoring, to temporally fasten cloth together.
		Johan Vaaler, a Norwegian inventor with a degree in electronics, science and mathematics, invented the paperclip in 1899.
		Johan Vaaler was an employee at a local invention office when he invented the paperclip.
	www.patentmatics.org /news2003/news1a.htm (361 words)

	Paper Clip History - Invention of the Paper Clip
		In 1899 a Norwegian named Johan Vaaler, patented the paper clip in Germany because Norway had no patent law at the time.
		Vaaler's American patent drawing shows several kinds of paper clips, from square to triangular to one that looks a lot like the elliptical ones in wide use today.
		A giant paper clip in Oslo Norway was erected as a memorial to Johan Vaaler.
	www.ideafinder.com /history/inventions/paperclip.htm (1607 words)

	► who invented the paperclip
		Norwegian - Johan Vaaler invented the paperclip in 1899...
		Johann) Vaaler (March 15, 1866 - ????) was a Norwegian inventor who invented the paperclip in 1899[1].
		The first patent rights were secured by Johan Vaaler in Germany, and later patented in America and other countries.
	www.faq-site.com /faqs/36/who-invented-the-paperclip.html (348 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It is available at school in the lab, but the lab is now closed, so you download a copy from a web site in Smogaria for that one-time use only.
		Johan Vaaler invented the paper clip in 1899 and patented it in Germany, but did nothing else with his invention.
		A year later Cornelius J. Brosnan of Springfield, Massachusetts was awarded a patent for it, so Johan Valler did not profit financially from his invention.
	logos.eecs.uic.edu /335/notes/PropertyRightsScenarios.doc (590 words)

	Corporate Design Foundation - @issue journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Its invention in 1899 is credited to a Norwegian named Johan Vaaler, who patented the device in Germany because Norway had no patent law at the time.
		Vaaler did nothing with his invention, however, and a year later a U.S. patent for a paper clip, called the Konaclip, was awarded to Cornelius J. Brosnan of Springfield, Massachusetts.
		Although some dispute the originator of the paper clip, Norwegians have proudly embraced their countryman, Johan Vaaler, as the true inventor.
	www.cdf.org /journal/0401_paperclip.php (380 words)

	Extra Case
		Middlebrook's 1899 patent incidentally shows that the Norwegian Johan Vaaler, who is normally credited with its invention, is not correct (the Vaaler patent was filed in 1901).
		While Vaaler and other turn-of-the-century inventors were in fact patenting all manner of shapes and sizes of paper clips, Middlebrook was patenting the means for forming the Gem clip economically.
		There could be many shapes of clip that can hold a pile of papers just about as well as, if not better than, a Gem, but the ability to manufacture the clips reliably and in large quantities is what would make or break a company.
	jacobs.indiana.edu /POM8e/Extra_Cases/PaperClips.htm (826 words)

	Computing Papers on Johan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In this paper we argue that RoboCup is a useful tool for the teaching of AI in undergraduate education.
		Johan de Kleer, Jon Doyle, Guy Lewis Steele Jr, and Gerald Jay Sussman, AMORD: explicit control of reasoning, ACM Conference on AI and Programming Languages, Rochester, New York (1977), pp.
		Some of the concepts have been shown by component prototypes demonstrating certain aspects of the overall system (e.g., access to home based appliances via cellular network) which are planned to evolve into complete system prototypes showing the feasibility of the VHE approach by the end of the project (June 2002).
	computing.breinestorm.net /Johan (2038 words)

	design.indietale
		The first named inventor of the paper clip was Johan Vaaler, a Norwegian inventor.
		Johan Vaaler was the first person to patent a paperclip design, although other unpatented designs might have existed first.
		The beauty of the paper clip is found in its simplicity.
	www.angelfire.com /indie/tale/design.html (562 words)

	Historical note clip art. \| Manufacturing > Printing and Related Support Activities from AllBusiness.com
		Six centuries later came the more democratic paper clip: a simple, ingenious invention usually credited to Johan Vaaler of Norway, who patented his 1899 design in Germany.
		During the Nazis' five-year occupation of Norway, Vaaler's paper clip became a political button, as the populace, banned from wearing badges with the initials or face of the exiled King Haakon VII, took to wearing it in a show of national unity.
		Vaaler's contribution still lives large, with a commemorative paper clip sculpture (nearly 23 feet high) looming overhead in Oslo, and a Norwegian postage stamp issued five years ago that recognized the handy contraption's 100th anniversary.
	www.allbusiness.com /periodicals/article/176889-1.html (365 words)

	Tidbit for November 8, 1999
		The invention is credited to Johan Vaaler, a Norwegian, who patented his innovation in Germany because Norway lacked a patent law at the time.
		Vaaler reportedly failed to exploit his invention, however, and year later a U.S. patent for a paper clip was awarded to Cornelius J. Brosnan of Springfield, Mass.
		The most popular current form of the paper clip, known as the Gem clip, was invented shortly thereafter in England.
	www.alteich.com /tidbits/t110899.htm (323 words)

	Paper Clip Inventor Articles \| Paper Clip Inventor Portal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A determent to society if the inventor of the bread clip were to have not made his so trio inventions of controlled fire, the computer, and the paper clip.
		Although some dispute the originator of the paper clip, Norwegians have proudly embraced their countryman, Johan valuer, as the true inventor.
		To the modern paper clip dating back to 1883, most consider Norwegian inventor Johan valuer the father of the modern paper clip.
	www.myinventionspot.com /paper-clip-inventor.html (1104 words)

	Spirit Enterprise LLP - [Success Stories - Products of the Century] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		But when it comes to epic changes in office life, consider the lowly paper clip.
		Before Norwegian Johan Vaaler devised a bent metal clip in 1900, papers were secured by straight pins, which had the predictable effect of gouging their recipients.
		Vaaler, alas, didn't realize the import of what he had done and sold his patent to a stationer.
	www.spiritenterprise.com /success_stories/products/products.shtml (942 words)

	Decades History Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Max Planck suggested that energy is not exchanged in a continuous flow but by individual packets, or quanta; energy moved not like a river but like raindrops.
		Johan Vaaler, a Norwegian living in Germany, invented the paper clip.
		William L. Murphy of Stockton, Ca., designed a folding bed for his SF apartment and applied for a patent.
	www.decades.com /ByDecade/1900-1909/1.htm (846 words)

	Daily Herald >> Crossing Centuries >> Our Nation
		Twentieth-century manufacturing may have produced some junk, but let's not overlook all those elegantly simple, everlastingly ingenious products that made life better.
		Paper clips: The century wasn't a year old when Johan Vaaler, a Norwegian living in Germany, solved the age-old problem of corralling fly-away papers.
		Ice-cream cones: At the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, food venders Arnold Fornachou (ice cream) and Ernest Hamwi (sweet, rolled wafers) collaborated in a way that seems inevitable now.
	www.dailyherald.com /special/crossingcenturies/2a/8rest.asp (370 words)

	RealScreen - On the Slate
		It can also be used to demonstrate the degradation of the human species...
		When Norwegian inventor Johan Vaaler twisted some metal into the form of a paper clip in 1899, little did he suspect the use it would be put to a century later.
		In a school in Whitwell, Tennessee (a town of 1,600), students decided to stay late one night to take part in what was originally intended to be an exercise in tolerance (the school has no Jews nor Catholics, no Asians, no Hispanics and only six African Americans).
	www.realscreen.com /articles/magazine/20010901/prodnews.html?page=1 (632 words)

	Fire GPO Newsletter
		As practical as it is today, the paper clip was invented just over 100 years ago, in 1899.
		A Norwegian, Johan Vaaler, originally came up with the idea.
		Although there's still dispute as to the originator of the paper clip, Norwegians proudly embrace Johan Vaaler, as the true inventor.
	www.firegpo-newsletter.com /archives/august04/stuff.html (639 words)

	Paper Clip Inventor News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Norwegian Johan valuer as the inventor of the simple yet effective paper clip.
		Paper clip of the paper clip, Norwegians have proudly embraced their countryman, Johan valuer, as the true inventor.
		Plans, kid inventors brain candy, robots, trivia science clip art wacky patents and gadgets mistakes made on paper.
	www.superinventionspot.com /paper-clip-inventor.html (1263 words)

	Rediff On The Net, Life/Style: Manjula Padmanaabhan on the ubiquitous paper clip
		If you were given "a piece of wire that is bent to a rectangular, triangular, or otherwise shaped hoop, the end parts of which wire piece form members or tongues lying side by side in contrary directions" -- what would you do with it?
		Use it to bind sheets of paper together, I hope, because that is a description of one of the early versions of paper clip, the invention of a Norwegian called Johan Vaaler.
		This fragment of information is just one of countless revelations made in a fascinating book called The Evolution of Useful Things by Henry Petroski (the author of a book about another supremely useful thing, The Pencil).
	www.rediff.com /style/sep/23manj.htm (709 words)

	These 20th century products were winners (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Sure, 20th century manufacturing produced heaps of junk, but let's not overlook all those elegantly simple, everlastingly ingenious, often humble products that made life better.
		PAPER CLIPS — The century wasn't even a year old when Johan Vaaler, a Norwegian then living in Germany, solved the age-old problem of corralling fly-away papers by squeezing them between the concentric loops of a couple of inches of bent wire.
		ICE-CREAM CONE — At the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, food venders Arnold Fornachou (ice cream) and Ernest Hamwi (sweet, rolled wafers) collaborated in a way that seems inevitable now.
	www.bouldernews.com /business/23dclip.html (578 words)

	The Social Security Blog: Paperclip or Political Symbol?
		During World War II, Norwegians wore paperclips as a symbol of national unity.
		A Norwegian by the name of Johan Vaaler is widely credited for inventing the paperclip, and it emerged as a way for Norwegians to show their resistance to the occupying Nazi forces.
		That which had once bound page to page soon served to bind one heart to another.
	blog.pactamerica.com /2005/11/paperclip-or-political-symbol.htm (241 words)

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