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	JOHANN DAVID MICHAELIS - LoveToKnow Article on JOHANN DAVID MICHAELIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Johann Heinrich Michaelis (1668-1738) was the chief director of A. Franckes Collegium orientale iheologicum, a practical school of biblical and oriental philology then quite unique, and the author of an annotated Hebrew Bible and various exegetical works of reputation, especially the Adnotationes uberiores in hagiographos (1720).
		In his chief publications J. Michaelis had as fellow-worker his sisters son Christian Benedikt Michaelis (1680-1764), the father of Johann David, who was likewise influential as professor at Halle, and a sound scholar, especially in Syriac.
		Michaelis was trained for academical life under his fathers eye.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MI/MICHAELIS_JOHANN_DAVID.htm (626 words)

	Johann David Michaelis -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Johann Heinrich Michaelis (1668-1738) was the chief director of A.H. Francke's Collegium orientale ideologicum, a practical school of biblical and oriental (The humanistic study of language and literature) philology then quite unique, and the author of an annotated Hebrew Bible and various exegetical works of reputation, especially the Adnotationes uberiores in hagiographos (1720).
		In his chief publications JH Michaelis had as fellow-worker his sister's son Christian Benedikt Michaelis (1680-1764), the father of Johann David, who was likewise influential as professor at Halle, and a sound scholar, especially in Syriac.
		One of his dissertations was a defence of the antiquity and divine authority of the (A mark placed below or near a consonant (as in Hebrew or Arabic) to indicate the spoken vowel) vowel points in (The ancient Canaanitic language of the Hebrews that has been revived as the official language of Israel) Hebrew.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/j/jo/johann_david_michaelis.htm (546 words)

	WU Libraries Special Collections - Language (Philosophy)
		Point of view, says Michaelis, is that which gives language its form.
		Michaelis is quite sceptical of such a project.
		He maintains that an artificial language would not only be jejune and lacking in grace, but also that it would be subject to the same problems as any natural language, such as the tendency to split into dialects.
	library.wustl.edu /units/spec/rarebooks/semeiology/language.html (956 words)

	Johann David Michaelis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Johann David Michaelis (1717-1791), German biblical scholar and teacher, was a member of a family which had the chief part in maintaining that solid discipline in Hebrew and the cognate languages which distinguished the university of Halle in the period of Pietism.
		Johann Heinrich Michaelis (1668-1738) was the chief director of A.H. Francke's Collegium orientale ideologicum, a practical school of biblical and oriental philology then quite unique, and the author of an annotated Hebrew Bible and various exegetical works of reputation, especially the Adnotationes uberiores in hagiographos (1720).
		At Halle he was influenced, especially in philosophy, by Siegmund J. Baumgarten (1706-1757), the link between the old Pietism and JS Semler, while he cultivated his strong taste for history under Chancellor Ludwig.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/johann_david_michaelis (718 words)

	Confino and Fritzsche/The Work of Memory. Chapter 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Michaelis was one of the Enlightenment's foremost admirers of ancient Judaism.
		Michaelis the historian appropriates the Hebrew Bible against contemporary Jews, finding in the second book of Moses—the account of the exodus from Egypt—a memory of Egypt that gives the modern German states a persuasive argument against Jewish emancipation.
		Like Michaelis, Dohm also constructs Jewish memory as incompatible with the modern state, but he solves this problem by appropriating it for the modern state, by using Jewish historical consciousness as a means to deliver the modern state from its own disaggregated Diaspora.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /epub/books/confino/ch2.html (9290 words)

	Bibliography
		David L. Dungan, "The Purpose and Provenance of the Gospel of Mark According to the 'Two-Gospel' (Griesbach) Hypothesis" in Colloquy on New Testament Studies (Corley 1983: 133-56).
		David Peabody, "Augustine and the Augustinian Hypothesis: A Reexamination of Augustine's Thought in De consensu evangelistarum" in New Synoptic Studies (Farmer 1983a: 37-64).
		David Peabody, "The Late Secondary Redaction of Mark's Gospel and the Griesbach Hypothesis: A Response to Helmut Koester" in Colloquy on New Testament Studies (Corley 1983: 87-132).
	www.mindspring.com /~scarlson/synopt/catalog.htm (8168 words)

	Departmental website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		"Johann David Michaelis and the Colonial Imaginary: Orientalism and the Emergence of Racial Antisemitism in Eighteenth-Century Germany," Jewish Social Studies 6.2 (2000): 56-101.
		"Johann David Michaelis and the Pied Piper: The Politics of Orientalism in Eighteenth-Century Germany," paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Religion/ Society for Biblical Literature, November 21-24, 1998, Orlando, Florida.
		"Orientalism and the Rise of Racial Antisemitism: The Case of Johann David Michaelis," paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies," Milwaukee, Wisconsin, March 1999.
	www.unc.edu /gform-links/german/personnel/hess-v.html (1487 words)

	The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. II: Basilica - Chambers (biblical_introducton)
		The ideas of Simon were further established in Protestant regions by the work of Johannes Clericus, though the tendencies of Protestantism were conservative, and its supporters came later to hope that the learning of Carpzov would establish firmly the truth of the traditional views.
		The next name is Johann David Michaelis, who wrote the Einleitung in die göttlichen Schriften des Neuen Bundes (Göttingen, 1750).
		Johann Salomo Semler made the next contribution of importance (in his Abhandlung von freier Untersuchung des Kanons, 4 parts, Halle, 1771–75), when he distinguished between the word of God, which contained the doctrines of directly spiritual value, and the Holy Scriptures, which contained them only sporadically.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/encyc02.biblical_introducton.html (4228 words)

	H-Net Review: Willi Goetschel on Germans, Jews and the Claims of Modernity
		Fleshing out Johann David Michaelis's peculiar blend of Oriental scholarship, which sought to find evidence for the claim of Christianity's superiority by enlisting anthropological research on Arabs, Hess highlights the hermeneutic thrust that dictated the confines in which the "Jewish Question" was debated.
		Michaelis was not only Moses Mendelssohn's nemesis but also responsible for the way in which Orientalism set the stage for the discourse of emancipation.
		His discussion of Michaelis and Dohm provides a convincing framework for the consensus of eighteenth-century secular Biblical scholarship and early liberal thought as being in agreement, albeit with different agendas, to view Judaism and "the Jewish Question" as nothing more than a problem that required a solution.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=130121076181589 (1713 words)

	Bibliography of Textual Criticism "M" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Mace's edition was castigated by prominent scholars (Michaelis among them), and generally brought text-critical studies in England into disrepute.
		At the beginning of each section (corresponding to the chapter divisions of the Received Text) there is a review of all significant variants adopted by the editors of the nineteenth century critical texts, with brief comments on the merits of each reading.
		English translation: An Introduction to the New Testament, by John David Michaelis, late Professor in the University of Göttingen.
	www.bible-researcher.com /bib-m.html (2241 words)

	MICHAELIS, JOHANN DAVID (1717-1791) - Online Information article about MICHAELIS, JOHANN DAVID (1717-1791)
		DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
		Johann Heinrich Michaelis (1668—1738) was the chief director of A. See also:
		father of Johann David, who was likewise influential as See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /MIC_MOL/MICHAELIS_JOHANN_DAVID_1717_179.html (1038 words)

	Biblical Criticism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This was the birth of historical-critical study of the Bible, although not until Johann Gottfried Eichhorn (1752–1827) and Johann David Michaelis (1717–1791) was the modern historical-critical pattern set.
		Reacting against the supernatural element in the Gospels and casting about for a Jesus made in their own image, idealists found Christ to be the ideal man; rationalists saw him as the great teacher of morality; socialists viewed him as a friend of the poor and a revolutionary.
		The most popular “lives of Jesus,” the two by David Friedrich Strauss, rejected most of the Gospel material as mythology; and Bruno Bauer ended his quest by denying that there ever was a historical Jesus.
	www.shakinandshinin.org /BiblicalCriticism.html (13658 words)

	The Reception of Linnæus's Works in Germany with Particular Reference to his Conflict with Siegesbeck
		[14] Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch (1714-1786) was one of the first in Germany to accept Linnæus's sexual system and he also takes the opportunity to reveal many intriguing details regarding botany at numerous German universities.
		Johann Georg Gmelin (1709-1755) entreats Linnæus to help him with the classifications of the plants in his Flora Sibirica (1747-1769).
		Also Johann Amman (1707-1741), professor of botany at St. Petersburg, told Linnæus that surely he could not mean that the laws of nature were sanctioned by God.
	www.phil-hum-ren.uni-muenchen.de /GermLat/Acta/Jonsson.htm (7078 words)

	IUL News
		None was hungrier than the German Orientalist and Bible translator Johann David Michaelis, who organized the so-called Niebuhr expedition to feed his appetite for the kind of concrete data absent from Biblical scholarship until the late eighteenth century.
		Michaelis would put these resources to work in his prodigious Old Testament translation, a work that consistently employed Oriental antiquities to defamiliarize the German Bible.
		This project, I suggest, was one part of a larger effort in the later eighteenth century to recuperate the meaning of a Bible shorn from the comfortable cradle of theology.
	www.indiana.edu /~libadmin/iuln/10iuln1003.html (1343 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The linguistic theory of Johann Gottfried Herder (1744—1803) contributed to this development by endowing words, and the memories they preserved of German speakers’ common descent, with almost mythic powers to create culture and community.
		Thus, for Michaelis, the linguistic conventions of Oriental tongues distorted religious truth, as seen, for example, in stories involving the term celestial manna.
		And, Michaelis feared, the fact that the substance was “no more than a gum exuding from plants” was obscured when Moses made use of Israelite expressions that wrongly held that dew “came from above,” not from the earth.
	www.cssaame.ilstu.edu /issues/24-2/benes.doc (8098 words)

	Kaushik Bagchi \| An Orientalist in the Orient: Richard Garbe's Indian Journey, 1885–1886 \| Journal of World ...
		David Lelyfeld has pointed to the interest in "colonial discourse" as a unifying element in this brand of scholarship that emerged "in the wake of Said's Orientalism" among anthropologists, historians, and literary theorists, especially of South Asian origin.
		Herder, though not a professional Orientalist, was in a sense the founder of scholarly Orientalism in his country, especially with regard to India.
		David Kopf and O. Kejariwal have pointed to the supposedly rejuvenating effect of British Orientalism on Indian cultural pride and awareness.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jwh/14.3/bagchi.html (14531 words)

	MICHAELIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Search the MICHAELIS Family Message Boards at Ancestry.com (if available).
		Search the MICHAELIS Family Resource Center at RootsWeb.com (if available).
		Find graves of people named MICHAELIS at Find-a-Grave.com (or add one that you know).
	www.worldhistory.com /surname/US/M/MICHAELIS.htm (73 words)

	God in the New World
		One of the first men to set the scientific study of the Bible on its feet was Johann David Michaelis (1717-91), a professor and prodigious scholar of Göttingen, who became a legend in his own lifetime.
		It was Herbert Marsh (1757-1839), Professor of Divinity at Cambridge, who introduced the work of Michaelis into England, and who taught that Christian faith was not dependent upon a doctrine of the verbal inspiration of Holy Scripture.
		It was this which caused the composite narrative of Israel’s origins to be attributed to Moses, the Psalms to David, and the Epistle to the Hebrews to Paul.
	www.religion-online.org /showchapter.asp?title=2738&C=2496 (2797 words)

	Worldview Antique Maps and Books
		Born at Ludingworth, Lauenborg, Niebuhr worked as a peasant farmer in his early years, but managed to learn surveying.
		In 1760 he was invited as engineer-lieutenant to join the expedition being sent out by Frederick V of Denmark (at the suggestion of the Hebrew scholar Johann David Michaelis of GÃ¶ttingen) for the scientific exploration of Egypt, Syria and Arabia, the first of its kind.
		The team, which had no appointed leader, included Friedrich Christian von Haven (Danish linguist and orientalist), Pehr (or Peter) Forrskal (Swedish botanist), Christian Carl Kramer (Danish physician and zoologist), Georg Baurenfeind (artist, from southern Germany) and a Swedish ex-soldier named Berggren.
	www.worldviewmaps.com /fresh/cartographers-results.aspx?ci=1011 (509 words)

	The First Coming: How the Kingdom of God Became Christianity (Introduction)
		As bourgeois optimism about the ethical improvability of mankind collapsed in the carnage of the war, a new generation of Protestant theologians came into their own, and they had little patience with the socially acceptable but innocuous Jesus who had been invented by their liberal forebears.
		Already in 1892the young scholar Johannes Weiss, who in fact was the son-in-law of Albrecht Ritschl, had profoundly shaken the liberal Protestant dogma that Jesus was merely an ethical teacher of the Fatherhood of God, the brotherhood of man, and the gradual growth of the kingdom of God in this world.
		The hypothesis of the "Q-document" (although without that name) apparently was first postulated either by Johann David Michaelis (1717-1791) in Introduction to the New Testament, 1793-1801, or by Johann Gottfried Eichhorn, Über die drey ersten Evangelien, in Allgemeine Bibliothek der biblischen Literatur, Leipzig, (1794), 5:759-996.
	www.infidels.org /library/modern/thomas_sheehan/firstcoming/i.html (6922 words)

	EICHHORN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED (1752-1827) - Online Information article about EICHHORN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED (1752-1827)
		EICHHORN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED (1752-1827) - Online Information article about EICHHORN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED (1752-1827)
		death of Michaelis in 1788 he was elected professor ordinarius at Gottingen, where he lectured not only on Oriental languages and on the exegesis of the Old and New Testaments, but also on See also:
		Tubingen critics the difficulties which a natural theory has to surmount, nor did he support his conclusions by such elaborate discussions as they deemed necessary.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /ECG_EMS/EICHHORN_JOHANN_GOTTFRIED_1752_.html (663 words)

	Commentary Magazine - The Broken Staff, by Frank E. Manuel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		...One of them was Johann David Michaelis, whose views on the ancient Hebrews were shaped by travel literature, by the new interest in the mores of desert Arabs, and by Montesquieu's notion of the "spirit of laws...
		...Thus, outstanding German Christian Hebraists like Johann Christoph Wagenseil and Johann Andreas Eisenmenger were among the most hostile voices against Jews and Judaism in the late 17th century...
		...Still, Michaelis was flatly opposed to citizenship for German Jews...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V95I2P64-1.htm (1623 words)

	[No title]
		David Berger, On the uses of history in medieval Jewish polemic against Christianity.
		Johannes Buxtorf (1564-1629) and Hebrew Learning in the Seventeenth Century, Leiden/New York 1996, pp.
		405-428 David Novak, The Quest for the Jewish Jesus, in: Modern Judaism 8 (1988), pp.
	www.arts.mcgill.ca /programs/jewish/courses/syllabi/McGill.doc (2375 words)

	Stig T (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It was with this in mind that a professor at Göttingen, Germany, Johann David Michaëlis suggested to the head of the Tydske Kancelli (the Foreign Ministry), Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff, that the king send an expedition to those unknown lands, ostensibly known since ancient times as Arabia Felix - 'Pleasant Arabia'.
		The original proposal was to send a single man to Yemen from Tranquebar in India, then a Danish colony.
		Michaëlis, Johann David: Fragen an eine Gesellschaft Gelehrter Männer, die auf Befehl lhro Majestät des Königes von
	www.kb.dk /elib/mss/arab/journey.htm (2751 words)

	To You Who Believe, He Is Precious - A Donelson Fellowship Pocket Paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		century German theologian, Johann David Michaelis, felt that this was referring to an event that, according to Jewish tradition, took place during the building of Solomon’s temple on Jerusalem’s Temple Mount.
		As you come to Him, the living Stone—rejected by men but chosen by God and precious to Him—you also, like living stones, are being built into a spiritual house to be a holy priesthood, offering spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God through Jesus Christ.
		In 1501, when Michelangelo was commissioned to create the David by authorities at the Cathedral in Florence, he used it and with his superior skill carved the David which has thrilled the world for 500 years.
	www.donelson.org /pocket/pp-011209.html (2799 words)

	Forsskal and his contribution to the study of local natural history
		Forsskål opted for the University of Göttingen, Germany, where he commenced reading Theology, Philology and Oriental Philosophy on 13 October 1753, under that most distinguished, then 36 year old, German theologian and Orientalist, Professor Johann David Michaelis.
		In 1760, the eminent theologian and orientalist, Professor Johann David Michaelis – Forsskål’s former lecturer at the University of Göttingen, and mastermind of the Danish Government’s Expedition for the scientific exploration of Egypt, Arabia and Syria – recommended him to J.H.E. Bernstorff, the Danish Foreign Minister.
		Gottlieb Buhle, Johann David Michaelis: Literarischer Briefwechsel, (Correspondence), pt.
	uk.geocities.com /davidmallia2000/Thierens/hw92fors.html (8134 words)

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