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	Johann Ludwig Burckhardt Summary
		Johann Ludwig Burckhardt was the first European in modern times to visit the ancient city of Petra in what is now Jordan, and the great temples of the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II at Abu Simbel.
		Burckhardt was born in 1784 in Lausanne, Switzerland.
		Burckhardt briefly studied Arabic at the University of Cambridge and prepared for his rigorous career as an explorer by wandering bareheaded in the English countryside during a heatwave, subsisting on vegetables and water, and sleeping on the bare ground.
	www.bookrags.com /Johann_Ludwig_Burckhardt (1428 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Shaikh Burckhardt: Explorer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Johann Burckhardt was then 25 years old, the son of a controversial army colonel who had been exiled from Switzerland for opposing French rule during the Napoleonic Wars.
		Whichever it was, Burckhardt's agreement with the society suggests a measure of prudence and foresight.
		Later, however, when the guide slept, Burckhardt returned to his speculations and wrote, with rare prescience, that in the future "the antiquities of Wadi Mousa will be found to rank amongst the most curious remains of ancient art." Ten days later he arrived in Cairo to announce to an excited world what he had found.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/196705/shaikh.burckhardt.explorer.htm (2380 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Burckhardt, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Burckhardt, Jacob Christoph, 1818-97, Swiss historian, one of the founders of the cultural interpretation of history.
		In the mid-19th cent., art history was raised to the status of an academic discipline by the Swiss Jacob Burckhardt, who related art to its cultural environment, and the German idealists Alois Riegl, Heinrich Wölfflin, and Wilhelm Worringer.
		Religion and the Rise of Historicism: W. de Wette, Jacob Burckhardt, and the Theological Origins of Nineteenth-Century Historical Consciousness.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Burckhardt, (575 words)

	Burckhardt Johann Ludwig - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Wittgenstein, Ludwig Josef Johann (1889-1951), Austrian-British philosopher, who was one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century,...
		Heyse, Paul Johann Ludwig von (1830-1914), German novelist, poet, and dramatist, who was noted for the realism and structural perfection of his...
		Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig - Columbia Encyclopedia article about...
	encarta.msn.com /Burckhardt_Johann_Ludwig.html (162 words)

	Jordan - Touristic Sites - South of Amman
		Finally, in 1812, a young Swiss explorer and convert to Islam named Johann Ludwig Burckhardt heard locals speaking of a "lost city" hidden in the mountains of Wadi Mousa.
		The city was damaged again by the earthquake of 747 CE, and housed a small Crusader community during the 12th or 13th century.
		It then passed into obscurity and was forgotten until Johann Ludwig Burckhardt rediscovered it for the outside world in 1812.
	www.kinghussein.gov.jo /tourism6d.html (3259 words)

	Johann Ludwig Burckhardt
		Johann Ludwig (aka John Lewis) Burckhardt (November 24, 1784 - October 15, 1817), Swiss traveller and orientalist, was born at Lausanne.
		After studying at Leipzig and Göttingen he visited England in the summer of 1806, carrying a letter of introduction from the naturalist Blumenbach to Sir Joseph Banks, who, with the other members of the African Association, accepted his offer to explore the interior of Africa.
		After studying in London and Cambridge, and inuring himself to all kinds of hardships and privations, Burckhardt left England in March 1809 for Malta, whence he proceeded, in the following autumn, to Aleppo.
	ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/jo/Johann_Ludwig_Burkhardt.html (353 words)

	The UnMuseum: Lost City Petra
		Burckhardt hoped that if he could master the language and customs there, he might be able to pass himself off as an Arab and avoid the suspicions and mistrust that western visitors to that region often encountered.
		As Burckhardt and his guide approached the ruins the rock walls along the path closed in to form a tiny, twisting canyon at some points only 15 feet wide and hundreds of feet deep.
		As they continued forward, the end of the gorge appeared and Burckhardt was suddenly confronted with one of the most amazing sights in the world: Embedded in the cliff face in front of him was the intricate and immense façade of a temple carved of the same red rock as the cliffs.
	www.unmuseum.org /petra.htm (1851 words)

	Johann Ludwig Burckhardt \| THG Lexikon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Johann Ludwig Burckhardt studierte in Leipzig und Göttingen und kehrte 1805 zurück nach Basel, wo er allerdings wegen seiner antifranzösischen Haltung keine gute berufliche Aussicht hatte.
		Burckhardt ging nach Aleppo (Syrien), um den Nahen Osten und den Islam zu studieren.
		In den folgenden Jahren erkundete Burckhardt unter seinem arabischen Namen Palmyra, Damaskus und den Libanon sowie heilige Stätten des Islams.
	www.tomshardware.de /lexikon/Johann_Ludwig_Burckhardt (492 words)

	ISLAM Y AL-ANDALUS: CONVERSOS OCCIDENTALES AL ISLAM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		YIA.LM “Johann Ludwig” (también conocido alias John Lewis) Burckhardt (24 Noviembre 1784 - 15 Octubre 1817), viajero y orientalista suizo, nació en Lausanne.
		Burckhardt estudió brevemente árabe en la Universidad de Cambridge y se preparó para su rigurosa carrera como explorador vagando con la cabeza descubierta en la campiña inglesa durante una ola de calor, subsistiendo de verduras y agua, y durmiendo sobre el suelo desnudo.
		Burckhardt salió de Inglaterra en Marzo de 1809 hacia Malta, posteriormente continuó el siguiente otoño hacia Aleppo para perfeccionar su árabe y estudiar a fondo el Corán, el hadit y las Leyes Islámicas.
	www.islamyal-andalus.org /publicaciones/conversos/ludwing.htm (556 words)

	:: BelugaSharm - Agenzia di escursioni a Sharm el Sheikh ::
		Fu un viaggiatore anglo-svizzero, Johann Ludwig Burckhardt (1784 - 1817), che nel 1812, recandosi da Damasco al Cairo, sentì parlare di un'antica città stretta fra montagne impenetrabili e decise di andare a cercarla.
		Con una simile storia convinse due indigeni a guidarlo attraverso il siq, un'angusta gola scura con pareti a picco, larga in certi punti poco più di un metro, che si snoda per quasi un chilometro e mezzo tra torreggianti blocchi di arenaria rossa decorati e intagliati.
		Là Burckhardt tracciò sui suoi ampi indumenti uno schizzo dell'edificio, poi compì una breve visita attorno alla città e, al cadere delle tenebre, sacrificò la capra ai piedi del tempio di Aronne prima di fare ritorno a Elji, a missione compiuta.
	www.belugasharm.it /pagine/itinerari/petra.html (800 words)

	Genealogie, Familienforschung, Ahnenforschung, Ahnen in der Schweiz
		Burckhardt Carl Jacob, Historiker, Essayist und Diplomat, (1891-1974)
		Escher von der Linth Johann Konrad, Geologe, (1767-1823)
		Füssli Johann Heinrich, Maler, Zeichner und Kunstschriftsteller, (1741-1825)
	www.ahneninfo.com /de/genealogien.htm (254 words)

	Uhland (Johann) Ludwig - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Uhland, (Johann) Ludwig (1787-1862), German poet and philologist, born in Tübingen, and educated in law at the University of Tübingen.
		He was the first European in modern times to visit the ancient city of Petra and to describe...
		Tieck, (Johann) Ludwig (1773-1853), German writer, who was one of the leaders of German Romanticism.
	au.encarta.msn.com /Uhland_(Johann)_Ludwig.html (95 words)

	JOHN LEWIS [ JOHANN LU... - Online Informationsartikel ungefähr JOHN LEWIS [ JOHANN LU...
		JOHN LEWIS [ JOHANN LUDWIG ] BURCKHARDT (1784-1817)
		BURCKHARDT (1784-1817), schweizer Laufstück und orientalist, wurde in See also:
		Reihe Buchstaben, damit nichts, das zu ihm schien, in den verschiedenen Reisen interessant zu sein, die, er bildete, verloren worden ist.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /de/BUR_CAL/BURCKHARDT_JOHN_LEWIS_JOHANN_LU.html (624 words)

	The Discovery of Petra
		After spending several years learning Arabic and studying the tenets of Islam, Burckhardt, who passed himself off as a Muslim from India, set out on his journey under the auspices of the London-based "Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior parts of Africa".
		One can imagine the impression the ruins made upon him, for he was fully able to appreciate the importance of his discovery and correctly identify the city as ancient Petra.
		In spite of the fact that he was obliged to conceal his interest and excitement from his guides, Burckhardt recorded what he had seen, and his account, published in 1822 was to excite great interest in Europe and inspire a long line of travelers to visit the site.
	www.atlastours.net /jordan/petra_discovery.html (399 words)

	Petra City - City of Petra - World Forgotten Wonders:
		But somewhere in the 12th century this pulsating and lively city was deserted and forgotten by the outside world until the early 19th century, when it was visited by the Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt.
		The Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt wrote striking accounts about this city which drew the attention of early 19th-century European travelers to this long forgotten city.
		This city which was not marked in maps and has been unnoticed by visitors for more than 500 years suddenly lured visitors to wonder at its splendor and speculate about its history.
	www.allwondersoftheworld.com /forgotten-wonders/petra-city.html (648 words)

	RdM: Glossar - Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Burckhardt gilt als einer der großen Erforscher von Orient und Afrika.
		Die britische Afrikanische Gesellschaft beauftragte Johann Ludwig Burckhardt 1806, das Werk von Friedrich Konrad Hornemann fortzusetzen, nämlich das Rätsel um den Niger (Fluß) zu lösen.
		In den Jahren 1809 bis 1812 reiste Burckhardt nach Syrien und Palästina sowie durch das Ostjordanland und die Wüste des Sinai (Insel) nach Kairo.
	www.raetsel-der-menschheit.de /glossar/johann_ludwig_burckhardt.htm (179 words)

	The Petra Great Temple \| History
		Petra was revealed to the western world in 1812 for the first time since the Crusades when it was re-discovered by the Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt.
		During the 19th century, the site was visited and documented by several Europeans, after J. Burckhardt’s initial visit.
		A synthesis of the site was published by Libbey and Hoskins in 1905, presenting one of the first overviews in print.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/Anthropology/Petra/excavations/history.html (1262 words)

	Portrait of Sheikh Ibrahim, or Johann Ludwig Burckhardt 1817 Giclee Print by Henry Salt at AllPosters.com
		Portrait of Sheikh Ibrahim, or Johann Ludwig Burckhardt 1817 by Henry Salt
		The Giclee printing process delivers a fine stream of ink on archival paper, resulting in vivid, pure color and exceptional detail that is suitable for museum or gallery display.
		Portrait of Sheikh Ibrahim, or Johann Ludwig Burckhardt 1817
	www.allposters.com /-sp/Portrait-of-Sheikh-Ibrahim-or-Johann-Ludwig-Burckhardt-1817-Posters_i1732765_.htm (117 words)

	Ta’if - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Burckhardt says that the wall and ditch around the city had been built by Othman el Medhayfe.
		Burckhardt says that the castle had been built by Sharif Ghalib.
		John Lewis Burckhardt (Johann Ludwig Burckhardt) - Travels in Arabia; comprehending an account of those territories in Hedjaz which the Mohammedans regard as sacred, online version available free from Project Gutenberg here.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ta'if (1909 words)

	Pictures of Petra - Jordan
		In the first and second century, after the Romans took over, the city reached the peak of its fame.
		When caravan routes were slowly displaced by shipping, the city's importance gradually dwindled; it fell into disuse and was lost to the world until 1812, when it was re-discovered by the Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt.
		Nowadays Petra is Jordan's number 1 tourist attraction, known as the "rose red city half as old as time".
	www.bamjam.net /Jordan/Petra.html (352 words)

	JOHN LEWIS [JOHANN LUD... - Online Information article about JOHN LEWIS [JOHANN LUD...
		BURCKHARDT (1784-1817), Swiss traveller and orientalist, was See also:
		BEDOUINS (Ahl Bedu, " dwellers in the open land," or Ahl el beit, " people of the tent," as they call themselves)
		End of Article: JOHN LEWIS [JOHANN LUDWIG] BURCKHARDT (1784-1817)
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /BUN_CAL/BURCKHARDT_JOHN_LEWIS_JOHANN_LU.html (779 words)

	Petra
		It was still inhabited during the Byzantine period, when the former Roman empire moved its focus east to Constantinople, but declined in importance thereafter.
		The Crusaders constructed a fort there in the 12th century, but soon withdrew, leaving Petra to the local people until the early 19th century, when it was rediscovered by the Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt in 1812.
		It was rediscovered in 1812 by the Swiss traveller, Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, who tricked his way into the fiercely guarded site by pretending to be an Arab from India wishing to make a sacrifice at the tomb of the Prophet Aaron.
	www.visitjordan.com /visitjordan_cms/MajorAttractions/Petra/tabid/63/Default.aspx (898 words)

	JAKOB BURCKHARDT (1818... - Online Information article about JAKOB BURCKHARDT (1818...
		- Online Information article about JAKOB BURCKHARDT (1818...
		Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.
		Burckhardt was naturally led on to the preparation of his two other celebrated works, Die Cultur der Renaissance in Italien (1860, 5th German edition 1896, and English translation, by S.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /BUN_CAL/BURCKHARDT_JAKOB_18181897_.html (433 words)

	Petra: Lost City of Stone Educators' Online Guide
		Petra: Lost City of Stone explores the caravan city of Petra and the nomadic desert traders, the Nabataeans, who built it creating a crossroads of the ancient world.
		Its monuments were indeed "lost" to Westerners for over 500 years, until Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt arrived in 1812.
		But in fact the site has been continuously inhabited, first by the Nabataeans beginning in the third century B.C., and ultimately by nomadic Bedouin who lived in Petra's caves in modern times.
	www.amnh.org /education/resources/rfl/web/petraguide/come.html (335 words)

	Burckhardt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jacob Burckhardt (1818-1897) - Swiss historian of art and culture
		Johann Ludwig Burckhardt (1784-1817) - Swiss traveller and orientalist
		This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Burckhardt (88 words)

	Petra's Poetry - 9/1/2003 - Interior Design
		Current events in the Middle East have focused American and European eyes on the troubled region, but the ancient city of Petra has fascinated Westerners since 1812, when it was rediscovered by Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt.
		New York's American Museum of Natural History is now examining the mysterious Jordanian archaeological site—a valley of monuments carved into red sandstone hills—as well as the history of the city's creators, the Nabataeans.
		Use of this web site is subject to its Terms and Conditions of Use.
	www.interiordesign.net /id_article/CA324248/id?stt=001 (170 words)

	Egypt: Abu Simbel in Nubia, A Feature Tour Egypt Story
		But he did award Belzoni a tiny government allowance which permitted him to live a while longer in Egypt.
		During this time, Belzoni met Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, who had adopted Arabic dress and managed to travel to places in Egypt no other European had yet seen.
		He described to Belzoni both the Abu Simbel temple in Nubia to Belzoni, and a part of a colossal statue known as the "Young Memnon" in Luxor.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/belzoni.htm (1278 words)

	The Great Temple of Ramses II
		Earlier temples in Nubia had been located within forts, but here the confidence of Ramses II, whose reign may have lasted as many as 67 years, is illustrated; these temples, probably once brightly colored, were cut into the natural rock and lapped by the Nile.
		After eleven centuries of oblivion, these temples were rediscovered in 1813 when Johann Ludwig Burckhardt saw by accident the upper parts of the colossal figures.
		In 1817 Giovanni Battista Belzoni found the entrance, partially freed from the sand.
	www.bluffton.edu /~sullivanm/egypt/abusimbel/ramses/ramses.html (529 words)

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