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Topic: Johann Spurzheim

	JG Spurzheim
		Spurzheim sank not under this cruelty of criticism, which he bore with a serenity of deportment worthy of a man of science.
		Although Spurzheim assiduously spread an false version of the history of phrenology, one in which he played a partnership role with Gall in the creation of the system, Spurzheim was the man most singularly responsible for popularising and spreading phrenology to a wide audience.
		Spurzheim, J.G., Phrenology: or the doctrine of the mental phenomena.
	pages.britishlibrary.net /phrenology/spurzheim.html (1404 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Johann Spurzheim
		Johann Gaspar Spurzheim (1776-1832) was a German physician who became one of the chief proponents of phrenology, a branch of the neurosciences created approximately in 1800 by Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828).
		Spurzheim was born near Trier, Germany in December 3rd, 1776, and studied medicine at the University of Vienna.
		After the public autopsy of Spurzheim, his brain, skull, and heart were removed, preserved in jars of alcohol as relics, and put on display to the public.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Johann_Spurzheim (297 words)

	Johann Gaspar Spurzheim (www.whonamedit.com)
		Spurzheim completed his medical studies in Vienna in 1804, and from 1805 he was Gall's secretary and assistant, accompanying Gall on journeys through Germany, Switzerland, Holland, and France.
		Spurzheim felt that he was personally responsible for many of the neuroanatomical discoveries traditionally credited to Gall alone — especially those made between 1805 and 1813, en believed that he had been denied the recognition due to him as Gall’s collaborator.
		Johann Christoph Spurzheim and the Rise and Fall of Scientific Phrenology in Boston.
	www.whonamedit.com /doctor.cfm/1017.html (1203 words)

	The Probert Encyclopaedia - People and Peoples (Jo-Jz)
		Johann Christian Bach was a (1735-82), German composer.
		Johann Ludwig Uhland was a German poet and ballad writer.
		Johann Christoph Friedrich Von Schiller was a German dramatist and poet.
	www.fas.org /news/reference/probert/C7B.HTM (8517 words)

	Johann Christoph Spurzheim - LoveToKnow 1911
		JOHANN CHRISTOPH SPURZHEIM [KASPAR] (1776-1832), German phrenologist, was born near Treves on the 31st of December 1776.
		He made the acquaintance of F. Gall while studying medicine in Vienna, and for some years assisted him in spreading his phrenological doctrines, but in 1813 the two separated.
		Spurzheim lectured with considerable success in England and France, and was extending his propaganda to the United States when he died at Boston, Massachusetts, on the 10th of November 1832.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Johann_Christoph_Spurzheim (118 words)

	Untitled Document
		Taken from the late 18th century organological system of the Viennese physician Franz Joseph Gall (later of Paris), phrenology was held by its adherents to be "the only true science of mind." The particular tenets of phrenology were: The brain is the organ of the mind.
		In Gordon's own anatomy theatre Spurzheim dissected human brains to demonstrate his claims.
		Spurzheim remained seven months in Edinburgh, where he managed to convert other sceptics into disciples- including the most active British phrenologist, George Combe.
	pages.britishlibrary.net /phrenology/natural.html (1445 words)

	European Traces of the History of Psychology: Paul Broca
		Spurzheim was responsible for expanding and popularizing Gall's ideas of localization of brain function and corresponding irregularities of the skull.
		Immediately beyond this intersection, Spurzheim's tomb is located on the left, on a slight rise, adjacent to the road.
		Spurzheim's collection is displayed alongside the skull of Phineas Gage and the tamping iron responsible for Gage's brain damage (but that's another story).
	mysite.verizon.net /donrae19/spurzheim.htm (419 words)

	Johann Spurzheim - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gall intended to have Spurzheim as his successor and added his name as a co-author to books and publications.
		Adoring Bostonians staged an elaborate public funeral and erected a monument in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
		Spurzheim also used images and busts to illustrate the craniographic approach of phrenology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Johann_Spurzheim (269 words)

	Part One - The Idea of Phrenology - Museums - The University of Sydney
		Johann Caspar Spurzheim (1776-1832) adapted and developed Gall's cranioscopy, and vigorously promoted the study which became known as phrenology through lectures and publications.
		Spurzheim by then had received his medical degree from Vienna and soon received a licence to practice from the Royal College of Physicians in London.
		Spurzheim published his Physiognomical System in 1815 and was soon busy defending and promoting his adaptation of Gall's ideas.
	www.usyd.edu.au /museums/whatson/exhibitions/cphrenex1.shtml (792 words)

	OSV - Mind Games (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Spurzheim's death appears to have done even more for phrenology's popularity than his lectures while he lived.
		As per his own instructions, Spurzheim's brain, skull, and heart were removed, preserved in jars of alcohol, and displayed to a curious public.
		Spurzheim was buried in the new Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, where his benefactors bought him a tomb.
	www.osv.org /education/OSVisitor/MindGames.html (1665 words)

	JOHANN CHRISTOPH SPURZ... - Online Information article about JOHANN CHRISTOPH SPURZ...
		Vienna, and for some years assisted him in spreading his phrenological doctrines, but in 1813 the two separated.
		Spurzheim lectured with considerable success in See also:
		France, and was extending his propaganda to the See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SOU_STE/SPURZHEIM_JOHANN_CHRISTOPH.html (239 words)

	The Probert Encyclopaediat
		He wrote a famous thesis on the varieties of the human race before becoming professor of medicine, librarian and keeper of the museum at Gottingen in 1778 where he lectured for fifty years.
		He was given his first musical training by his father (Johann Sebastian Bach).
		At first he and Gall lectured together, but after 1814 they fell out and Spurzheim devoted his campaign to England and France.
	david-pye.com /probert/C7B.php (8348 words)

	Pseudoscience in Antebellum Athens
		Spurzheim gave many lectures throughout Europe from 1817 to 1825 and his audiences began to grow.
		Spurzheim died on November 10, 1832, of a fever perhaps due to his rigorous schedule.
		At the time of Spurzheim's death, many phrenological societies had already been formed and the road was paved for new informers of the science.
	mgagnon.myweb.uga.edu /students/Swerling.htm (3876 words)

	Science and Society Picture Library - Search
		Johann Gahn, Swedish chemist and mineralogist, c 1780.
		Johann Regiomontanus Muller, German mathematician and astronomer, c 1460.
		Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger, German physicist, c 1820.
	www.scienceandsociety.co.uk /results.asp?txtkeys1=Johann (92 words)

	The Object at Hand - Facing a Bumpy History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		But it was in America, a country starved for a "scientific" insight into the human mind (and one that offered the hope of individual perfectibility — read "self-help"), that phrenology would find its most devoted and enduring audience.
		And it was Spurzheim, having further expanded Gall's theory and adopted the name "phrenology," who would bring it to our shores.
		Spurzheim arrived in 1832 for a whirlwind lecture tour — one that literally killed him after just six months.
	www.smithsonianmag.com /issues/1997/october/object_oct97.php (830 words)

	village voice > arts > Head of the Class by Paul LaFarge
		Gall's student Johann Gaspar Spurzheim, on the other hand, was an evangelist for the new science.
		Spurzheim proselytized in England and Scotland; in 1832, he sailed for America with a twofold mission: to see if American heads had any peculiarities worth studying, and to bring the science of phrenology to the new nation.
		Spurzheim was warmly received in the New World—so warmly, in fact, that he died four months after his arrival, of a fever brought on by overwork.
	www.villagevoice.com /issues/0103/lafarge.shtml (1881 words)

	Talking Heads - Page 3
		THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF J. hile still a medical student in Vienna, Johann Gaspar Spurzheim (1776-1823) became acquainted with Franz Joseph Gall and his work and began to assist with his anatomical research in 1804.
		It was also Spurzheim who appears to have first popularized the word "phrenology," meaning "the study of the mind." According to Spurzheim's system, the cerebral faculties were either affective (pertaining to emotions and tendencies, such as combativeness, cautioness, and hope) or intellectual (perceptive and reflective, such as size, weight, calculation, time, and comparison).
		Gall and Spurzheim (1815), Observations on the Deranged Manifestations of the Mind (1817), Observations sur la Phraenologie (1818), Phrenology in Connexion with the Study of Physiognomy (1826) and Outlines of Phrenology Being Also a Manual of Reference for the Marked Busts (1827).
	countway.med.harvard.edu /rarebooks/exhibits/talking_heads/heads3.html (629 words)

	Mind, Brain, and Adaptation
		After two years of travel, he arrived in Paris accompanied by his colleague, Johann Gaspar Spurzheim (1776-1832).
		In 1810, Gall and Spurzheim published the first volume of the Anatomie et physiologie du système nerveux en général [12], Gall's most important contribution to neuroanatomy and the first major statement of his cranioscopy.
		At the age of 17, he took up railway engineering but left that occupation in 1848 to work first as an editor and then as a free-lance writer and reviewer.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /Mind/Adaptation.html (3988 words)

	Slashdoc - Phrenology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Johann Spurzheim’s contribution to phrenology was also great.
		While Spurzheim was in America he managed to inspire two young, frustrated evangelists whose names were Lorenzo Niles Fowler and Orson S. Fowler.
		Spurzheim later got rid of these and replaced them with such things as benevolence and self-esteem.
	www.slashdoc.com /documents/81263 (900 words)

	Phrenology - Skull - Crystalinks
		Spurzheim got rid of "theft organs" and "murder organs," but he mapped out areas for "benevolence," "self-esteem," and "conjugal love."
		Although phrenology has been thoroughly discredited and has been recognized as having no scientific merit, it still has its advocates.
		The Boston Medical Society welcomed Spurzheim as a heroic figure when he arrived in 1832 for The American Tour.
	www.crystalinks.com /phrenology.html (689 words)

	JOHANN GASPAR SPURZHEIM
		Nose broad, of medium size in profile and of the Greco-Roman type.
		Spurzheim (1776-1832) was a surgeon and was for years private secretary to Gall, whom he assisted in developing phrenology.
		Spurzheim differed and separated, the latter proceeding to England where he lectured and wrote for four years.
	www.characterology.com /library/characterology_an_exact_science/Page_0059.htm (341 words)

	phrenology
		Spurzheim got rid of "theft organs" and "murder organs," but he mapped out areas for "benevolence," "self-esteem," and "conjugal love."
		Phrenology was highly praised by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Horace Mann, Thomas Edison, and Alfred Russell Wallace.
		The Fowler Brothers and Samuel Wells published the American Phrenological Journal and Life Illustrated, which lasted from 1838 until 1911.
	www.skepdic.com /phren.html (857 words)

	How to paint portraits - some practical advice - 4.
		A phrenological drawing of Shakespeare's skull dated 1807 and thought to be attributed to the French natural scientist Georges Curvier when a follower of the Viennese physician and phrenologist Franz-Joseph Gall.
		Though the original skull, from whence the drawing was taken, is yet undiscovered it is thought to part of the collection taken to America by another follower of Gall, Johann Kaspar Spurzheim.
		Although there is some evidence that it was part of the posessions of Napolean Bonaparte's when finally exiled and hence made it's way to Chile and then the USA this cannot be substantiated.
	www.geocities.com /~jlhagan/lessons/portraiture4.htm (402 words)

	List 1604: Phrenology and Physiognomy
		Spurzheim revised the text for the American edition just before he died in Boston in 1832.
		Such ideas were, of course, already "in the air", as evidenced by the spate of increasingly secular books on child-rearing which began in the 1820s.
		Phrenology in general & Spurzheim's treatise in particular helped provide a theoretical rationale for the growing practical concerns about the correct method of child-rearing.
	www.gach.com /Gach/l1604-01.htm (5107 words)

	Scientific American Frontiers . Make Up Your Mind . Of Bumps and Brains . PBS
		In fact, Gall's ideas so offended the sensibilities of the day, that Gall was forced to leave his native Austria in 1805.
		Gall and his German protégé Spurzheim traveled for two years before settling in Paris.
		Ironically, their exile and subsequent wanderings would only ensure Gall's new science would catch on all over western Europe and the United States.
	www.pbs.org /saf/1302/features/phrenology.htm (677 words)

	mode
		Gall's research actually provided the foundation for modern psychology since, until his theories appeared, few scientists believed the brain was the home of all mental activities.
		Gall's ideas, coupled with those of Johann Gasper Spurzheim, formed the Physiognomical System, published by the latter as a book in 1815.
		In other words, physiognomy is an effort to ascertain an individual's personality by examining physical traits such as nose width or cheekbone shape.
	www.arts.cornell.edu /english/mode/documents/grayson.html (5860 words)

	Strange Science: Hominids
		Europeans were deeply disturbed by the anatomical similarities they saw between themselves and apes, and they struggled to find logical explanations.
		Less than a century later, French naturalist Georges Cuvier demonstrated that the bones had really belonged to a giant salamander.
		Though he got wrapped up in the silly notion of skull shapes, Gall was onto something regarding localization of certain brain functions.
	www.strangescience.net /sthom1.htm (1169 words)

	Anthony A. Walsh Bibliography
		Dictionary of Scientific Biography, s.v.., Johann Christoph Spurzheim, (l1), 596-597.
		Introduction to "Observations on the Deranged Manifestations of the Mind, or Insanity," by J.G. Spurzheim (Boston, 1833), Gainesville, Florida:Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints.
		Walsh, A. Johann Christoph Spurzheim and the Rise and Fall of Scientific Phrenology in Boston, 1832-1842.
	www.sruweb.com /~walsh/bibliography.html (1046 words)

	History of Psychology Timeline (From -600 to 1899)
		Johannes Thomas Freigius uses the term psychologia in the book Catalogue
		Johann August Unzer uses the term reflex to distinguish this kind of
		Franz Joseph Gall and Johann Kaspar Spurzheim left Vienna motivated by
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Delphi/6061/en_linha.htm (1176 words)

	SPURZHEIM, Johann Kaspar, autographs, letters, documents, manuscripts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A chronicle of his travels since leaving Dublin, taking him to Liverpool, Manchester, Lancaster to Edinburgh, describing the reception he received at each place, with reference to the opposition from Edinburgh.
		Spurzheim's impression of the editor Jeffrey is enthusiastic approbation and includes the measurements of his 'fine forehead':
		A: But I hope you like truth, and in natural history there is no belief, no faith, the things must be seen.
	manuscripts.co.uk /stock/7892.HTM (237 words)

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