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	Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Johann Wilhelm II, Elector Palatine, also known as Johann Wilhelm von Pfalz-Neuburg, (April 19, 1658 – June 8, 1716) was Elector Palatine (1690-1716), Duke Palatine of Neuburg/Danube (1690-1716), Duke of Jülich and Berg (1679-1716), and Duke of Upper Palatinate and Cham (1707-1714).
		He was the son of Philipp Wilhelm von Pfalz-Neuburg and Elisabeth Amalie von Hessen-Darmstadt and was born in Düsseldorf, where he resided, rather than in Heidelberg, which had been largely destroyed.
		In the Peace of Rijswijk (1697), he was restored to many of the possessions which had been taken by the French, with the provision that the Palatine not revert to Protestantism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Johann_Wilhelm,_Elector_Palatine (258 words)

	Philipp Wilhelm, Elector Palatine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Philipp Wilhelm of Neuburg, Elector Palatine (24 November 1615 – 2 September 1690), was Count Palatine of Neuburg and Duke of Jülich and Berg from 1653 to 1690.
		Son of Wolfgang Wilhelm, Pfalzgraf von Neuburg and Magdalene of Bavaria.
		The rival claims to the Palatinate of the Duchess of Orleans, Louis XIV's brother-in-law, was the pretext for the French invasion of the Palatinate in 1688, which began the Nine Years War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Philipp_Wilhelm,_Elector_Palatine (176 words)

	Royal Family of Europe - pafg47 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File
		Johann Ernst II Duke Of SAXE-WEIMAR was born on 11 Sep 1627 in, Weimar, Saxe-Weimer-Eisenach, Thuringia.
		Johann Wilhelm Prince Of SAXE was born on 16 Aug 1630 in Weimar, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Thuringia.
		Karl II Elector Of PALATINE was born on 31 Mar 1651 in, Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Baden.
	www.ishipress.com /royalfam/pafg47.htm (1381 words)

	HNA Review of Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		The foundations of the collection of Flemish paintings was laid by the Wittelsbach Elector, Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria (ruled 1597-1651), for whom Rubens executed four hunting scenes, and his cousin, Duke Wolfgang Wilhelm of the Palatine-Neuburg (ruled 1614-1654), who commissioned four altarpieces from the Flemish painter.
		The collecting tradition was continued by their respective grandsons Maximilian II Emanuel of Bavaria (ruled 1679-1726), and Johann Wilhelm of the Palatine-Neuburg (ruled 1690-1716).
		Johann Wilhelm’s famous collection in Düsseldorf was united with that in Munich when upon the extinction of the Wittelsbach line in 1777, the Palatine line inherited the Electorate of Bavaria.
	www.hnanews.org /archive/2005/Renger.html (891 words)

	Women in power 1600-1640 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Magdalena was daughter of Gumbrecht II von Neuenahr-Alpen of Limburg and Amöna von Dhaun, and remained influential to her death.
		Daughter of Johann II von der Marck and Margareta van Wassenaer, she succeeded her sister, Josiana, as sovereign, and she managed to keep the principality relatively unharmed in spite of the 30th year war.
		After the death of her uncle, Johann Wilhelm zu Jülich in 1609, a succession-dispute followed with the Pfalz-Newburg's until a division was agreed upon in 1614, and the counties of Kleve, Mark, Ravensberg and Ravenstein went to Brandenburg, though she primarily considered it as her personal possessions.
	www.guide2womenleaders.com /womeninpower/Womeninpower1600.htm (4776 words)

	Courtly Lives - Jülich - Cleves
		Johann I, Duke of Cleves (1425-1458) was the son of Adolf, Duke of Cleves (1316-1425) and Mary of Burgundy Johann's sister was Mary of Cleves (1426-1486) who married Charles, Duke of Orleans (1390-1465), in 1440.
		Johann II, Duke of Cleves (1458-1521) was called "the babymaker" since he fathereed sixty-three (63) illegitimate children before marrying Mechtild of Hesse at age thirty-one (32) years.
		Wilhelm had a series of strokes in his fiftieth (50th) year of life, he was considered "mad" from that point on.
	www.angelfire.com /mi4/polcrt/Julich-Cleves.html (743 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Heidelberg - Court of the Elector of the Palatinate
		Countess Palatine of the Rhine and Simmern, Duchess of Bavaria and Berwick, Countess of Berwick and East Frisia.
		Elector Palatine of the Rhine is the head of the house but empowered by the house laws, he had rights over all members of the house, including wives and widows, in familial matters.
		The wife of Elector Palatine becomes a subject of her husband and falls under his familial authority; the same goes for wives of members of the house.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?t=213578 (7647 words)

	Morganatic and Unequal Marriages in German Law
		The Elector Palatine, the archdukes of Austria held from the Emperor the power of ennoblement and used it within their domains independently of the emperor from the 16th c., soon followed in the 17th century by several other states (Prussia, Bavaria).
		It was customary for the emperor to sign an electoral capitulation, negotiated during the election with the electors, which bound the emperor for the duration of his reign and served as a written constitution for the Empire.
		The electoral conclusum of the same day adopted the modified wording, and the draft of a collegial letter to the emperor asking that a more precise definition of mismarriages to resolve doubtful cases be the subject of imperial legislation.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/g_morganat.htm (15433 words)

	RULERS OF GERMANY (DEUTSCHLAND)
		Hohenzollern Margraves of Brandenburg, Electors of Brandenburg from 1417
		Son of Benno of Northeim; married Richza, daughter of Otto II of Swabia, son of Ezzo of Lothringen by Mathilde, daughter of Otto II of Germany; deposed, died 1083
		WILHELM II Son of Albrecht I; in Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel 1289
	www-personal.umich.edu /~imladjov/GermanRulers.htm (2547 words)

	Traditionshop:Deutsches Heidelberg Geschichte
		Elector Ruprecht I. Founder of the Palatine Electorate.
		Elector Otto-Heinrich, one of the most typical ruling figures of the German Renaissance, patron of the sciences and arts.
		The famous Palatine library (Bibliotheca Palatina) was presented by Duke Maximilian of Bavaria to Pope Gregory XV and transferred to rome (1623).
	www.tradition-shop.de /deutsches/heidca.html (716 words)

	[No title]
		Born at Torgau on the 8th of January 1529, he received a good education, and when his father was imprisoned in 1547 undertook the government of the remnant of electoral Saxony which the emperor allowed the Ernestine branch of the Wettin family to keep.
		In consequence of a mutiny the town surrendered in April 1567, and John Frederick was delivered to the emperor Maximilian II.
		He was imprisoned in Vienna, his lands were given to his brother, and he remained in captivity until his death at Steyer on the 6th of May 1595.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=36111 (339 words)

	Succession laws in the House of Braunschweig
		Under Wilhelm, who succeeded in the duchy by the treaty of 1569, the possessions of the Welfs grew with the addition of the lower county and city of Hoya in 1582 and the county of Diepholz in 1585.
		Ernst August, in 1683, obtained the consent of his older brother Georg II Wilhelm to the introduction of indivisibility and primogeniture by testament of 1683, approved by the Emperor on July 1, 1683 (thus putting an end to the provisions of Georg's will of 1641).
		The elector was accepted in the electoral college only on Sept. 7, 1708, and given the office of Arch-Treasurer in 1711 (From 1698 to 1711 the elector bore an inescutcheon gules to mark his dignity; after 1711 it bore the crown of Charlemagne as mark of the office of Arch-Treasurer.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/HGBraunschweig.htm (10837 words)

	Firenze 2006 - Un anno ad arte (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		In 1691 she married Johann Wilhelm von Pfalz-Neuburg, Elector Palatine and moved to Düsseldorf with the title of Electress Palatine with which she is best known today.
		This fundamental act that places the Electress Palatine among the most eminent figures of Florentine history is joined by the many other motives that give substance to the reasons for the exhibition dedicated to her, 270 years after the Family Pact.
		The exhibition indeed intends to offer the public a broader picture in art and collecting, centred on the figure of the Electress Palatine and, through her, on that of her father Cosimo II, her brother Ferdinando, and her husband Johann Wilhelm, among the greatest patrons and collectors in Europe at that time.
	www.firenze2006.it /inglese/palatina_pres.htm (278 words)

	GERMANNA COLONY NOTES, GERMANNA COLONY HISTORY, GERMANNA, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		The sixteenth Elector who came in 1680 arranged for a marriage of his daughter to the Duke of Orleans in an attempt to establish friendship with the French.
		His successor, Johann Wilhelm, was under the influence of the Jesuits and he began a systematic oppression of the Protestant churches.
		The word Elector is used because the head of the Palatinate region was one of the people who voted for or elected the emperor.
	www.germanna.net /1xx.htm (11132 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Court of the County-Electorate of Rhein Pfalz
		The Palatinate arose as the County Palatine of the Rhine, a large feudal state lying on both banks of the Rhine, which seems to have come into existence in the 10th century.
		In the Golden Bull of 1356, the Palatinate was made one of the secular electorates, and given the hereditary offices of Archsteward of the Empire and Imperial Vicar of the western half of Germany.
		Count Palatine and Heir Aparent Ruprecht went with his mother Countess Irmengard to the new little palace she had made built for her in the same city of Worms, were she expected to live during all his live and that it would be long enough to see his son in the Electoral Chair.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/printthread.php?t=202219 (2373 words)

	Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		The young woman was widowed by the Palatine Count Philip of Neuberg who - it seems - took to drinking in order to forget about his plain, simple wife, who was and would always remain completely absorbed in hunting and other outdoor activities.
		Anna Maria Franziska doggedly opposed the marriage, probably realizing that she was not cut out for conjugal life, but in the end she was compelled to surrender to the collective will\shave Cosimo III, elector Palatine Johann Wilhelm and his wife.
		The wedding was celebrated in Düsseldorf in 1697, and it was decided that Gian Gastone would live in his wife's homeland.
	www.sitetunnel.com /cgi-bin/nph-sitetunnel.cgi/001010A/http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Gastone_de'_Medici (979 words)

	Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Born in Florence, he was the son of Grand Duke Ferdinando II and Vittoria della Rovere.
		One of the first consequences of Ferdinando II's death was the outbreak of a domestic conflict between Vittoria della Rovere and her daughter-in-law Marguerite-Louise of Orleans.
		What’s more, Vittoria convinced her son to dismiss some of Ferdinando II's old ministers in favor of others with ecclesiastical background.
	www.sitetunnel.com /cgi-bin/nph-sitetunnel.cgi/001010A/http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_III_de'_Medici (569 words)

	[No title]
		Culmbach the Elector left, at his death, to his Second Son,-- properly to two sons, but one of them soon died, and the other became sole possessor;--Friedrich by name; who, as founder of the Elder Line of Brandenburg-Culmbach Princes, must not be forgotten by us.
		They attended in a body, old Johann of Saxony, young Philip of Hessen, and the rest; Margraf George, as spokesman, with eloquent simplicity stating their reasons,--to somewhat this effect:-- Invinciblest all-gracious Kaiser, loyal are we to your high Majesty, ready to do your bidding by night and by day.
		A divided Time!-- Johannes of Valencia, and these Chief Priests, were all men of mark; conspicuous to the able editors of their day: but the only Brother now generally known to mankind is Albert, Hochmeister of the Teutsch Ritterdom; by whom Preussen came into the Family.
	ftp.sunet.se /pub/etext/gutenberg/etext00/03frd10.txt (17816 words)

	Royalty.nu - The History of Germany - German Royalty
		The Kaiser and His Court by John C. Rohl is about Wilhelm II and the government of Germany.
		Furniture for the Dream King: Ludwig II and Anton Possenbacher, Munich Cabinet-maker to the Bavarian Court by Afra Shick, photographs by Rainer Herrmann, Ulrich Pfeuffer, Maria Scherf.
		A detailed biographical account of Frederick V, elector Palatine of the Rhine and king of Bohemia, and an examination of the reasons for the war.
	www.royalty.nu /Europe/Germany.html (1309 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Livonia
		Gustavus II GUSTAVUS II [Gustavus II] (Gustavus Adolphus), 1594-1632, king of Sweden (1611-32), son and successor of Charles IX.
		Sigismund II SIGISMUND II [Sigismund II] or Sigismund Augustus, 1520-72, king of Poland (1548-72).
		Augustus II AUGUSTUS II [Augustus II] 1670-1733, king of Poland (1697-1733) and, as Frederick Augustus I, elector of Saxony (1694-1733).
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Livonia&StartAt=11 (700 words)

	Düsseldorf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Düsseldorf's growth was even more impressive under the leadership of Johann Wilhelm II (r.1690-1716) in the 18th century, also known to his people as Jan Wellem.
		During World War II, the city was virtually reduced to a pile of rubble as round-the-clock air attacks took their toll.
		The art-loving Elector Jan Wellem and his wife Anna Maria Luisa of Tuscany from the house of Medici, were the founders of Düsseldorf´s first significant cultural scene in the 17th and 18th century.
	www.gogoglo.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/d/du/duesseldorf.html (1316 words)

	Browse Catalogue of Stack's March 2006 Auction
		This comparatively small region governed by the Counts Palatine of the Rhine was a cockpit of the 17th and 18th century European wars, bitterly contested and twice devastated by the forces of French King Louis XIV.
		Friedrich August was Duke of Saxony and Elector of the Empire.
		The titles ''King and Queen of Great Britain, France and Ireland'' reflect the status of Mary, daughter of deposed James II and her husband the Prince of Orange as co-rulers of equal status, as demanded of Parliament by Mary upon taking the throne.
	www.stacks.com /viewcat.php?auction=ST0306&pagestart=60 (1197 words)

	History of Friedrich II of Prussia V 3 - Chapter XIII.
		In the summer of 1608 (23d May, 1608) Johann Sigismund's (and his Father's) Mother-in-law, the poor Wife of the poor imbecile Duke of Preussen, died.
		Wilhelm of Cleve, the explosive Duke, whom we saw at Berlin and Konigsberg at the wedding of this poor Lady now deceased, had in the marriage-contract, as he did in all subsequent contracts and deeds of like nature, announced a Settlement of his Estates, which was now become of the highest moment for Johann Sigismund.
		This Duchy of Cleve, all this fine agglomerate of Duchies, Duke Wilhelm settled, were to be inherited in a piece, by his eldest (or indeed, as it soon proved, his only) Son and the heirs of that Son, if there were any.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/hst/prussia/HistoryofFriedrichIIofPrussiaV3/chap13.html (1827 words)

	LEIBNITZ (LEIBNIZ), GO... - Online Information article about LEIBNITZ (LEIBNIZ), GO...
		It was thus that Leibnitz entered the service of the elector of Mainz, at first as an assistant in the revision of the See also:
		French expedition to Egypt was discussed with Boyneburg, and obtained the approval of the elector.
		In 1692 the duke of Hanover was made elector.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /LAP_LEO/LEIBNITZ_LEIBNIZ_GOTTFRIED_WILH.html (6419 words)

	Women in power 1500-2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Elisabeth was married to Johann V Count of Nassau, Vianden, Katzenelnbogen and Diez, Baron of Breda, Stadtholder of Gelre and Zutphen 1504-1505.
		Took over the regency for her Wilhelm II, who was unable to govern because of syphilis, but after his death she was removed, as regent by the Estates in spite of his will, which named her guardian and regent.
		She was married to Fernando II the Catholic of Aragón as his second wife after the death of Queen Isabel I. They engaged in a power struggle over her lands until his death in 1516.
	www.guide2womenleaders.com /womeninpower/Womeninpowe-chronological2.htm (21023 words)

	ART / 4 / 2DAY
		He was appointed court painter of Charles II of Spain in 1687; however, he apparently never made the trip to the king's court.
		He was admired by many of the crowned heads of Europe and worked as court painter to the Elector Palatine Johann Wilhelm.
		The sitter was assumed to be either Grand Duke Cosimo II de' Medici [12 May 1590 – 28 Feb 1621] or his father Grand Duke Ferdinando I Medici [1550-1609].
	h42day.0catch.com /art/art4may/art0503.html (3005 words)

	Etext » books
		One, Wilhelm by name, was Bishop of Riga, in the remote Prussian outskirts, and became Protestant;--among the first great Prelates who took that heretical course; being favored by circumstances to cast out the 'V. (Verbum Diaboli),' as Philip read it.
		Johannes of Valencia, and these Chief Priests, were all men of mark; conspicuous to the able editors of their day: but the only Brother now generally known to mankind is Albert, Hochmeister of the Teutsch Ritterdom; by whom Preussen came into the Family.
		His wife was a Danish Princess, Sister of poor Christian II., King of that Country: dissolute Christian, who took up with a hucksterwoman' s daughter,--"mother sold gingerbread," it would appear, "at Bergen in Norway," where Christian was Viceroy; Christian made acceptable love to the daughter, "DIVIKE (Dovekin, COLUMBINA)," as he called her.
	etext.teamnesbitt.com /books/etext/etext00/03frd10.txt.html (18083 words)

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