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Topic: John, Elector of Brandenburg

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	JOHN GEORGE III. OF SAXONY - LoveToKnow Article on JOHN GEORGE III. OF SAXONY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		JOHN GEORGE I. (1585-1656), elector of Saxony, second son of the elector Christian I., was born on the 5th of March 1585, succeeding to the electorate in June 1611 on the death of his elder brother, Christian II.
		Although John George was unable to procure his minister's release, Leopold managed to allay the elector's anger, and early in 1693 the Saxon soldiers rejoined the imperialists.
		JOHN1 MAURICE OF NASSAU (1604-1679), surnamed the Brazilian, was the son of John the Younger, count of Nassau-Siegen-Dillenburg, and the grandson of John, the elder brother of William the Silent and the chief author of the Union of Utrecht.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /J/JO/JOHN_GEORGE_III_OF_SAXONY.htm (2625 words)

	JOHN, THE STEADFAST, ELECTOR OF SAXONY - LoveToKnow Article on JOHN, THE STEADFAST, ELECTOR OF SAXONY
		JOHN (1371-1419), called the Fearless (Sans Peur), duke of Jurgundy, son of Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, and Mar-;aret of Flanders, was born at Dijon on the 28th of May 1371.
		John, however, did nothing to prevent the surrender of Rouen, which had been besieged by the English, and on which the fate of the kingdom seemed to depend; and the town was taken in 1419.
		JOHN (1468-1532), called the Steadfast, elector of Saxony fourth son of the elector Ernest, was born on the 3oth of June 1468.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /J/JO/JOHN_THE_STEADFAST_ELECTOR_OF_SAXONY.htm (2216 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Brandenburg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Elector Joachim I (1499-1535), whose younger brother, Albert, was made Archbishop of Magdeburg and Bishop of Halberstadt in 1513, and in 1514 Archbishop and Elector of Mainz and Archchancellor of the German Empire, was extremely hostile towards the religious innovations, and endeavoured to have the edict formally condemning Luther passed by the Reichstag, at Worms.
		The Diocese of Brandenburg, founded 1 October, 948, by Otto the Great, was bounded on the east by the Oder, on the west and south by the Elbe and the Black Elster, and on the north by the Uckermark.
		Ecclesiastically, the former Mark of Brandenburg, with the city of Berlin and the greater part of the province of Pomerania, forms the "Apostolic Delegature for the Mark Brandenburg and Pomerania", which is administered by the Prince-Bishop of Breslau as Apostolic Delegate, indirectly through the Dean of St. Hedwig's in Berlin as delegate of the prince-bishop.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02738c.htm (1635 words)

	Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Albert III (in German Albrecht Achilles), (1414-1486), Margrave of Brandenburg, given the cognomen Achilles because of his knightly qualities, was the third son of Frederick I of Brandenburg of Hohenzollern, elector of Brandenburg, later Burgrave of Nuremberg, and was born at Tangermunde on the 9th of November 1414.
		In 1457 he arranged a marriage between his eldest son John, and Margaret, daughter of William III, landgrave of Thuringia, who inherited the claims upon Hungary and Bohemia of her mother, a granddaughter of the emperor Sigismund.
		Having established his right to levy a tonnage on wines in the mark, he issued in February 1473 the important disposition Achillea, which decreed that the margravate of Brandenburg should descend in its entirety to the eldest son, while the younger sons should receive the Franconian possessions of the family.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Albert_Achilles (730 words)

	Knowledge King - John III of Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This undertaking was doomed to failure, because of the war with Turkey, the skillful diplomacy of the Elector of Brandenburg, and the frequent shifts of alliances amongst the western powers.
		It is noteworthy that John III came belatedly to the battlefield, but rushed to Vienna in order to receive a hero's welcome, while the Elector of Saxony's German and Austrian troops were still busy on the battlefield tending to their dead and wounded.
		In a strange twist of events a statue of John III Sobieski was brought to the city of Gdansk by people from his native land (from L'viv), when they were resettled there.
	www.knowledgeking.net /encyclopedia/j/jo/john_iii_of_poland.html (535 words)

	Royal Family of Europe - pafg87 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File
		John BRUS was born in 1252 in Clackmannan, Clackmannan, Scotland.
		Anna Margravine Of BRANDENBURG was born in 1462 in Of, Berlin, Brandenburg, Prussia.
		Albrecht Margrave Of BRANDENBURG was born on 5 Mar 1466 in Of, Berlin, Brandenburg, Prussia.
	www.ishipress.com /royalfam/pafg87.htm (1896 words)

	Albert of Mainz Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Albert (June 28, 1490 - September 24, 1545), elector and archbishop of Mainz (Germany), and archbishop of Magdeburg, was the younger son of John Cicero, elector of Brandenburg.
		When the imperial election of 1519 drew near, the elector's vote was eagerly solicited by the partisans of Charles (afterwards the emperor Charles V) and by those of Francis I, king of France, and he appears to have received a large amount of money for the vote which he cast eventually for Charles.
		His hostility towards the reformers, however, was not so extreme as that of his brother Joachim I, elector of Brandenburg; and he appears to have exerted himself in the interests of peace, although he was a member of the league of Nuremberg, which was formed in 1538 as a counterpoise to the league of Schmalkalden.
	www.biographylibrary.com /biography/Albert_of_Mainz.html (369 words)

	Prince-elector - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Electors were among the princes of the Empire, but they had several privileges (in addition to electoral ones) which were disallowed to their non-electoral brethren.
		For instance, electors were granted a monopoly over all mines of gold, silver, and other metals within their territories, to tax Jews, to collect tolls, and to mint money; these powers belonged to the Emperor in the other territories, and princes who wrongly assumed them could be deprived of their status.
		The Elector of Saxony was vicar in areas operating under Saxon law ( Saxony, Westphalia, Hanover, and northern Germany), while the Elector Palatine was vicar in the remainder of the Empire ( Franconia, Swabia, the Rhine, and southern Germany).
	www.grohol.com /psypsych/Prince-elector (2823 words)

	Joachim I of Brandenburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Eldest son of John or Johann Cicero, he received an excellent education, became elector of Brandenburg on his father's death in January 1499, and soon afterwards married Elizabeth Oldenburg, daughter of John of Denmark.
		He took some part in the political complications of the Scandinavian kingdoms, but the early years of his reign were mainly spent in the administration of his electorate, where by stern and cruel measures he succeeded in restoring some degree of order.
		In spite of this step, however, the relations between the emperor and the elector were not friendly, and during the next few years Joachim was frequently in communication with the enemies of Charles.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Joachim_I_of_Brandenburg (406 words)

	[No title]
		Elector Frederick III, later King Frederick I of Prussia, sought a religious compromise first through the introduction of the Anglican liturgy and later by fostering the growth of Halle Pietism, a Lutheran reformist movement led by August Hermann Francke and his mentor Philip Jakob Spener.
		The elector promptly entered an alliance with the Dutch Republic to solidify his power in Brandenburg and to counter a reinvigoration of Catholicism within the Hapsburg lands.
		Johann Sigismund's son, the Elector George William, married a princess from the Palatinate, the leading Reformed territory in the Empire, and further tied the Hohenzollerns to Calvinism.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Aegean/7023/pietism.html (4297 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Brandenburg, Reformation
		Brandenburg administratively was divided in 3 parts - the ALTMARK (to the west of the Elbe), the KURMARK (between Elbe and Oder) and the NEUMARK (to the East of the Oder).
		While Brandenburg was one of the Empire's largest territories, and it's duke being an elector, one of the politically more important princes, the dukes could only look with envy at the neighbouring Archdiocesis of Magdeburg, the Duchy of Saxony and the Hanseatic League.
		In 1599, Duke John Cicero acquired the Principality of Jaegerndorf (Silesia) with the exclaves of Beuthen and Oderberg.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/germany/braref.html (777 words)

	Johanniter Order in Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Bailiff of Brandenburg, commanding the light cavalry, himself fell during the first siege, immortalizing the title which is now attached to the Lutheran Order, and the post defended by the Germans (under the command of commander Fra' Christopher Valdner) was the first to be attacked at the second siege.
		In 1420, with the death of his elder brother John III, Frederick (VI Margrave) became the first Elector of Brandenburg [9] and was able to reunite the Hohenzollern fiefs, beginning the consolidation of power which was to culminate in 1871 with the accession of a descendant to the Crown of Imperial Germany.
		The historical relationship between the Bailiwick and the Elector of Brandenburg was the legacy of the Brandenburg inheritance and was limited to the Elector's title of "Summus Patronus et Protector Ordinis" which had been acknowledged by the powers in article X of the Treaty of Westphalia of 1648.
	www.chivalricorders.org /orders/stjohn/johanger.htm (5759 words)

	The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod - Christian Cyclopedia
		Elector 1598–1608; son of John* George, elector of Brandenburg; bp.
		John Frederick reconquered most of his land, repelling Maurice, but was defeated and captured by imperial forces at Mühlberg April 24, 1547.
		Elector of Brandenburg 1571–98; son of Joachim II Hektor (see Joachim, 2); father of Joachim Friedrich (see Joachim, 3).
	www.lcms.org /ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=J&t2=o (2379 words)

	AllRefer.com - Hohenzollern, German princely family (German History, Biography) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Elector Albert Achilles (reigned 1470–86) issued a family law that made Brandenburg indivisible.
		John Sigismund's acquisition (1614) of Cleves, Mark, and Ravensburg and his inheritance (1618) of the duchy of Prussia (East Prussia) marked the Hohenzollern rise as a leading German power.
		Frederick William, the Great Elector (reigned 1640–88), obtained E Pomerania, the secularized bishoprics of Cammin, Minden, and Halberstadt, and the expectancy to Magdeburg upon the death of its administrator.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/H/Hohenz-fam.html (669 words)

	John III of Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		John (Jan) III Sobieski ( August 17, 1629 - June 17, 1696) was the king of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1674 to 1696.
		After a distinguished military career, and following the death of King Jan II Kazimierz's successor, Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki, John Sobieski was elected by the szlachta as king of Poland on May 21 1674 and was crowned on February 2, 1676.
		In a strange twist of events a statue of John III Sobieski was brought to the city of Gdansk by people from his native land (from Lwów), when they were resettled there.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/J/John-III-of-Poland.htm (714 words)

	index.html
		1397 Frederick VI von Zollern of Burgrave of Nuremburg and Frederick I Hohenzollern of Brandenburg (b.
		1470-1486 Albert III von Hohenzollern "Achilles" of Ansbach and Bayreuth, Elector of Brandenburg (b.
		1598-1608 Joachim Frederick von Hohenzollern, Elector of Brandenburg and Archbishop of Magdeburg (b.
	www.remmick.org /Hohenzollern.Royal (732 words)

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
		Such proceedings were little to the taste of the Electors of Saxony and Brandenburg ; yet John Casimir might have defied the Imperial threat of the ban of the Empire (October), for not one of the Circles whom the Emperor had ordered to support the Cologne Chapter had stirred in response to his mandate.
		The unwillingness of the Emperor in 1588 to admit the administrator Joachim Frederick of Magdeburg to a seat, in the ordinary rotation, on the Commission of revision to which all the decisions of the Kammergericht were subject, blocked the whole revisory process and thus rendered futile the decisions of the tribunal itself.
		John Casimir's actual resources, however, were limited to 150,000 florins from Queen Elizabeth, and a third of the sum from Denmark and Navarre ; and the German army, commanded by the Duke of Bouillon, were after a useful campaign cut up by Guise (November).
	www.uni-mannheim.de /mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh321.html (16237 words)

	Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The territory of the Duchy was at this time confined to the area east of the mouth of the Vistula, near the present border between Poland and the Russian enclave of Kaliningrad.
		In 1618 the Duchy was inherited by the Elector John Sigismund of Brandenburg, who with approval of Polish crown was at the same time ruler of Prussia and Brandenburg, a German state centered on Berlin and ruled since the 15th century by the Hohenzollern dynasty.
		In 1996 a proposal to merge Berlin and Brandenburg was rejected by Brandenburg voters, though this was not seen as a decision relating to the revival of Prussia as a state but rather as an attempt to restore the old Brandenburg, since Berlin had never been a city-state before 1945.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/prussia (2204 words)

	John Locke biography philosophy
		John Locke was very much in favour with the new order, he even returned to England in February 1689 amongst the party attached to soon to be crowned Mary II.
		John Locke had been a long-term house guest at Oates since 1691.
		Whilst Locke was a friend of the Masham's, he had had particular cause to seek a domicile in the country as the tainted air of London had not suited his asthmatic condition.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /philosophy/locke.html (980 words)

	[No title]
		The Elector's brother died and was succeeded in the governorship of the Condeminium by the Elector's brother, a youth of eighteen.
		Rivalry growing warmer, on account of this difference of religion, between the respective partisans of Neuburg and Brandenburg, an attempt was made in Dusseldorf by a sudden entirely unsuspected rising of the Brandenburgers to drive their antagonist colleagues and their portion of the garrison out of the city.
		The young Prince of Brandenburg came to Maurice with 800 cavalry and an infantry regiment of the Elector- Palatine.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext04/jm90v10.txt (16218 words)

	[No title]
		Prince Maurice left the Hague on the 4th of September to assist Wesel, succour the Prince of Brandenburg, and oppose the hostile proceedings of Spinola and the Palatine of Neuburg.
		In the Prince's absence the merchant was received by a confidential groom of the chambers, John of Paris by name, and by him, with the aid of a third John, a soldier of his Excellency's guard, called Jean de la Vigne, murdered on the spot.
		The celebrated divine John Uytenbogaert, leader among the Arminians, devoted friend of Barneveld, and up to that moment the favorite preacher of Maurice, stigmatized indeed, as we have seen, by the orthodox as "Court Trumpeter," was requested by the Prince to prepare the chief criminal for death.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/4/8/9/4898/4898.txt (17679 words)

	H-Net Review: Robert Beachy on The Great Elector: Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia
		Yet this Brandenburg ruler was dubbed the "Great Elector" already during his long reign from 1640 to 1688, and the jurist Pufendorf reinforced the nickname by publishing a biography with the same title.
		The Elector also established a formal sovereignty, first with his independence from the Holy Roman Emperor as ruler of Brandenburg (according to the terms of Westphalia), and then by prising his Prussian Duchy from the suzerainty of the Polish King at the end of the War of the North in 1660 (p.
		As a devout Calvinist, Frederick William (whose grandfather, Elector John Sigismund, had converted in 1617) faced the enmity and resistance of a predominantly Lutheran populace with an arch-conservative clergy.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=295201057025606 (776 words)

	Basic Course Lesson 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Elector of Brandenburg John Sigismund accomplished his conversion to the Reformed confession at Christmas in 1613.
		The reasons for why the Elector did not demand his land to become Reformed are not wholly clear.
		One the one hand, John Sigismund’s tolerance is emphasised, but on the other stands the suspicion of political calculation.
	www.reformed-online.org /t/eng/bildung/grundkurs/gesch/lek4/lek4_11.jsp (342 words)

	Germany, the German Confederation
		But this was disputed by John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, whose mother was John William's sister, and William Wolfgang, Duke of Neuburg, whose mother was another sister.
		John Sigismund was a Lutheran and William Wolfgang a Calvinist.
		John Sigismund countered by switching to Calvinism, which was more to the liking of Dutch and French Protestants.
	www.friesian.com /deutsch.htm (3744 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Albert of Brandenburg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cardinal and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, born 28 June, 1490; died 24 September, 1545.
		He became by the sincerity of his zeal the great defender of the Faith in Germany.
		As a temporal prince, he ruled his electorate well; he introduced reforms in the administration of justice, into the police system,and into commerce.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01262a.htm (379 words)

	Worldroots.com
		Hohenzollern, Frederick I of Brandenburg, Elector of Brandenburg, b.
		Hohenzollern, John of Brandenburg, Landgrave of Brandenburg, b.
		Hohenzollern, John Sigismund of Prussia, Elector of Brandenburg, b.
	worldroots.com /brigitte/hohenzollern.htm (398 words)

	Today in History - December 23
		A poet, metrical reformer and critic, he was educated at Frankfurt an der Oder and Heidelberg, served as a professor at Weissenburg and held various political and diplomatic offices.
		He was elector of Brandenburg from 1608 to 1619.
		He was a son of John W. Behnken, LCMS president from 1935 to 1962.
	chi.lcms.org /history/tih1223.htm (1301 words)

	John Locke -- Overview [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		John Locke was born at Wrington, a village in Somerset, on August 29, 1632.
		He was the son of a country solicitor and small landowner who, when the civil war broke out, served as a captain of horse in the parliamentary army.
		An abridgement of it appeared in 1696, by John Wynne, fellow of Jesus College, Oxford; it was translated into Latin and into French soon after the appearance of the fourth edition.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/l/locke.htm (7770 words)

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