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	John James Audubon - Biography
		John James Audubon was born in Haiti in 1785.
		He was the illegitimate son of Jean Audubon, a French merchant and sea captain, and Jeanne Rabine, a chambermaid who died in a slave uprising shortly after his birth.
		At age 18, Audubon was sent to Pennsylvania to avoid conscription in Napolean's army and to manage family farm property at Mill Grove, near Philadelphia.
	www.bbhc.org /audubon/1-NewYork-Bio.html (279 words)

	John James Audubon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Audubon was born in Haiti, the illegitimate son of a French sea captain and his mistress, and raised in France by his stepmother.
		This was in stark contrast with the stiff representations of birds by his contemporaries, such as Alexander Wilson.
		The National Audubon Society was incorporated and named in his honor in 1905.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_James_Audubon (886 words)

	John James Audubon - Printmaking(lithograph)-Nature
		Audubon embraced a passion for exploration, and transformed himself from a French gentleman into an American wilderness man. The artist was fond of myth and legend – and he played his romanticized role as an expeditionary well.
		Audubon embraced the boy as her own, and saw that he was provided with the lifestyle of a young country gentleman.
		Audubon was a shameless promoter of his own art, and his criticisms of Wilson’s uninspired and lifeless bird poses failed to endear him to those he met.
	monet.unk.edu /mona/artexplr/audubon/audubon.html (1355 words)

	About Audubon
		John James Audubon (1785-1851) was not the first person to attempt to paint and describe all the birds of America (Alexander Wilson has that distinction), but for half a century he was the young country’s dominant wildlife artist.
		Although Audubon had no role in the organization that bears his name, there is a connection: George Bird Grinnell, one of the founders of the early Audubon Society in the late 1800s, was tutored by Lucy Audubon, John James’s widow.
		Audubon was quite successful in business for a while, but hard times hit, and in 1819 he was briefly jailed for bankruptcy.
	www.audubon.org /nas/jja.html (719 words)

	John James Audubon biography
		In 1842, however, Audubon purchased an estate on the bank of the Hudson River, now included within the city of New York, where a beautiful home was established for himself and his sons, Victor and John Woodhouse, and their families.
		In 1843 Audubon made a fruitful journey to the upper Missouri River region, the results of which were included in the first octavo edition of his Birds of America (1844).
		Audubon failed rapidly after 1847, gradually lost the use of his mind, died in 1851 and was buried in Trinity Cemetery, New York, close to his home woods, which now form a beautiful district called Audubon Park.
	www.dromo.info /audubonbio.htm (786 words)

	John James Audubon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Audubon, who seems to have returned from her father's, with her baby, or babies, was left behind at Hendersonville with a friend, until the result of the new venture should be determined.
		Audubon remained in London during the summer of 1834, and in the fall removed to Edinburgh, where he hired a house and spent a year and a half at work on his “Ornithological Biography,” the second and third volumes of which were published during that time.
		Audubon belonged to the early history of the country, to the pioneer times, to the South and the West, and was, on the whole, one of the most winsome, interesting, and picturesque characters that have ever appeared in our annals.
	www.blackmask.com /books116c/7jjau.htm (19880 words)

	John James Audubon
		By 1846 Audubon’s eyesight was deteriorating to the point that about half of the illustrations for the Quadrupeds was actually done by his son, John Woodhouse Audubon.
		Audubon was not unaware of this onslaught of America’s wilderness.
		Audubon relates his experiences of seeing buffalo trying to cross frozen rivers, only to see them break through the ice and, in panic, desperately flail in the water before perishing.
	www.bobpickett.org /john_james_audubon.htm (3557 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: AUDUBON, JOHN WOODHOUSE
		John W. Audubon, wildlife and portrait painter, was born on November 30, 1812, at Meadow Brook farm, near Henderson, Kentucky, the second son of Lucy (Bakewell) and John James Audubon.
		Audubon eventually furnished original drawings for half of the plates in Quadrupeds, some of which were credited to his father; he again used a camera lucida to reduce the images for the octavo edition.
		Audubon assumed command of the remainder, which pressed on to California, although he was forced to abandon his paints and canvases in the desert.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/AA/fau3.html (607 words)

	John James Audubon -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		John James Audubon (April 26, 1785 – January 27, 1851) was an (A native or inhabitant of the United States) American (A zoologist who studies birds) ornithologist, (A biologist knowledgeable about natural history (especially botany and zoology)) naturalist, and (An artist who paints) painter.
		He painted, catalogued, and described the (Warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings) birds of (A continent (the third largest) in the western hemisphere connected to South America by the Isthmus of Panama) North America.
		During that time, Audubon continued making expeditions in North America and bought an estate on the (A New York river; flows southward into New York Bay; explored by Henry Hudson early in the 17th century) Hudson river, now Audubon Park.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/j/jo/john_james_audubon.htm (982 words)

	John James Audubon Chronology
		John James Audubon is born to Captain Jean Audubon and his mistress Jeanne Rabine at Les Cayes, Haiti.
		Audubon is sent to Pennsylvania in the United States by his father.
		Audubon, Edward Harris and an assistant board a steamboat on the Upper Missouri River region on a summer expedition.
	www.princetonaudubon.com /john_james_audubon_chronology.htm (778 words)

	Audubon, John James (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Audubon earned a living painting portraits and for a while taught drawing in New Orleans.
		He took his bird paintings to a publisher in Edinburgh, Scotland, and they were printed in Birds of America between 1827 and 1838, with the text, Ornithological Biography, appearing in five volumes between 1831 and 1839.
		Audubon had completed more than 400 paintings by 1838.
	gatewayno.com /history/Audubon.html (196 words)

	John J. Audubon
		Audubon was born in Louisiana, May 4, 1780, and died in New York City January 27, 1851, aged seventy-one.
		Audubon employing steam was enabled to apply all of the demand and with a much better lumber for building.
		Audubon was a man of undaunted courage, as was proved in a number of encounters had by him with men known as desperadoes in those days.
	www.tfaoi.com /aa/3aa/3aa162.htm (1989 words)

	JOHN JAMES AUDUBON, 1785-1851 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		John Audubon gave several different accounts of his birth, but the discovery of records in France in the early 1900’s established that he was the son of a French naval captain and a French servant girl who worked for Captain Audubon at his sugar plantation in San Domingo, Haiti.
		Audubon’s real mother died within a short time after his birth, so Audubon’s father took him back to France as a young child where Captain Audubon and his legal wife adopted him.
		Audubon’s genius was recognized after he went to England and subscribers made possible the long publication of his 435 prints (1827-1838).
	www.audubonprints-books.com /john_james_audubon_17851851.htm (484 words)

	Famous Floridians: John James Audubon
		Audubon was born in Santo Domingo, present-day Haiti.
		Audubon’s next trip to Florida was from Charleston aboard a type of boat called a cutter.
		Audubon was so pleased with his Florida expedition that he planned to return in 1837 to explore the west coast.
	fcit.coedu.usf.edu /florida/lessons/audubon/audubon.htm (449 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES
		John James Audubon, naturalist and painter of American wildlife, was born on April 26, 1785, in Les Cayes, Santo Domingo (Haiti), the illegitimate son of Jean Audubon and Jeanne Rabin(e), a servant who died soon after his birth.
		In 1834 and 1835 Audubon was again in Edinburgh, Scotland, to oversee the preparation of The Birds of America and its accompanying text, the Ornithological Biography.
		Among the Texas Quadrupeds drawn by John James Audubon are the Orange-bellied Squirrel, the Cotton Rat, the Collared Peccary, and the Black-Tailed Hare.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/AA/fau2.html (1018 words)

	John James Audubon
		John James Audubon was born in Santo Domingo, present-day Haiti, in 1785.
		Over the next 17 years, Audubon unsuccessfully wandered from career to career, and place to place.
		In 1820 Audubon began his masterpiece, The Birds of America.
	www.historical-museum.org /collect/audubon/a1.htm (108 words)

	John James Audubon Gallery Home
		One encounter with a dishonest debtor of Audubons led to a violent confrontation and stabbing; in extremis, Audubon defended himself and stabbed the man in self defense.
		Audubon's work eventually overshadowed Wilson's with the inclusion of new species, and through the novel use of life-like postures in natural settings, painted at life-size on large 'double-elephant' folio paper.
		John James Audubon The man, the myth, the legend.
	www.jjaudubongallery.com (1322 words)

	John James and John Woodhouse Audubon: Selected Images of North American Animals from the Collection of the Museum of ...
		John Woodhouse Audubon did the painting for nearly half of the plates for the Quadrupeds, and reduced all the drawings for the quatro edition.
		Audubon died in 1851, before the issuance of the quarto volumes, but his sons and the Rev. Bachman saw the work to its final printing.
		In his work Audubon did not hesitate to mix media, and in his compositions pencil, ink, pastel, watercolor and even oils were used in conjunction with one another.
	www.tfaoi.com /aa/2aa/2aa570.htm (1783 words)

	AllRefer.com - John James Audubon (Zoology, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		John James Audubon[O´dubon] Pronunciation Key, 1785–1851, American ornithologist, b.
		The son of a French naval officer and a Creole woman, he was educated in France and in 1803 came to the Audubon estate, "Mill Grove," near Philadelphia.
		Audubon worked on a smaller edition of his great work and also, in collaboration with John Bachman, began The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America, which was completed by his sons Victor Gifford Audubon and John Woodhouse Audubon (plates, 30 parts, 1842–45; text, 3 vol., 1846–54).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/AudubonJJ.html (482 words)

	Encyclopedia: John James Audubon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		portrait of John James Audubon from 19th century book This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright.
		The National Audubon Society is an American non-profit environmental organization dedicated to nature conservancy.
		Fellows of the Royal Society John Burroughs (April 3, 1837-March 29, 1921) was an American naturalist and writer.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/John-James-Audubon (2163 words)

	John James Audubon
		Audubon was born in Haiti, the illegitimate son of a successful merchant, planter, and slave dealer.
		In 1843, Audubon took the steamer, Omega, from St. Louis up the Missouri River to Fort Union and then overland to the Yellowstone River, making stops in Nebraska in May of 1843 and again in October on his return trip downstream.
		Audubon had already become well known for his Birds of America when he came to Nebraska on this 1843 trip.
	www.darvillsrareprints.com /audubonhome.htm (363 words)

	Audubon, John James. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In 1826 Audubon traveled to Great Britain in search of a publisher and subscribers for his bird drawings, meeting with favorable response in Edinburgh and London.
		Unlike the static ornithological portraits of most of his predecessors, Audubon created drawings and paintings of birds infused with life and frequently including backgrounds that show their natural habitats.
		While Audubon’s works on bird life may not wholly satisfy either the critical artist or the meticulous scientist, their achievement in both areas is considerable.
	www.bartleby.com /65/au/AudubonJJ.html (447 words)

	John James Audubon (1785 - 1851) Artwork Images, Exhibitions, Reviews
		John James Audubon was born in Hatiti to a French sea captain and a chambermaid.
		John James Audubon, Douglass" Squirrel, a study for pl. 48 ofViviparous Quadripeds of North America by John James Audubon and Rev. John Bachman (New York: John James Audubon, 1845-1848), circa 1843
		Audubons Wilderness Palette presents an impressive and engaging cross section of prints from the folio that focus for the first time on the artists Canadian excu...
	www.wwar.com /masters/a/audubon-john_james.html (1218 words)

	John James Audubon Prints - John James Audubon Posters - Free Shipping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		John James Audubon is one of the great painters of American Neo-classicism.
		Many of the pieces for which he is most famous today come from his works Birds of America, which contained 435 life-size prints--all exquisitely detailed and rendered with a scientist's accuracy and an artist's eye.
		Audubon was in fact Haitian born, and studied in Europe with Jacques Louis David before ever coming to the United States.
	www.postercheckout.com /PictureGroup.asp?ArtistID=287 (294 words)

	John James Audubon's Birds of America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This exhibit, originally co-sponsored by the McKissick Museum, emphasizes the work that Audubon did in South Carolina and recognizes the role that South Carolina played in helping Audubon complete his ambitious project of drawing all the birds in America in life size.
		It is well known that the encouragement of the Rev. John Bachman and the artisitic assitance of maria Martin were major factors in the successful completion of Audubon's project.
		Burd and botanical specimens were collected and preserved for his use in drawing, and observations of various species were recorded and forwarded to him in England to be used in writing the text to accompany the paintings.
	www.sc.edu /library/spcoll/nathist/audubon/audubon.html (287 words)

	John James Audubon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		(1785-1851) Born in Santo Domingo and raised in France, John James Audubon came to the United States in 1803.
		A self-taught artist, Audubon journeyed widely throughout his career -- from Maine to Key West and as far west as Texas -- embracing the American wilderness with a romantic imagination.
		Audubon was fascinated by the behavior of his subjects, frequently noting their habits alongside his drawings and later in the five-volume Ornithological Biography published to accompany his prints.
	www.societyillustrators.org /permanent_collection/audubon.html (199 words)

	Audubon, John James - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Audubon was born in what is now Haiti, the son of a well-to-do married French naval captain and slave trader and his Creole servant-mistress.
		His mother died soon after his birth and his father took him home to France, where he was legally adopted by him and his wife.
		His Birds of America are now some of the most expensive books in the world: a copy sold in 1990 for £1,600,000, and another copy in 1989 for $3,600,000.
	famous.adoption.com /famous/audubon-john-james.html (325 words)

	John James Audubon and John Bachman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This product of Audubon's later years required the assistance of his friend John Bachman and his sons, Victor Gifford and John Woodhouse.
		John contributed many of the later drawings, while Victor, who drew some backgrounds, principally attended to the business of subscription publishing.
		The text compiles Audubon's observations, anecdotes and encounters with the animals in their natural habitat.
	www.lib.udel.edu /ud/spec/exhibits/treasures/science/audubon-bachman.html (204 words)

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