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Topic: John Bartram

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	John Bartram
		BARTRAM (JOHN), an eminent botanist, was born near the village of Darby in Chester county, Pennsylvania, in the year 1701.
		John, his youngest son, succeeded him as proprietor of his botanic garden; but it is now chiefly under the superintendence of another son, Mr.
		Bartram's communications in zoology were published in the philosophical transactions between the years 1743 and 1749.
	www.belcherfoundation.org /john_bartram.htm (792 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: William Bartram in Georgia
		Bartram and his twin sister, Elizabeth, were born at their father's house in Kingsessing, outside Philadelphia, on April 9, 1739.
		John Stuart, the royal Indian superintendent, provided maps of the Indian country and informed Bartram of an important Indian congress to be held in Augusta in May. Bartram resolved to attend that meeting but spent the intervening time investigating plant life along the Georgia coast during the pleasant spring season.
		Bartram visited James Wright, the royal governor, in Savannah and enjoyed the hospitality of "the genteel and polite ladies and gentlemen" of Midway and Sunbury.
	www.newgeorgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2179 (1261 words)

	William Bartram - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		William Bartram (April 20, 1739 -July 22, 1823) was an American naturalist, the son of John Bartram.
		When Bartram explained to the Cowkeeper that he was interested in studying the local plants and animals, the chief was amused and began calling him "Puc-puggee," or "the flower hunter." But, he also gave him free reign to explore his territory on Payne's Prairie.
		Bartram spent most of the final decades of his life in quiet work and study at his home and garden in Kingsessing, refusing several requests to teach botany and declining an invitation to accompany the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/William_Bartram (484 words)

	John Bartram - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bartram was particularly instrumental in sending seeds from the New World to European gardeners: many American trees or flowers were first introduced into cultivation in Europe by this route.
		Before 1743, John Bartram's work was partly financed by an associate of his English Quaker friend, Peter Collinson: Robert James, 8th Earl Petre of Thorndon Hall, Essex who was the foremost collector of American trees and shrubs in Europe.
		Bartram's Boxes as they then became known, contained seeds and sometimes dried examples of foliage, and were regularly sent back to Peter Collison for distribution in England to a select list of clients, including John Busch, progenitor of the exotic Loddiges nursery in London.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_Bartram (393 words)

	John Bartram, Botanist
		Bartram had actually first proposed a learned society in Philadelphia four years before, but had been unable to find an adequate number of people or sufficient resources to allow its formal establishment.(3) Bartram was a farmer by profession, but his interests went well beyond commercial agriculture.
		John’s activity after the Florida trip was somewhat curtailed by poor health, but he remained alert and productive until his death in 1777, allegedly precipitated by his concern for the safety of the botanical garden which he considered threatened by advancing British troops.
		Although the exact number will probably never be known, John Bartram is believed to have been responsible for the introduction of between 150 and 200 new American plant species to Europe, from the time of his first seed shipment to Peter Collinson in 1734 until his death.(14) It was a remarkable accomplishment by any standard.
	www.bartramtrail.org /pages/biography/bio3.html (948 words)

	John Bartram
		John Bartram was born in Marple, Pennsylvania, on March 23, 1699.
		In 1765 Bartram was appointed botanist to King George III and was paid a small yearly salary.
		Bartram's botanical garden and his collection of plant samples made a significant contribution to the knowledge of plants and their habitats.
	www.harcourtschool.com /activity/biographies/bartram (442 words)

	John Bartram: Naturalist of the New World - L. Wilbur Zimmerman
		John Bartram (1699-1777), a colonial botanist, farmer, and avid and eclectic reader, was the first native-born American of European parentage to receive international recognition as a scientist.
		Bartram achieved this nine years before Franklin when an invited paper of his, describing a cross between red and white forms of the then-common garden flower rose campion, was read before the Scientific Society of Leiden in 1739.
		Bartram was not the first successful hybridizer, but he was the first to make a deliberate experiment and to describe it, in Latin, so accurately that it could be replicated.
	www.worldandi.com /specialreport/1995/May/Sa13654.htm (281 words)

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		The house and gardens of John Bartram stand today as a living memorial to the pioneer American botanist and serve as an eloquent symbol of the rise of scientific inquiry in the English colonies of the eighteenth century.
		Bartram, a native Pennsylvanian, born in 1699, was self-taught and a collector and describer of plants rather than a formal scientist, yet he maintained extensive correspondence with botanists abroad and in 1765 was appointed botanist to King George III.
		Bartram was married twice; in 1723 to Mary Morris, who bore him two sons, and after her death, in 1729 to Ann Mendenhall who gave birth to five boys and two girls.
	uchs.net /HistoricDistricts/bartramhouse.html (1341 words)

	bottom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		John Bartram, "the first native-born American to devote his entire life to the study of nature," was an eminently practical man, a scientist devoted to the rigorous description of living things.
		Among his subjects was the Venus flytrap, along with hundreds of species of plants and animals, fully "one quarter of all the plants identified and sent to Europe during the colonial period." His son William was, by contrast, something of a dreamer, and far less methodical a scientist than was his father.
		The mission of the John Bartram Association is to preserve and develop Historic Bartram's Garden as a museum and public garden—fostering environmental awareness through education and outreach.
	www.worldashome.org /012901home.html (331 words)

	National Park Service - Colonials and Patriots (John Bartram House)
		The house and gardens of John Bartram stand as a memorial to a pioneer American botanist, and are an eloquent symbol of the rise of scientific inquiry in the English Colonies of the 18th century.
		Bartram was appointed botanist to the King in 1765, and important field trips were made in the service of the Crown.
		John Bartram's house, built with his own hands in 1731, is one of distinctive, even unusual character, preserving the flavor of Bartram and his time.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/colonials-patriots/sitec42.htm (389 words)

	On the Discovery of Helonias bullata L. (Swamp-Pink) and the Source of the Specimens in the Linnaean Herbarium : ...
		Bartram (1699â“1777), the botanist who cultivated colonial Americaâs most significant botanical garden at his farm on the banks of the Schuylkill, just below Philadelphia, was recognized as an important collector and discoverer of new plant species by his 18th-century peers in Europe and America.
		John Bartramâs papers, though, many of which are owned by The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, provide clues to the origins of the specimens in the Linnaean herbarium.
		Although we cannot with certainty credit John Bartram as the discoverer of Heloniasbullata and original source of specimens used to describe it, the evidence suggests that he was.
	www.hsp.org /default.aspx?id=568 (1209 words)

	Alabama Heritage: William Bartram: First Scientist of Alabama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		William Bartram left the comforts of home to venture into what was then the mythic wilderness of the Alabama region where he would illuminate in% words and drawings the uncharted enchantment of the South.
		Through John Bartram, Collinson was able to supply his contemporaries with exotic plants from America, and through Collinson and his contemporaries, John Bartram enjoyed an international reputation.
		BARTRAM ENTERED THE PRESENT state of Alabama in July of 1775, crossing the Chattahoochee at Yuchi, south of modern-day Phenix City, and heading west along the well-traversed Indian path to Mobile.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4113/is_200404/ai_n9404293 (1398 words)

	L³ - The Lewis And Clark Rediscovery Project
		Bartram traveled north to Lake Ontario, south to Florida, and west to the Ohio River in search of plants and natural history specimens for his botanic garden and for collectors at home and in Europe.
		Bartram and his son, William, are credited with identifying and cultivating more than 200 plants native to America.
		The elder Bartram's international reputation earned him the honor of royal botanist from King George III in 1765, a position he held until his death in 1777.
	www.l3-lewisandclark.com /ShowOneObject.asp?SiteID=29&ObjectID=451 (343 words)

	William Stork, Description of East Florida
		Born in Marple, Pennsylvania, John Bartram was raised a Quaker, and while he dissented from the Friends' pacifism and theology, he was deeply influenced by their world view and used Quaker religious connections to further his career.
		Bartram is remembered as well for his role in fostering the growth of scientific institutions in British North America, most notably the American Philosophical Society.
		Bartram's scientific and commercial endeavors flourished in the 1750s and 1760s, his botanical supply business providing the income and incentive to enable him to travel ever wider in search of new specimens.
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/exhibits/nature/stork.htm (702 words)

	John Bartram (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		John Bartram (1699-1777), a Quaker farmer, was commissioned by Peter Collinson, a Quaker merchant in England, to package and send collections of plants, insects and other examples of nature.
		A book containing the writings of “John and William Bartram’s America” was edited by Helen Gere Cruickshank, and holds numerous selections of travels and correspondence by both men.
		Bartram and his son are credited with identifying and introducing into cultivation more than 200 of our native plants.
	www.uvm.edu /pss/ppp/bartram.html (523 words)

	Encyclopedia: John Bartram (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		John Bartram the "father of American Botany" was born on May 23 in Darby, Pennsylvania.
		Bartram was a man of vast energy, intellect, and curiosity about natural history, especially plants.
		Of approximately 320 species of plants sent to England by botanists during the century spanned by the productive years of John and his son William, the majority were collected and shipped by the Bartrams.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/John-Bartram (1069 words)

	William Bartram (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		William Bartram, traveler and naturalist, was the fifth son of noted botanist, John Bartram.
		Bartram was born and reared in a stone house erected by his father at Kingsessing, on the Schuylkill River, now a part of Philadelphia.
		Young Bartram displayed a talent for drawing natural objects and was offered a position as apprentice printer by Benjamin Franklin; however, at the age of eighteen, William began training as a merchant and tried to settle as an independent trader at Cape Fear, NC.
	www.mounet.com /~jdye/bartram.html (504 words)

	Timeline of William Bartram's Life
		John Bartram was removed from membership of the Darby Meeting of Friends because he did not acknowledge the divinity of Jesus.
		July, William Bartram was involved in the defense of Georgia as a volunteer in the militia commanded by Lachlan McIntosh.
		Bartram probably engaged in reconnaissance for McIntosh and was not engaged in combat.
	www.fevertreepress.com /timeline.html (5191 words)

	Well Up on the Far Out, by Guy Davenport
		John was of the Protestant Enlightenment, a married farmer with a large family, a stern if original moralist expelled from his Friends meeting for denying the divinity of Jesus.
		The Romantic sensibility was being born in Bartram’s Florida thunder storms and bellowing alligators, endless swamps, and the grandeur of the Blue Ridge Mountains.
		When Bartram was at Cowee, North Carolina, in 1774, forty farmers in Lexington, Massachusetts, stood in a line on the village green and “fired the shot heard round the world.” Cowee is still there, not much changed, except that there’s a hiking club and a Bartram Trail that they keep neat and well-marked.
	www.newcriterion.com /archive/15/oct96/bartram.htm (948 words)

	The Medical Botany of John Bartram - Christopher Hobbs L.Ac., A.H.G. - HealthWorld Online
		John was born in 1699, and at the age of 24 was already married and a respected member of the community.
		It is often told that Bartram always ate dinner seated at table with his "negros," to whom he had freed and paid a salary--his kindness developed a strong loyalty and friendship with them in his later years.
		John Bartram, botanist of Pennsylvania, and his notes throughout the work, shewing the places where many of the described plants are to be found in these parts of America, their differences in name, appearance and virtue, from those of the same kind in Europe."
	www.healthy.net /Library/Articles/Hobbs/Bartram.htm (3600 words)

	Biography
		John Bartram, early American botanist, was born March 23, 1699 to Quaker farmers William Bartram and Elizabeth Hunt in Marple, Pennsylvania.
		John and Mary Bartram had two sons before she died in 1727 from an unidentified epidemic.
		Peter Collinson and John Bartram never met; however, Collinson's influence on Bartram's growth as a botanist and collector was unmatched.
	www.alexanderstreet2.com /EENA/bios/A6978BIO.html (1011 words)

	The Bartram Franklinia Census
		John and William Bartram collected some seeds many years ago and named the resulting gem of a tree Franklinia alatamaha after their friend Benjamin Franklin and the Altamaha River.
		John Bartram was King George III's royal botanist in America so any discussion of colonial era plants quickly involves the Bartram name.
		The story can be confusing since John Bartram's son John also figures strongly in our early garden history because he (along with his wife and brother) ran the first plant nursery in the country (Thomas Jefferson shopped there for Monticello) and printed a a now invaluable catalog (Bartram's Garden Catalogue of North American Plants, 1783).
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/cottage_gardening/16036/1 (622 words)

	John Bartram
		BARTRAM, John, botanist, born near Darby, Pennsylvania, 23 March 1699: died in Kingsessing, Pennsylvania, 22 September 1777.
		John Bartram in his Travels from Pennsylvania to Onondaga, Oswego, and the Lake Ontario, in Canada" (London, 1751).
		Bartram was the author of " Anecdotes of a Crow," "Description of Certhia," and" Memoirs of John Bartram." In 1789 he wrote " Observations on the Creek and Cherokee Indians," which was published in 1851 (" Transactions American Ethnological Society," vol.
	www.famousamericans.net /johnbartram (722 words)

	William Bartram
		William Bartram took a great interest in the natural world like his father John Bartram.
		The money Bartram received allowed him to set out in 1773 on a four-year journey throughout the southeastern United States.
		Bartram was a respected member of the scientific community.
	www.harcourtschool.com /activity/biographies/wbartram (334 words)

	John Bartram (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Bartram retired from COL on 30 September 2003 and has returned to Australia.
		John Bartram joined COL in June 1998 as Education Specialist, Technical/Vocational Education and Training.
		Bartram comes to COL from the Adelaide TAFE Institute in South Australia, where he was responsible for many international programmes, fellowships and consultancies conducted in and for the Asia-Pacific region.
	www.col.org /jbartram.htm (106 words)

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