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	Navigation - LoveToKnow 1911
		Among the earliest authors who touched upon navigation was John Werner of Nuremberg, who in 1514, in his notes upon Ptolemy's geography, describes the cross-staff as a very ancient instrument, but says that it was only then beginning to be generally introduced among seamen.
		In 16 99 Edmund Halley (subsequently astronomer royal), in command of the " Paramour," undertook a voyage to improve the knowledge of longitude and of the variation of the compass.
		The chief astronomical observations made at sea are those for ascertaining (t) latitude, (2) time and thence longitude, (3) error of compass, and (4) latitude and longitude simultaneously.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Navigation (14119 words)

	Bird, John - South Seas Companion Biographical entry
		John Bird was an instrument maker who became noted for the development of techniques for improving the accuracy of engraved divisions on clock dial-plates and the arc plates of quadrants and sextants.
		Bird began his working life as a weaver but gradually turned an interest in improving the accuracy of clock dial-plates into a successful career as a London-based instrument maker.
		Bird’s major acheivement was to devise a reliable way to mark the arc plates on the quadrant to a high degree of accuracy by the method of continual bisection devised by the astronomer George Graham (1673-1751).
	southseas.nla.gov.au /biogs/P000425b.htm (256 words)

	[No title]
		These 'astronomical observatories' (as they were called), were permanent or temporary in design, and their purpose was to determine latitude and longitude, also azimuth bearings between points on the earth; to facilitate map production and the setting of boundaries.
		John Bird made in 1763 the first zenith telescope brought to America, obtained by Thomas Penn for the survey by Mason and Dixon of the Maryland - Pennsylvania border.
		Astronomical or geographic latitude is measured as the angular distance between the direction of gravity and the plane of the celestial equator.
	www.europa.com /~telscope/califobs.txt (3187 words)

	[No title]
		John Davan Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Preston Candover
		John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, 1st Baron Acton
		John Griffin Whitwell, 4th Baron Howard de Walden
	www.starrepublic.org /encyclopedia/wikipedia/j/jo (138 words)

	James Bradley - LoveToKnow 1911
		JAMES BRADLEY (1693-1762), English astronomer, was born at Sherborne in Gloucestershire in March 1693.
		His early observations were made at the rectory of Wanstead in Essex, under the tutelage of his uncle, the Rev. James Pound (1669-1724), himself a skilled astronomer, and he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on the 6th of November 1718.
		He took orders on his presentation to the vicarage of Bridstow in the following year, and a small sinecure living in Wales was besides procured for him by his friend Samuel Molyneux (1689-1728).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /James_Bradley (336 words)

	James Bradley
		James Bradley (1693 - 1762), English astronomer, was born at Sherborne[?] in Gloucestershire in March 1693.
		His early observations were made at the rectory of Wanstead in Essex, under the tutelage of his uncle, the Rev. James Pound (1669 - 1724), himself a skilled astronomer, and he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on November 6, 1718.
		He took orders on his presentation to the vicarage of Bridstow[?] in the following year, and a small sinecure living in Wales was besides procured for him by his friend Samuel Molyneux (1689 - 1728).
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ja/James_Bradley.html (326 words)

	Destruction of Ruddle's and Martin's Fort (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Birds of bright plumage flitted from tree to tree, flocks of wild geese and wild turkeys abounded and the land was knee-deep in bluegrass and wild clover.
		Bird at once began preparations by assembling an army of 150 British, Tories and Canadians and several hundred Indians whose numbers were increased as they advanced southward until they finally totaled between 1,000 and 1,200 men.
		James Breckinridge and his wife (Jane Mahan Breckinridge) in their interview with Rev. John D Shane,[49] said that Bird was "an inhuman wretch" who gave them for rations only a pint of musty flour which sometimes turned green, though he had ample supply.
	www.shawhan.com /Ruddles_Fort.html (13220 words)

	Professional Surveyor Magazine
		The Bird sector was used constantly during the course of the survey, "to measure the angle between the zenith and a star as it crossed the meridian.
		Astronomical instruments were few and hard to find in Philadelphia, and finally they applied to Thomas Penn for permission to use the Bird instruments, a request he graciously granted.
		The Bird sector was borrowed by David Rittenhouse in the late summer of 1769 and used in establishing the New York-New Jersey boundary to determine the latitude at either end of the line.
	www.profsurv.com /archive.php?issue=14&article=147 (2033 words)

	The Derivation of European Units
		John Evelyn, who acted as secretary, in a trip to Italy gathered data on the value of the lineal units of Bologna, in order to interpret correctly the studies on the pendulum by the main antagonist of Galileo, Father Riccioli.
		Bird constructed two rules, one in 1758 and one in 1760, but the minimal difference between the two is of no concern here.
		John Hasse, whose report on Russian measures written in 1555 A.D. was published in appendix to Richard Haklyut’s Principal Navigations, stated “the arshin I take to be as much as the Flanders ell, and the lokyt half an English yard”.
	www.metrum.org /measures/european.htm (11311 words)

	Sphæra issue no. 10: article 3
		What Le Monnier believes to be new, and to call for a new treatise on astronomical instruments, is the growing importance of the mural quadrant, which he thinks is capable of being a universal instrument for all fundamental measurement in astronomy.
		At the same time Bird was at work on two 8-ft quadrants for the Radcliffe Observatory, one of which is now in the Museum.
		Bird, however, had been content to include three plates in his quarto-format tract on construction and only one in the tract on division.
	www.mhs.ox.ac.uk /sphaera/issue10/articl3.htm (712 words)

	Bird (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bird acquired European fame by making instruments of an improved type for the astronomer Bradley, and when the Royal Observatory at Greenwich underwent an instrumental refit, Bird was commissioned to make a brass quadrant 8 feet across.
		Bird supplied Bradley with further instruments of such quality that the commissioners of longitude paid him the enormous sum of £500 on condition that he take on a 7-year apprentice and deliver in writing upon oath, a full account of his working methods.
		This was the origin of Bird's two treatises The Method of Dividing Mathematical Instruments (1767) and The Method of Constructing Mural Quadrants (1768).
	pages.britishlibrary.net /alan.myers/bird.htm (209 words)

	History of the Sextant
		They need an Almanac prepared by the astronomers to forecast precisely where the heavenly bodies, the sun, moon planets and selected navigational stars, are going to be, hour by hour, years into the future, relative to the observatory that prepared the almanac, Greenwich, England in modern times.
		Early in the 18th century, the astronomers had developed a method for predicting the angular distance between the moon and the sun, the planets or selected stars.
		Using this technique, the navigator at sea could measure the angle between the moon and a celestial body, calculate the time at which the moon and the celestial body would be precisely at that angular distance and then compare the ship's chronometer to the time back at the national observatory.
	www.clipperlight.org /oinfosextant.html (2592 words)

	James Gregory (astronomer and mathematician) Summary
		Yet Gregory had the misfortune to be caught up in political struggles that pitted his new ideas against a stodgy and powerful academic establishment, and this greatly limited the influence and perhaps even the length of his career.
		Gregory was born in Drumoak, Scotland, the son of John, a minister, and Janet Anderson Gregory.
		Scottish mathematician and astronomer who designed the first plausible reflecting telescope (1663), though he was unable to obtain mirrors of sufficient quality to produce a working model.
	www.bookrags.com /James_Gregory_(astronomer_and_mathematician) (2023 words)

	Clinton Goveas :: Wikipedia Reference
		December 6 - Johann Palisa, Austrian astronomer (d.
		February 23 - John Quincy Adams, 6th President of the United States (b.
		March 29 - John Jacob Astor, American businessman (b.
	www.clintongoveas.com /wikipedia/?title=1848 (1405 words)

	[No title]
		German astronomer Georg Markgraf accompanied a military and exploratory expedition to Dutch settlements in Brazil in 1638.
		Humboldt had a significant influence on Caldas the astronomer; instructing him on the use of tables of atmospheric refraction and the use of instruments.
		Before leaving, Humboldt sold Caldas a John Bird 18 inch quadrant, equipped with a micrometer, for 400 pesos, funds beyond Caldas' means but supplied by a Cartagena lawyer.
	home.europa.com /~telscope/bogota.txt (1956 words)

	[No title]
		I appoint John Heighington of Durham and Hugh Watson of Raby Trustees.
		John Dixon the miller was born in Chelsea Hospital circa 1809; his son's wife Harriet Edith was a daughter of Thomas Gurney.]
		John Bailey of Chillingham, draughtsman and writer on agriculture (his wife's nephew, see PEDIGREE No. 8), was sometime tutor to Dixon's children.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /carole.johnson40/CJappendix13.htm (4258 words)

	CalaisAlumni.org - Drawing the Line
		Mason and Dixon then headed west to a farm owned by John Harlan and where it was understood a point from the 1736 survey still stood.
		The chief instrument was the ‘transit and equal altitude instrument’ made by John Bird.
		When the astronomical regulator was used, it was necessary to fix this to a heavy piece of timber sunk several feet into the ground.
	www.calaisalumni.org /History/drawing_the_line.htm (1188 words)

	Humming Bird Tattoo Design
		Humming Bird Records - Humming Bird Records was a Waco, Texas based record label of the mid 20th century.
		John Bird (astronomer) - John Bird (1709 – 1776) was a British astronomer and scientific instrument maker who made important developments in astronomical instrument design.
		The Sibley Guide to Birds, the National Audubon Society makes the art and expertise of David Sibley available to the world in a comprehensive, handsome, easy-to-use volume that will be the indispensable identification guide every birder must own.
	bi10.mythoslink.com /hummingbirdtattoodesign.html (804 words)

	James Bradley Summary
		The English astronomer James Bradley (1693-1762), one of the most determined and meticulous astronomers, discovered the aberration of light and the nutation of the earth's axis.
		At Greenwich, as astronomer royal, where he found the instruments in a poor state of repair, he obtained some fine new instruments, including an eight foot mural quadrant, with which he compiled a new catalog of star positions.
		English astronomer renowned for discovering stellar aberration—apparent displacement of a star's position due to the combined velocity of Earth and starlight.
	www.bookrags.com /James_Bradley (1530 words)

	Shane's Hiking Journal
		His astronomical discovery, the moons of Jupiter, became used as a means of determining longitude.
		John Harrison (1693-1776) thought he could create an accurate timepiece, and spent nearly 50 years proving himself right.
		The quadrant was further refined by John Bird who invented the sextant in 1757.
	www.theplacewithnoname.com /hiking/sections/skills/navigation.htm (6321 words)

	British scriptural geologists in the first half of the nineteenth century: part 1
		Buckland’s daughter wrote in her biography of him that his opponents in the 1820s were men ‘who feared the study of God’s earth would shake the foundations of Christianity’.
		On the other hand, another geologist, John Whitehurst (1713–1788), contended in his Inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth (1778) that the earth was much older than man and though the Noachian Flood was a global catastrophe it was not responsible for most of the geological record.
		However, the uniformitarian criticisms of John Fleming and Charles Lyell eventually led Buckland to abandon this interpretation of the geological evidence.
	www.answersingenesis.org /tj/v11/i2/geology.asp?vPrint=1&vPrint=1 (13678 words)

	bird - Ask.com Web Search
		Birds are bipedal, warm-blooded, oviparous vertebrate animals characterized primarily by feathers, forelimbs modified as wings, and hollow bones.
		Birds range in size from the tiny hummingbirds to the huge Ostrich and Emu.
		U.S. non-profit group with information on bird seed, bird feeders, plus projects for kids, nestbox plans, and educational materials.
	search.ask.com /web?q=bird (353 words)

	NMAH \| Surveying & Geodesy \| Zenith Telescope
		Penn, and, I doubt not, equally accurate." The reference here is to the sector had been made by John Bird in London, and that Thomas Penn had purchased in 1763 for Mason and Dixon's survey of the boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania.
		Molyneux, with which the aberration of the stars, and nutation of the earth's axis were discovered and the quantities determined." And its plumb line was "suspended from a notch above the axis of the instrument, in the manner described by the Rev. Dr.
		Ref: Andrew Ellicott, "Astronomical and Thermometrical Observations, made on the Boundary between the United States and His Catholic Majesty," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 5 (1802): 204-205; and "Observations for Determining the Latitude and Longitude of the Town of Natchez," Transaction of the American Philosophical Society 4 (1799): 447-450.
	americanhistory.si.edu /collections/surveying/object.cfm?recordnumber=758697 (529 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / Mason & Dixon: their Line and its Legend
		Dixon, a county surveyor and amateur astronomer, was considered sufficiently adept in his field to be elected to the Royal Society.
		One was an astronomical clock, made for the Royal Society to aid in determining the ellipticity of the earth.
		Maskelyne sent his colleagues a long letter of instruction for the most accurate astronomical measurements, and through the instrument maker John Bird he arranged for the fashioning of a five-foot brass rod as a standard measure.
	americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/ah/1964/2/1964_2_22_print.shtml (5198 words)

	The History of the Sextant
		The astronomer's beautiful, intricate and expensive astrolabe was the grandfather of the much simpler, easy to use mariner's quadrant and astrolabe.
		Using this technique, the navigator at sea could measure the angle between the moon and a celestial body, calculate the time at which the moon and the celestial body would be precisely at that angular distance.
		The sextant had to be pointed downward to view the reflection of the celestial body on the surface of the mercury pool through the clear portion of the horizon glass while simultaneously adjusting the index system to bring the image reflected by the two mirrors alongside.
	pwifland.tripod.com /historysextant/index.htm (4104 words)

	Mason & Dixon - Thomas Pynchon
		Dixon, Jeremiah 1733-1779, surveyor and astronomer, was born in Bishop Auckland, county Durham, 27 July 1733, the fifth of the seven children of George Dixon, a well-to-do Quaker coalmine owner, and his wife Mary Hunter of Newcastle.
		He was educated at John Kipling's School in Barnard Castle, where he acquired an interest in mathematics and astronomy.
		While still a young man in south Durham, he made the acquaintance of the mathematician William Emerson, the instrument-maker John Bird, and the natural philosopher Thomas Wright [qq.v.].
	www.hyperarts.com /pynchon/mason-dixon/extra/dixon_bio.html (469 words)

	Observations Part 5
		When his son John's books were sold at Boston in 1813, the catalogue called attention to the "many rare and curious volumes" sent by Hollis to the father, remarking that many were "in the most superb bindings," presumably the red morocco with special tools used by Hollis as gift bindings.
		John Winthrop, as one of the leading scientists of America, not only bought books but was given them.
		Dana, who had been sent to Europe with John Adams as secretary of the legation at the end of 1779 and who in 1781 went to St. Petersburg to propose a treaty with the United States to Catherine, died in 1811.
	webpub.allegheny.edu /employee/j/jwestenf/ObservationsPt5.htm (8190 words)

	George Graham and Bill Gates: A Study in Architectural Dominance
		In the past, observatories were dependent on the vision and energy of ambitious astronomers like Tycho Brahe for their establishment.
		A transit instrument was the term used to describe any tool that allowed astronomers to time the passage of a celestial body over the meridian of a place or through the field of a telescope.
		The astronomical regulator was a very accurate clock used to time transit observations.
	www.mhs.ox.ac.uk /students/96to97/gramgate.htm (615 words)

	A Brief History of the Mason-Dixon Surveys
		The disputants required much higher standards of accuracy, and they consulted the royal astronomer James Bradley at the Greenwich observatory for advice on getting the survey done right.
		They spent parts of the winter of 1766-67 at Harland’s farm making astronomical observations, using a clock on loan from the Royal Society to time ephemera. Mason spent the late winter and early spring traveling through Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. He met the chief of the Tuscaroras in Williamsburg.
		Latrobe, John H. The history of Mason and Dixon's line: contained in an address, delivered by John H. Latrobe of Maryland, before the Historical society of Pennsylvania, November 8, 1854. G. Bower, Oakland, DE.
	www.udel.edu /johnmack/mason_dixon (4723 words)

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