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	§2. John Barbour; "The Bruce". V. The Earliest Scottish Literature. Vol. 2. The End of the Middle Ages. The ...
		In John Barbour, the author of The Bruce, we have a typical example of the prosperous churchman of the fourteenth century.
		In 1378, a pension of twenty shillings sterling from the same source was conferred upon him for ever—a benefaction which, in 1380, he transferred to the cathedral of Aberdeen, that the dean and canons might, once a year, say mass for the souls of his parents, himself and all the faithful dead.
		Edward Bruce is a fine warrior, but attains not unto these first two for lack of self control (IX, 661 ff., XVI, 391 ff.).
	www.bartleby.com /212/0502.html (2032 words)

	Bruce Family Lineage / House of Bruce Research
		Alexander Bruce, ancestor of the Bruces of Garbot.
		Edward - ancestor of Kinloss, Elgin, and Ailesbury,
		Alexander - ancestor of the Bruces of Gartlet and Barbados.
	www.brucefamily.com /lineage.htm (7153 words)

	Robert the Bruce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Robert I, commonly Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland, was the son of the 7th Robert de Bruce, Earl of Carrick by right of his wife Marjorie, daughter of Niel, or Nigel, Earl of Carrick, and was the eighth in direct male descent from a Norman baron who came to England with William the Conqueror.
		Bruce is reputed to have been one of the advisers who assisted in framing it; but a provision that his castle of Kildrummy was to be placed in charge of a person for whom he should answer shows that Edward, not without reason, suspected his fidelity.
		Though a king, Bruce had not yet a kingdom, and his efforts to obtain it were disastrous failures until after the death of Edward I. In June 1306 he was defeated at Methven, and on the 11th of August he was surprised in Strathfillan, where he had taken refuge.
	www.nndb.com /people/593/000114251 (3339 words)

	John Edward Hollenbeck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		John Edward Hollenbeck was a man of great wealth for that day and the various sections of Los Angeles vied in their efforts to persuade him to build his home in their neighborhood.
		John Edward was occasionally known to make loans at no interest, and he once kept several "important" people waiting while a poor fl woman told him of her difficult conditions.
		John Edward was a familiar figure on the streets, usually traveling in a two-wheel gig hitched to a large sorrel mule.
	members.aol.com /Rdkfour/JohnEdwardHollenbeck.html (4700 words)

	Edward the Bruce King of Ireland d. 1318 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Edward was the brother of Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland.
		In 1315 Edward was the Earl of Carrick, in Galloway, Scotland, and had thousands of unemployed soldiers in his domain.
		Birmingham's forces were vastly superior to those of Edward Bruce, but he was emboldened by his string of victories and sallied forth against the menace.
	www.irishclans.com /articles/edwardbruce.html (1193 words)

	Called King of Scots
		Bruce’s goals were not only to remove the interdiction on his country, but also to gain lasting peace for that country and to gain recognition of its independence and his right as king.
		Edward Bruce was a warrior and a soldier as capable as Robert, as he would prove himself to be in Ireland.
		Edward Bruce managed to defeat the Anglo-Irish barons and on May 2, 1316, was crowned High King of All Ireland, a title he defended until his death in battle in 1318.
	albanach.org /bruce.html (2915 words)

	Famous Scots - King Robert the Bruce
		Robert the Bruce's grandfather, Robert Bruce of Annandale, who had estates in Huntingdon as well as Scotland, was one of the claimants to the throne of Scotland on the death of Queen Margaret, Maid of Norway, in 1290 (he was a descendant of King Alexander II).
		Robert the Bruce was probably born in Turnberry Castle in Ayrshire on 11 July 1274.
		Having heavily defeated the English army at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 and defeating Edward II's invasion in 1322 by a "scorched earth" policy, Edward III of England eventually agreed to the Treaty of Edinburgh in 1328 which recognised Scotland's independence, ending the 30 years of the Wars of Independence.
	www.rampantscotland.com /famous/blfamthebruce.htm (445 words)

	John Edward Bruce - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		John Edward Bruce, also known as Bruce Grit (February 22, 1856 - August 7, 1924) was born a slave in Maryland, United States.
		In 1879, Bruce established the Argus weekly in Washington, D.C. He next founded the Sunday Item, in 1880 and the Republican both of Norfolk, Virginia, in 1882.
		Bruce was a Prince Hall Mason, member of the Order of African Redemption (Liberia) and the African Society (London).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_Edward_Bruce (474 words)

	www.brucefamily.com - Family of Bruce International, Inc. - Bruce Biographies
		Educated in England and France, Thomas Bruce succeeded to the Earldoms of Elgin and Kincardine in 1771, entered the army in 1785, and was successively envoy to the Holy Roman Empire, to Brussels, to Berlin and to the Ottoman Empire.
		Bruce served as Australian delegate to the League of Nations and in 1936 was president of the council.
		Eli Metcalfe Bruce, born near Flemingsburg, Ky., February 22, 1828, was not a soldier of the Confederacy, but was with the army on many battlefields and spent a fortune for the relief of the sick and disabled.
	www.brucefamily.com /biopage.htm (3148 words)

	Scotland - Alexander III, John Balliol, Robert Bruce
		Bruce gained the respect of the nobles and was crowned King of Scotland in 1306.
		Left: King Edward II is holding the symbols of kingship, an orb and scepter, and is standing on a royal lion.
		Right: King Edward II is seated on a cushioned bench, holding a scepter, shown in the act of surrendering his crown to his elder son, Edward III.
	members.tripod.com /~mr_sedivy/engrise15.html (802 words)

	Robert The Bruce - Scottish Historical Figures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Edward I of England claimed feudal power over the Scots involved and awarded the throne to John Balliol whom he saw as 'his man'.
		Edward had garrisons throughout Scotland and Bruce was defeated firstly at Methven and then at Tyndrum both in 1306.
		It was not until Edward II had been deposed that peace was finally made in the Treaty of Northampton in 1328 and all claims to Scotland by England were dropped forever.
	www.scotsmart.com /info/histfigures/bruce.html (873 words)

	History of the Monarchy > The Bruces > Robert I
		Born in 1274 in Ayr, the son of Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick, he was the grandson of the Robert Bruce who had been one of the competitors for the throne after the death of the Maid of Norway.
		Even after Bannockburn and the Scottish capture of Berwick in 1318, Edward II refused to give up his claim to the overlordship of Scotland, and so in 1320 the Scottish earls, barons and the 'community of the realm' sent a letter to Pope John XXII declaring that Robert I was their rightful monarch.
		In 1327, the English deposed Edward II in favour of his son Edward III and peace was then made between Scotland and England with the treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton, which began with England's total renunciation of all claims to superiority over Scotland.
	www.royal.gov.uk /output/page122.asp (832 words)

	Edward Bruce - Encyclopedia.com
		Granting Lisa her dying wish; After being diagnosed with cancer at the age of 15, Lisa Hook decided to defy medical opinion by planning her own wedding, honeymoon and funeral with the help of the Birmingham-based Edward's Trust charity.
		Chicago Sun-Times; 3/10/1988; 141 words; Bruce Edward Arnold, 85, responsible for Michigan Avenue's Christmas lights, died Tuesday in the Desert Hospital in Palm Springs, Calif. A Lake...
		Was the Bruce really English?; MILLENNIUMLIFE : He united a nation after destroying the English at Bannockburn, but Robert the Bruce may not have been a true Scot.(Features)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Bruce-Ed.html (1046 words)

	Great Scots: Psychological Perspectives on Scottish History and Leadership
		The first "Bruce" was one of the Norman noblemen who accompanied David when he became governor of Cumbria; the lands of Annandale were in a key location for the defense of Scotland, for they covered the western approach to Scotland from England, and they were a buffer against the "wild men of Galloway".
		The future king, and sixth Robert Bruce, is born to Robert and Marjorie, probably at Turnberry Castle; Bruce's parentage, and heritage, was a mixture of Gaelic and Gallic (Celtic and Norman).
		Bruce murders Comyn at Dumfries; Bruce is crowned at Scone by Isabel of Fife, countess of Buchan; Battles of Methven and Dail Righ — Bruce flees Scotland, probably for Ireland; Bruce's brother (Nigel), wife, sisters, and daughter are captured by the English — Nigel is executed.
	www.drl.tcu.edu /Scotland/GreatScots/bruce.html (1583 words)

	JOHN EDWARD BRUCE: JOURNALIST, NATIONALIST, PAN AFRIKANIST, AND HISTORIAN
		ohn Edward Bruce (22 February 1856 to 7 August 1924), journalist, historian, writer, orator, and Pan Afrikan nationalist, was born in Piscataway, Maryland, to enslaved parents Robert Bruce and Martha Allen Clark.
		Bruce had a strong interest in Afrikan history, and many of his writings and speeches focused on the achievements of the Afrikan past and the importance of history as a remedy to the ravages of white supremacist indoctrination on the Afrikan psyche.
		Bruce advocated that Afrikans use merciless armed retaliation to combat pogroms and lynching by European mobs.
	www.cwo.com /~lucumi/bruce.html (916 words)

	UPNE - The Black Sleuth: John Edward Bruce
		John Edward Bruce employs conventions from popular fiction and an extended "African abroad" plot to boldly attack and ridicule white prejudice and racial injustice in the United States and elsewhere.
		Notable in the novel is Bruce's technique of placing white American characters in distant locations, namely Africa and England, to underscore by contrast their prejudiced beliefs and language.
		John Edward Bruce (1856-1924) was born a slave in Piscataway, Maryland, and given a hero's funeral in Harlem by Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).
	www.dartmouth.edu /~upne/1-55553-511-9.html (465 words)

	Robert the Bruce
		At this time, Edward I was king of England - a very able and ruthless king - and he naturally sought to take advantage of the situation to bring Scotland under English suzerainty.
		When Edward II came with an army to relieve Stirling, Bruce and his men were ready.
		However, time was on the side of the Scots and when Edward died, his son Edward III decided to begin his own campaign against the Scots - nearly being captured in his bed before accomplishing anything.
	www.heartoscotland.com /Categories/RobertBruce.htm (1291 words)

	HossackGenealogy
		John of Ottawa, IL was the son of Margaret Forsyth, but of John I (brother of William and son of William who was the husband of the Widow Colley, of Duffis, Scotland).
		She sent additional photographs including a second version of the 50th wedding anniversary picture with John and Martha Lens Hossack surrounded by all eleven of the grown-up children and most of the spouses, on the porch of "The Columns" (See Clan Sept Page).
		This was from Ann Drake, granddaughter of John William Hossack (son of James Alexander) and Juanita Knight.
	www.johnhossack.com /genealog.htm (2960 words)

	William Seraile. Bruce Grit: The Black Nationalist Writings of John Edward Bruce - Book Review African American Review ...
		Crowder suggests that, because Bruce refused to join white-run and white-supported organizations (he took part in the Niagara Movement but refused to join the NAACP), he was written out of the white American historical record.
		An additional reason may be that Bruce produced no major work championing his personal and political philosophy along the lines of Up from Slavery or The Souls of Black Folk, although he did write a fascinating (if confusing and unresolved) early detective novel featuring a West African protagonist.
		Likewise, Bruce's only novel in book form, The Awakening of Hezekiah Jones (1916), about fl Americans and politics, was brought out by a small Kentucky press and has received little or no critical attention.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2838/is_2-3_37/ai_110531697 (612 words)

	Bruce Grit by Seraile, William
		John Edward Bruce (1856–1924) witnessed the dying days of American slavery, the turbulence of the Civil War and Reconstruction, the rise of Jim Crow, and the development of American imperialism.
		Bruce wrote for more than a hundred different newspapers and founded several of them, including the Argus, the Sunday Item, and Washington Grit in Washington, D.C., and the Weekly Standard in Yonkers, New York.
		He argues that underlying all of Bruce’s work was what would become his greatest legacy: his promotion of history and culture of African people in the diaspora as valuable fields of study.
	utpress.org /a/searchdetails.php?jobno=T00941 (365 words)

	John Edward, a medium packaged and sold by the media (Generation sXeptic)
		Edward is the only actor on the payroll, the producers don't have to worry about employing writers, and they don't have to hassle with booking guests.
		John Edward's emergence on the public and media agenda has not gone without strong criticism from skeptics.
		In covering Edward, however, many mass media reporters have either favored the norm of "journalistic balance" in their coverage, or have honored the American media tradition of uncritical coverage of topics related to religion.
	www.csicop.org /genx/edward (3711 words)

	William Seraile. Bruce Grit: The Black Nationalist Writings of John Edward Bruce - Book Review African American Review ...
		Crowder suggests that, because Bruce refused to join white-run and white-supported organizations (he took part in the Niagara Movement but refused to join the NAACP), he was written out of the white American historical record.
		An additional reason may be that Bruce produced no major work championing his personal and political philosophy along the lines of Up from Slavery or The Souls of Black Folk, although he did write a fascinating (if confusing and unresolved) early detective novel featuring a West African protagonist.
		Likewise, Bruce's only novel in book form, The Awakening of Hezekiah Jones (1916), about fl Americans and politics, was brought out by a small Kentucky press and has received little or no critical attention.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2838/is_2-3_37/ai_110531697 (612 words)

	National Gallery of Art-What's New
		King Edward III founded the community at St. George's in 1348, and King Edward IV built the present chapel in 1475.
		Edward Hopper marks the first time in more than 25 years that a comprehensive exhibition of this great artist's work has been seen in American museums outside New York and is the most complete survey of his career ever presented in Washington.
		Edward Hopper at the National Gallery of Art is an excerpt from a new documentary produced by the National Gallery of Art.
	www.nga.gov /highlights/index.shtm (2093 words)

	Bruce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		De Bruce was a Norman knight from Bruis, a castle near Cherbourg, France, who in 1066 went to England with William the Conqueror.
		Robert de Bruce II (1078?-1141), son of Robert de Bruce I, was a companion in arms of Prince David of Scotland, afterward King David I, from whom he received a grant of the lordship of Annandale (now in the region of Dumfries and Galloway).
		The English estates of Robert de Bruce II were inherited by his eldest son, whose male line terminated in Peter Bruce (died 1271), constable of Scarborough.
	home.gci.net /~airloom/bruce.htm (811 words)

	John Stafford and Margaret Brunt
		Children were: Margaret Johnston, Jane Johnston, Susannah E. Johnston, Sarah Johnston, Adam Stafford Johnston, John Edward Johnston, James W. Johnston, Hugh George W. Johnston.
		Isaac Edward Johnston was born on 25 Aug 1845.
		Children were: Walter Lee Johnston, William McLain Johnston, Charles Edward Johnston, Robert Lacy Johnston, Frank Fulton Johnston, Lula Mae Johnston, Mary Elizabeth Johnston, Annie Rose Johnston, Minnie Sue Johnston, Jesse Everette Johnston.
	www.johnstafford.org /stafford/d43.htm (815 words)

	Cerritos Library welcomes author Ralph L. Crowder
		Bruce, a journalist from the late 1800s until his death in 1924, was a vital force in the popularization of African American history.
		Born into slavery in 1856, Bruce gained his freedom by joining a regiment of Union soldiers on their way to Washington, D.C. During his life he interacted with major figures such as Henry Highland Garnett and Martin Delany, both of whom were instrumental in the development of 19
		In 1911, Bruce and Arthur Alfonso Schomburg co-founded the Negro Society for Historical Research, which greatly influenced fl book collecting and preservation as well as the study of African American themes.
	www.ci.cerritos.ca.us /comnews/PressReleases/crowder.html (226 words)

	Amazon.com: John Edward Bruce: Politician, Journalist, and Self-Trained Historian of the African Diaspora: Books: Ralph ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		John Edward Bruce, a premier fl journalist from the late 1800's until his death in 1924, was a vital force in the popularization of African American history.
		Bruce was in contact with major figures in African American history, including Henry Highland Garnett and Martin Delany, both instrumental in the development of 19th century Black nationalism and the struggle for Black liberation.
		Close relationships with Liberian statesman Edward Wilmot Blyden and with Alexander Crummell, a key advocate for the emigration of Blacks to Africa, assisted in Bruce's development into a leading African American spokesman.
	www.amazon.com /John-Edward-Bruce-Politician-Self-Trained/dp/0814715184 (835 words)

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