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	Nat' Academies Press, Biographical Memoirs V.60 (1991)
		Enders could then expand his own research on mumps, and with additional funding from military sources, he was able for the first time to employ a personal technician and a succession of junior associates.
		Enders and Dr. Alfred L. Florman then investigated the influence of antiserum and complement on the growth of vaccinia virus in roller cultures and the persistence of this virus in Maitland-type cultures.
		Enders immediately turned all the resources of his laboratory to the task of developing a measles vaccine based on the attenuated, avianized strain, and the results of their labors were published in a series of papers in the New England Journal of Medicine's July 28, 1960 issue.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309044421/html/46.html (4425 words)

	John Franklin Enders -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		John Franklin Enders (February 10, 1887 – 1985) was an (A native or inhabitant of the United States) American medical scientist.
		Enders was born in (Click link for more info and facts about West Hartford, Connecticut) West Hartford, Connecticut.
		He attended (English philanthropist who made contributions to a college in Connecticut that was renamed in his honor (1649-1721)) Yale for a short time before entering the (The airforce of the United States of America; defends the United States through control and exploitation of air and space) United States Air Force in 1918.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/j/jo/john_franklin_enders.htm (176 words)

	John Franklin Enders - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		John Franklin Enders (February 10, 1887 – 1985) was an American medical scientist.
		He tried his hand at a few different careers before choosing to work in the biological field studying infectious diseases.
		Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, and Frederick Chapman Robbins were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1954 "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_Franklin_Enders (152 words)

	John F. Enders - Biography
		John Franklin Enders was born on February 10th, 1897, at West Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.A. He is the son of John Ostrom Enders, a banker in Hartford, and Harriet Goulden Enders (née Whitmore).
		Enders was educated at the Noah Webster School at Hartford and St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire.
		In 1930, Enders received the degree of Ph.D. at Harvard for a thesis which presented evidence that bacterial anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity of the tuberculin type are distinct phenomena.
	nobelprize.org /medicine/laureates/1954/enders-bio.html (682 words)

	Innovation Odyssey - The Technology Trail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		John Enders served as a pilot in World War I, sold real estate, and studied English literature and Germanic and Celtic languages at Harvard with the idea of becoming a teacher.
		Enders taught at Harvard until 1946, when he was asked to become director of a new laboratory for research in infectious diseases at the Children's Medical Center.
		Here, Enders perfected the technique of growing cells in test tubes, which made it possible to grow polio virus and other childhood viruses including measles, German measles, and mumps.
	www.innovationodyssey.com /polio.htm (143 words)

	Vaccination Liberation Information
		Enders and colleagues were successful in part because they added antibiotic (penicillin and/or streptomycin) to their cell cultures to kill the bacteria"a technique that had not, of course, been available to researchers working in the pre-World War II era.
		While Enders and colleagues" 1949 paper is widely acknowledged to be a turning point in poliomyelitis research"many, including World Health Organization poliovirus eradication researchers, credit this piece of science with paving the way for the development of both the Salk and Sabin polio vaccines"poliovirus was not actually isolated by these investigators, either.
		Despite this overstatement, Enders, Weller, and Robbins were the first to prove that a transmissible agent associated with poliomyelitis could be propagated in cells in the laboratory, and that cell cultures could be substituted for live animals in studying such transmissible agents.
	www.vaclib.org /basic/polioaccute.htm (6998 words)

	John f - Airport (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		John F. Lehman John F. Lehman Commissioner John Lehman is chairman of JF Lehman and Company, a private equity investment firm.
		John F. Kerry was born on December 11, 1943 at Fitzsimons Army Hospital in Colorado.
		John F. Kennedy gravesite with the Custis-Lee Mansion in the background.
	www.globalinfogroup.com /glig/john-f.html (364 words)

	A Celebration, a Beginning
		"Enders' discovery was pivotal because Salk needed vast amounts of inactivated polio virus for use in the vaccine," Varmus noted.
		Enders won a Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1954 for his work with the polio virus.
		Enders could not have accomplished what he did without support for basic research.
	www.news.harvard.edu /gazette/1996/06.13/ACelebrationaBe.html (1150 words)

	Boston Globe Online / Table of Contents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Dr. John F. Enders of Brookline, who received the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1954 for growing the polio virus in tissue cultures, died Sunday night at his summer home in Waterford, Conn., while reading T.S. Eliot aloud to his wife.
		At the time, Dr. Enders was professor of bacteriology and immunology at Harvard Medical School and chief of the research division of infectious diseases at the Children's Hospital Medical Center.
		Dr. Enders was born in West Hartford, Conn., on Feb. 10, 1897.
	www.boston.com /globe/search/stories/nobel/1985/1985aa.html (947 words)

	CBER - Simian Virus 40 (SV40:) A Possible Human Polyomavirus Workshop: Bibliography
		John A. Lednicky, Robert L. Garcea, Daniel J. Bergsagel, Janet S. Butel, "Natural Simian Virus 40 Strains Are Present in Human Choroid Plexus and Ependymoma Tumors", Virology, 1995, Vol.
		John B. Penney, Jr., Opendra Narayan, "Studies of the Antigenic Relationships of the New Human Papovaviruses by Electron Microscopy Agglutination", Infection and Immunity, Vol.
		Harvey M. Stein, John F. Enders, "Multiplication of Cytopathogenicity of Simian Vascuolating Virus 40 in Cultures of Human Tissues", Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Vol.
	www.fda.gov /cber/minutes/sv40bib.htm (1808 words)

	John Franklin Enders -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		American virologist and microbiologist who, with Frederick C. Robbins and Thomas H. Weller, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for 1954 for his part in cultivating the poliomyelitis virus in nonnervous-tissue cultures, a preliminary step to the development of the polio vaccine.
		Weller, Thomas H. American physician and virologist who was the corecipient (with John Enders and Frederick Robbins) of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1954 for the successful cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures.
		John Franklin Enders helped develop a method for inoculating tissue for the study of viruses in 1949 and shared the Nobel prize for physiology or medicine in 1954.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9032608?tocId=9032608 (744 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Biographical Memoirs V.61 (1992)
		Biographical Memoirs: Volume 61 JOHN HOLMES DINGLE November 24, 1908-September 15, 1973 BY WILLIAM S. JOHN DINGLE'S CONTRIBUTIONS to biomedical science and medical education were fully expressed in each of the components of the classic triad of research, teaching, and service.
		John Holmes Dingle was born on November 24, 1908, in Cooperstown, North Dakota, where his father was a Methodist minister.
		Dingle's predoctoral education was obtained at the University of Washington—a certificate in pharmacology and a B.S. (summa cum laude) in 1930 and an M.S. in 1931.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309047463/html/136.html (4577 words)

	Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers - 09. Photographs and Images, 1951i - 1954i
		Goran Liljestrand, Frederick Robbins, John F. Enders, and Thomas Weller at the 1954 Nobel Prize gathering.
		Enders, and Frau Born at the Nobel Prize Ceremonies.
		Enders John Enders Linus Pauling, Max Born Stockholm 10 December 1954" Copyright Stockholms Tidiningen.
	library.oregonstate.edu /specialcollections/coll/pauling/catalogue/pauling09_1951i-1954i.html (3295 words)

	John Enders Signed Photograph
		Enders autograph is considered rare in any form.Enders and his co-workers (Thomas Weller and Frederick Robbins) were the first to show that the polio virus could be grown in monkey kidney cells in a test tube.
		Once this was known, polioi virus could be produced in sufficient quantities to produce a vaccine.
		This was more important than actually making the vaccine and it is why Enders, et al received the Nobel Prize and not Salk and Sabin.
	www.ehistorybuff.com /enderssp.html (111 words)

	CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL PAGE
		1949 Dr. John F. Enders and his colleagues successfully culture the polio virus.
		1954 Dr. John F. Enders and his team win the Nobel Prize for their 1949 polio work.
		Enders and his team also culture the measles virus.
	www.spinninglobe.net /childrenspg.htm (949 words)

	Medical Historical Library: Bibliography of Yale Medical History
		Fulton, John F. Davey, Lycurgus M. "John F. Fulton, M.D., and the founding of the Journal of Neurosurgery." Journal of Neurosurgery 1994 Mar;80(3):584-7.
		Gariepy, Thomas P. "John Farquhar Fulton and the History of Science Society," in Catching up with the vision: Essays on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the founding of the History of Science Society, edited by Margaret W. Rossiter.
		Soriano, V. "Contribution of John F. Fulton to the study of cerebellar function".
	info.med.yale.edu /library/historical/yalebib.htm (4822 words)

	The Harvard Guide: A Nobel Legacy 1914 - 1973
		Without Enders' subtle triumph of learning how to grow a virus, the more celebrated Jonas Salk would have been unable to bring his own work to its powerful conclusion.
		In addition to his many achievements in human biology, "The Chief," as Enders was called, was esteemed for his impeccable standards of personal and scientific honesty.
		By 1950, he was back with his old college colleagues, Enders and Weller, doing the experiments which led to their Nobel Prize -- and a vaccine for polio.
	www.news.harvard.edu /guide/faculty/fac7.html (1420 words)

	John Franklin Enders Winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Medicine
		John Franklin Enders Winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Medicine
		John F. Enders - Biography (submitted by Davis Brown)
		Information About John F. Enders (submitted by Axel)
	almaz.com /nobel/medicine/1954a.html (98 words)

	CHAPTER X
		Douglas B. Kendrick, MC, Capt. John Elliott, SnC, and Lt. Louis Pillemer, SnC, were placed on temporary duty there, to develop a new technique for preparing typing sera from human plasma.
		Enders, and Charles A. Janeway revealed no evidence that spirochetes survive outside of the body for as long as 48 hours.
		Memorandum, Capt. John Elliott, SnC, to Chief, Surgical Consultants Division, Office of The Surgeon General, through Director, Army Medical School, 1 Feb. 1945, subject: Transportation of Blood from the U.S. to the ETO Blood Bank in Paris.
	history.amedd.army.mil /booksdocs/wwii/blood/chapter10.htm (13046 words)

	Feb.T05 [Calendar]
		1795 Friedlieb F. Runge discovered carbolic acid (phenol) and aniline, 1834, in coal tar; investigated dry distillation and composition of matter.
		1897 John F. Enders proved polio virus not neurotropic; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1954) with T.
		Weller and F. Robbins, for their discovery that polio virus can grow in various types of tissue.
	arts-sciences.cua.edu /chem/may/month/Februarychem.htm (1176 words)

	University of Michigan Report: Ongoing Investigation of the Neel-Chagnon Allegations
		Samuel L. Katz, professor emeritus and chairman of Pediatrics at Duke University Medical School, was the co-developer of the vaccine (with John F.
		Enders) and he reports that its use was safe and appropriate in this population.
		It is claimed that a "fatal" epidemic was "caused" or "greatly exacerbated" by the vaccine.
	www.cogweb.ucla.edu /Debate/UMichOnChagnon.html (6997 words)

	Manuscripts Guide -- R
		A few letters to John Torrey, Amos Eaton, and Reuben Haines; journals of travels to the Appalachian mountains, 1833, and to the source of the Schuylkill River, 1834.
		Except for John Peter Gassiot, William Huggins, Edwin R. Lankester, James Mackintosh, David Prain, and William Whewell, most correspondents are represented by only one or two letters.
		Some of the correspondents are Sir Richard Owen, John Tyndall, Alfred Russel Wallace, and William Turner Thistleton-Dyer.
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/mole/r.htm (4224 words)

	Enders, John Franklin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Viruses cannot be grown, as bacteria can, in nutrient substances, and so a method had been developed for growing them in a living chick embryo.
		In 1948, Enders and his colleagues prepared a medium of homogenized chick embryo and blood and, adding penicillin to suppress bacteria, managed to grow a mumps virus in it.
		But using their method, Enders managed to grow the virus successfully on tissue scraps obtained from stillborn human embryos, and then on other tissue.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/E/Enders/1.html (197 words)

	The Nobel Prize
		The prize was given to the three for their work in applying modern quantum physics to the study of optics, a pursuit that has led to the improvement of lasers, GPS technology and other instruments.
		On Tuesday, Americans John L. Hall and Roy J. Glauber and German Theodor W. Haensch won the 2005 Nobel Prize in physics for their work in advancing the precision of optic technology, which could improve communication worldwide and help spacecraft navigate more accurately to the stars.
		The prize was given to the three for their work in applying modern quantum physics to the study of optics - a pursuit that has led to the improvement of lasers, optical clocks, GPS technology and other instruments.
	www.geocities.com /inations/enobel.htm (4705 words)

	John F. Enders Fellowships and Research Grants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Graduate School offers a number of competitively awarded John F. Enders Fellowships and Research Grants to qualified Yale graduate students in all fields of study who will be engaged in full-time dissertation research and writing during the summer months.
		Grants may be used to support the acquisition of equipment (please see limits below), documents, data, or other research materials for the completion of the dissertation research, as well as research travel and living expenses incurred during the tenure of the fellowship.
		Limitations on Funding: Funding will not be provided for those students who already have substantial research support.
	www.yale.edu /graduateschool/financial/enders.html (275 words)

	SECTION 3
		It was stated that in the previous 3 weeks there had been "several" cases of scarlet fever, a considerable number of streptococcal sore throats with a number of peritonsillar abscesses, and a high rate of respiratory disease in general.
		Major John Marshall, USAMU, working at the Hazardous Laboratory at Forest Glen, reported on plague vaccine trials in mice, in which a number of killed and attenuated vaccines was studied.
		Another area of interest of the ad hoc committee was an evaluation of the studies conducted at USAMU and The Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health on the use of combinations of antigens and sequential immunization with group A and B arboviruses.
	history.amedd.army.mil /booksdocs/historiesofcomsn/section3.htm (17357 words)

	[No title]
		Joseph Kennedy has a stroke, ending his control over John and Bobby Kennedy, who then begins to tangle with the Mafia and interfere with Onassis drug trafficking.
		1963 John McCone, a founder of Bechtel, is CIA Director.
		Other work is started in CIA sponsored research programs at the VA Hospital in Kansas City, University of Rochester, Brooks AFB in Texas, Johns Hopkins University, MIT, the Mitre Corporation, the University of Pennsylvania and other domestic and foreign research laboratories.
	www.reachone.net /~trufax/online/chrono/crg.html (5711 words)

	Worldandnation: Obituaries of note
		DR. FREDERICK CHAPMAN ROBBINS, 86, who shared a Nobel Prize in 1954 for discovering how to grow the polio virus in the laboratory, died Monday in Cleveland.
		The groundbreaking research, conducted at Harvard Medical School with John F. Enders and Dr. Thomas H. Weller, enabled the development not only of the polio vaccine but other vaccines against human viral diseases such as measles, mumps and rubella.
		REDD STEWART, 80, a country music singer, guitarist and fiddler perhaps best-known for co-writing Tennessee Waltz, a song about stolen love that became the state's official song and a massive hit for singer Patti Page, died Aug. 2 in St. Matthews, Ky.
	www.sptimes.com /2003/08/09/news_pf/Worldandnation/Obituaries_of_note.shtml (360 words)

	William Oliver letter to the New Yorker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Katz, SL, Enders, JF, and Holloway, A (1962): The development and evaluation of an attenuated measles virus vaccine.
		Katz, SL, and Enders, F, (1965): Measles Virus In: Hosfall, FL, Jr.
		Markham, FS, Cox, HR, and Rueseger, JM (1962): A summary of field experience with live virus measles vaccine.
	www.umich.edu /~urel/Darkness/oliver.html (2855 words)

	Frederick Robbins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		From 1948 to 1950 he held a Senior Fellowship in Virus Diseases of the National Research Council and worked with Dr. John F. Enders in the Research Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital Medical Center.
		While he was working with Enders, Robbins chiefly studied the cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in tissue culture and the application of this technique.
		In 1955, John Carroll University of Cleveland conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Science, and in 1958, the University of Missouri, his alma mater, did the same.
	www.fredsociety.com /robbins.html (515 words)

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