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Topic: John Frederick, Elector of Saxony

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	Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		John Frederick II, Elector of Saxony, son of John Frederick, Elector of Saxony and Sibylle of Cleves.
		John, Elector of Saxony, son of Ernest, Elector of Saxony and Elisabeth of Bavaria, daughter of Albert III, Duke of Bavaria.
		Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, son of Friedrich III, Landgraf of Thuringia and Katharina von Henneberg.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genealogy_of_the_British_Royal_Family (4066 words)

	JOHN FREDERICK OF SAXONY - LoveToKnow Article on JOHN FREDERICK OF SAXONY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		John Frederick, who was an ardent Lutheran and had a high regard for Luther, continued.he religious policy of his father.
		John Frederick consented to the transfer of the electoral dignity, but retained for himself the title of " born elector," and received some lands and a sum of money.
		JOHN FREDERICK (1529-1595), called der Mittlere, duke of Saxony, was the eldest son of John Frederick, who had been deprived of the Saxon electorate by the emperor Charles V. in 1547.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /J/JO/JOHN_FREDERICK_OF_SAXONY.htm (2525 words)

	JOHN FREDERICK OF SAXONY - LoveToKnow Article on JOHN FREDERICK OF SAXONY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		JOHN FREDERICK I. (1503-1554), called the Magnanimous elector of Saxony, was the elder son of the elector, John the Steadfast, and belonged to the Ernestine branch of the Wettin family.
		JOHN GEORGE I. (1585-1656), elector of Saxony, second son of the elector Christian I., was born on the 5th of March 1585, succeeding to the electorate in June 1611 on the death of his elder brother, Christian II.
		However, for the present the efforts of Gustavus Adolphus prevented the elector from deserting him, but the position was changed by the death of the king at Liitzen in 1632, and the refusal of Saxony to join the Protestant league under Swedish leadership.
	34.1911encyclopedia.org /J/JO/JOHN_FREDERICK_OF_SAXONY.htm (2525 words)

	LANDGRAVE OF HESSE PHILIP - LoveToKnow Article on LANDGRAVE OF HESSE PHILIP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In 1526 he had aided John the Constant, elector of Saxony, to form an alliance of reforming princes; and in 1529 he called together the abortive conference at Marburg, hoping thus to close the breach between Lutherans and Zwinglians.
		Unlike John Frederick of Saxony, Philip divined, or partly divined, the emperors intentions, and urged repeatedly that the forces of the league should be put in order.
		After this defeat the landgrave was induced to surrender to Charles in June by his son-in-law, Maurice, now elector of Saxony, and Joachim 11., elector of Brandenburg, who promised Philip that he should be pardoned, and were greatly incensed when the emperor refused to assent to this condition.
	5.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PH/PHILIP_LANDGRAVE_OF_HESSE.htm (1400 words)

	1531, Feb. 6. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The elector of Saxony protested against this proceeding in the name of the evangelicals.
		Charles V sought to crush the independence of the states of the empire in Germany and restore the unity of the Church, to which he was urged by the pope, who concluded an alliance with him and promised money and troops.
		The leaders of the League of Schmalkalden—John Frederick, elector of Saxony, and Philip, landgrave of Hesse—placed under the ban.
	www.bartleby.com /67/615.html (851 words)

	TORGAU - LoveToKnow Article on TORGAU
		In the vicinity is the royal stud farm of Graditz.
		Torgau is said to have existed as the capital of a distinct principality in the time of the German king Henry I., but early in the I4th century it was in the possession of the margraves of Meissen and later of the electors of Saxony, who frequently resided here.
		In 1526 John, elector of Saxony, Philip, landgrave of Hesse, and other Protestant princes formed a league against "the Roman Catholics, and the Torgau articles, drawn up here by Luther and his friends in 1530, were the basis of the confession of Augsburg.
	59.1911encyclopedia.org /T/TO/TORGAU.htm (588 words)

	saxony
		Son of Frederick II the Gentle, Elector of Saxony; on death of father (1464) succeeded to rule jointly with elder brother Ernest; on division of duchy (1485) received eastern and western portions; governor of Netherlands for Holy Roman emperors (1488-93); governor of Friesland (1498-1500).
		FREDERICK AUGUSTUS II (1797-1854), king of Saxony (1836-54), nephew of King Frederick Augustus I and King Anthony (1755-1836), born in Dresden.
		Saxe was an illegitimate son of Frederick Augustus I, elector of Saxony (1694-1733) and, as Augustus II, king of Poland (1697-1733).
	website.lineone.net /~johnbidmead/saxony.htm (1914 words)

	Electors of Saxony in Luther’s Time: John the Steadfast
		Elector John, called the Steadfast, elector of Saxony, was the fourth son of the elector Ernest.
		John alone among the electors objected to the election of Ferdinand as emperor Ferdinand I, king of the Romans.
		John was among the first members of the league of Schmalkalden and assented to the religious peace of Nuremberg in 1532.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/lutheranism/107475 (685 words)

	Augustus I
		Augustus I, elector of Saxony, was the younger son of Henry, Duke of Saxony, and consequently belonged to the Albertine branch of the Wettin family.
		The elector, however, was continually haunted by the fear that the Ernestines would attempt to deprive him of the coveted dignity, and his policy both in Saxony and in Germany was coloured by this fear.
		John Frederick surrendered, and passed his time in prison until his death in 1595; Grumbach was taken and executed; and the position of the elector was made quite secure.
	www.nndb.com /people/602/000097311 (1317 words)

	Lucas Cranach the Elder Biography. - Olga's Gallery
		In 1550, faithful to the elector John Frederick, who was accused of treason by Emperor Charles V, Cranach followed him in his exile at Augsburg, Innsbruck, and Weimar, where he died in 1553.
		John the Constant (or Johann the Steady) (1468-1532) Elector of Saxony, reigned since 1486 together with his brother Frederick the Wise (1463-1525), both brothers were enthusiastic supporters of Martin Luther, for his active and constant assistance of the reformers John got the name of the Constant.
		Daughters of Duke Heinrich V (Henry the Devout) of Saxony (1473-1541) and Duchess Katharina of Mecklenburg (1487-1561), married in 1512: Sibyl (1515-1592), married in 1540 Duke Franz I of Save-Lauenburg (1515-1592); Emilie (1516-1591), married in 1533 Margrave Georhe of Brandenburg-Ausbach (d.1543); Sidonie (1518-1575), married in 1545 Duke Erich II of Brunswick-Kalenberg (1528-1584).
	www.abcgallery.com /C/cranach/cranachbio.html (857 words)

	Johann Walther: Father of Lutheran Music
		Elector John did say that he regarded the expenses involved for the upkeep of a Hofkapelle as a sheer waste of money and that he believed the money could be used to better advantage.
		In their letter to the Elector, Luther and Melanchthon pointed out that the Church needed composers as well as music, that it was unwise to stop the noble and effective efforts of men who had trained themselves for, and were devoting their lives to the advancement of good spiritual music.
		John Frederick steadfastly refused to subscribe to the decrees of the Council of Trent and remained firm in his Lutheran faith during his five years of imprisonment which followed.
	www.carolinaclassical.com /articles/walther.html (9531 words)

	Electors of Saxony in Luther’s Time: John Frederick the Magnanimous
		Succeeding John the Steadfast as Elector of Saxony was his oldest son, John Frederick I. He was known as the “Magnanimous elector of Saxony.” Of the three electors, John Frederick was perhaps the most partisan Lutheran who had a great admiration for Martin Luther.
		John Frederick at a young age began to correspond with Luther, beginning in the days when the bull of excommunication was hurled against Luther.
		In 1527 John Frederick married Sibylla, the daughter of John III., duke of Cleves.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/lutheranism/107948 (515 words)

	Saxony -> History on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The ducal title of Saxony went to Bernard of Anhalt, a younger son of Albert the Bear of Brandenburg and founder of the Ascanian line of Saxon dukes.
		Electoral Saxony, as his territory was called, was a relatively small area along the middle Elbe.
		Duke Maurice of Saxony, a grandson of Albert and a Protestant, received the electoral title in the 16th cent.; it remained in the Albertine branch until the dissolution (1806) of the Holy Roman Empire.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/Saxony_History.asp (1405 words)

	Attributed to Lucas Cranach the Elder: Frederick III (1463-1525), the Wise, Elector of Saxony (46.179.1) \| Object Page ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Attributed to Lucas Cranach the Elder: Frederick III (1463-1525), the Wise, Elector of Saxony (46.179.1)
		Among the strongest defenders of the Reformation movement, Frederick the Wise and John the Steadfast were Lucas Cranach the Elder's patrons at Wittenberg.
		They were commissioned from Cranach by John's son and successor John Frederick the Magnanimous when he became elector in 1532.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/refo/hod_46.179.1.htm (224 words)

	Today in History - March 3
		The unity of the Schmalkaldic League that was to support the Reformation suffered from disagreements between John Frederick and Philip of Hesse, leaders of the League.
		John Frederick reconquered most of his land, repelling Maurice, but was defeated and captured by imperial forces at Mühlberg on 24 April 1547.
		John Frederick reorganized the University of Wittenberg in 1535-1536, was benefactor of the University of Leipzig and laid the plans for the University of Jena (founded in 1558).
	chi.lcms.org /history/tih0303.htm (1538 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Reformation
		From the consequences of papal excommunication and the imperial ban Luther was protected by Elector Frederick of Saxony, his territorial sovereign.
		The Diocese of Naumburg-Zeitz becoming vacant, Elector John Frederick of Saxony installed by force in the see the Lutheran preacher Nicholas Amsdorf (instead of the cathedral provost, Julius von Pflug, chosen by the chapter) and himself undertook the secular government.
		Meanwhile the treachery of Prince Moritz of Saxony, who made a secret treaty with Henry II of France, Germany's enemy, and formed a confederation with the Protestant princes William of Hesse, John Albert of Mecklenburg, and Albert of Brandenburg, to make war on the emperor and empire, broke the power of the emperor.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12700b.htm (10530 words)

	Frederick the Elector (1463-1525) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Retaining the government of Saxony in his own hands, he shared the other possessions of his family with his brother John, called 'the Steadfast' (1468-1532).
		Frederick was among the princes who pressed the need of reform upon the German king Maximilian I. in 1495, and in 1500 he became president of the newly-formed council of regency (Reichsregiment).
		In 1519, Frederick, who alone among the electors refused to be bribed by the rival candidates for the imperial throne, declined to be a candidate for this high dignity himself, and assisted to secure the election of Charles V. He died unmarried at Langau, near Annaberg, on the 5th of May 1525."
	www.creeds.net /bios/elector.htm (225 words)

	The Thirty Years War: The Palatinate and Westphalia
		On 21 January 1621 that prince, one of the seven Electors, possessor of one of the most ancient titles of the Empire, was made an outlaw.
		Frederick’s allies were unable to operate in concert, and were defeated piecemeal.
		His forces lost, Frederick disbanded his armies and awaited such victories as could be gained through the wiles of the diplomats of his father-in-law, James I of England.
	www.pipeline.com /~cwa/Palatine_Phase.htm (1853 words)

	Saxony Rulers, Dresden, Germany - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
		Saxony is divided between Saxe-Lauenberg (in the west) and Saxe-Wittenberg (in the east).
		Later Saxony was situated east and south of the original duchy.
		The electorate is elevated to a kingdom by Napoleon Bonaparte on 11th December.
	www.galenfrysinger.com /dresden_saxony_rulers.htm (604 words)

	The Rise of Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Saxony, Bavaria and Prussia were greatly enlarged and became significant powers in Germany after 1648, the date of the Treaty of Westphalia.
		Frederick was a tolerant unbeliever and it was by this religious enlightenment that he was a men of his time, a colleague of the philosophes.
		Frederick II was probably the greatest Prussian of history, but not the political incarnation of free thought, as the philosophes would have us believe.
	mars.acnet.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/germany/lectures/04prussian.html (2557 words)

	I6607: John Wettin Elector Of Saxony (30 JUN 1468 - 16 AUG 1532)
		I6607: John Wettin Elector Of Saxony (30 JUN 1468 - 16 AUG 1532)
		Descendants of John Wettin Elector Of Saxony and ???
		1 John Frederick Wettin Elector Of Saxony = Unknown
	web.ukonline.co.uk /Members/nigel.battysmith/Database/D0011/I6607.html (52 words)

	Kingdoms of Germany - Saxony
		Saxony emerges as one of the more powerful stem duchies in East Francia (kings of Germany), once the formal split is made between East and West Franks.
		The title of the duchy of Saxony had passed to the Margraves of Meissen, a march county between the original Saxon lands and Poland.
		The newer lands around the Lower Elbe became Lower Saxony, and this is where the name survived until the end of the German Empire.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsEurope/GermanySaxons.htm (525 words)

	boys clothing: German royalty--Saxony
		Saxony in 1485 the land was divided between the brothers Albert and Ernst.
		In 1697 Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony, was crowned King of Poland.
		John acceded in 1854 and was kaised from a duke to a king.
	histclo.hispeed.com /royal/gers/royal-sax.htm (849 words)

	Wittenberg
		Elector Frederick III founded (1502) the Univ. of Wittenberg, which became the center of the Protestant Reformation when Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon taught there.
		By the Capitulation of Wittenberg, in the same year, John Frederick, representing the Ernestine line of the house of Wettin, ceded the electoral dignity and the duchy of Saxony to Maurice, of the collateral Albertine line.
		Frederick III, elector of Saxony - Frederick III or Frederick the Wise,1463–1525, elector of Saxony (1486–1525).
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0852560.html (391 words)

	JOHN FREDERICK I - Online Information article about JOHN FREDERICK I
		John Frederick, who was an ardent Lutheran and had a high regard for See also:
		Bayreuth, prisoner at Rochlitz, and overran ducal Saxony.
		Cleves, whom he had married in 1527, and was succeeded by his eldest son, John Frederick.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /JEE_JUN/JOHN_FREDERICK_I.html (974 words)

	[No title]
		On the north-east is Silesia, on the north-west Saxony, on the west Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate, and thus Bohemia was flooded with Germans from three sides at once.
		It aroused the scorn of John Wycliffe in England, and of Matthew of Janow in Bohemia.
		When John Ziska and Nicholas of Husinec declared at Prague that the time had come for the faithful to take up arms in their own defence, Peter was present at the debate, and contended that for Christians war was a crime.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/etext00/hotmc10.txt (20469 words)

	Pastor Paul T. McCain Cyberbrethren: Book of Concord Anniversary
		Maurice, Duke of Saxony, actually joined the Emperor and on April 24, 1547 the armies of the Smalcaldic League were crushed at the battle of Muehlberg on the Elbe.
		The Elector of Saxony, John Frederick, was taken prisoner and sentenced to death, a decision read to him while he was playing chess with fellow-prisoner Duke Ernest of Lueneburg.
		The Elector said, "I would rather lose my head and suffer Wittenberg to be battered down than submit to a demand that violates my conscience." Charles V realized the precarious political situation he was in.
	paulmccain.worldmagblog.com /paulmccain/archives/005938.html (3708 words)

	The History of Protestantism - Volume Second - Book Twelfth - Protestantism in Germany From the Augsburg Confession to ...
		The elector provided Protestant preachers for the churches; permitted the Sacrament to be dispensed in both kinds; gave the priests leave to marry; and on January 10th, 1546, Divine service, in the tongue of the people, was celebrated in room of the mass in the Cathedral-church of Heidelberg.
		The Elector of Saxony, the Landgrave of Hesse, the Duke of Wurtemberg, the princes of Anhalt, the cities of Augsburg, Ulm, and Strasburg, alone set this formidable armament on foot.
		When John Frederick was informed of this, he set out from the camp of the League to defend his dukedom, now ravaged by the arms of his former ally.
	www.doctrine.org /history/HPv2b12.htm (14882 words)

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