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	Jon Frum Movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		At the heart of the movement is a mythic messianic figure called Jon Frum, who allegedly appeared on the island of Tanna and who is variously identified as a god who lives in the crater of Tanna's highest mountain with his several thousand strong army or the 'king of America'.
		Jon Frum day is celebrated annually on 15 February; it is believed that Jon Frum will return on this day, bringing with him the cargo from heaven that westerners are selfishly diverting for themselves.
		The power of Jon Frum appeared to be confirmed by the post-war influx of tourists to the region, who brought with them a degree of material prosperity to the islands.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/westoc/jonfrum.html (300 words)

	[No title]
		John Frum texts have traveled thousands of miles beyond the oral universe of island conversation out of which the hero first emerged.
		Although early accounts of the John Frum movement are stylistically distinctive in important ways, from the beginnin the various cargoist subgenres borrowed cult stories and interpretation from one another.
		The several subtypes of John Frum writing begin (and end) in different years, and cross-fertilization among the several sub genres is affected by the dates of their appearance and disappearance over time.
	enzo.gen.nz /jonfrum/text005.html (1176 words)

	Telegraph \| News \| John Frum is given his marching orders
		The turnaround has split John Frum believers and put in doubt the future of the main religious belief among Tanna's 26,000 islanders.
		Accounts of John Frum's origins are as copious as they are colourful, but it is broadly agreed that he first appeared in human form in the late 1930s or early 1940s.
		But the missionaries stayed and John Frum cult leaders are seeing their influence wane as Presbyterians, Catholics and Seventh Day Adventists make gains.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/07/07/wfrum07.xml (648 words)

	The Asian Pacific Post
		Many of the 20,000 islanders of Tanna belong to the mysterious John Frum movement and are among the last remaining "cargo cults" of the South Pacific.
		The cultists who live in so-called John Frum villages are one of the strangest, most intriguing and longest lasting legacies of the European colonisation of the South Seas.
		The John Frum cult first emerged in Vanuatu in the 1930s, when the island was jointly ruled by Britain and France as the New Hebrides.
	www.rense.com /general54/biz.htm (732 words)

	nthposition online magazine: The last cargo cult
		To anthropologists, John Frum was an example of one of the strangest and most exotic phenomena to be observed in traditional cultures: the cargo cult.
		The various stories of John's first appearance tend to contradict each other: all are oral traditions, amplified by Chinese whispers, reinterpreted by different prophets and constantly trimmed to fit the nature of the religion as it developed.
		Most Tannese versions explain that John Frum had been witnessed for many years before this, but they had kept him secret from the authorities, as his message was that the people needed to turn back to their kastom beliefs which the missionaries had prohibited for a century.
	www.nthposition.com /thelastcargo.php (3312 words)

	Vanuatu News Port Vila Presse Online :: Chief Isaac brings John Frum to Port Vila
		While accounts of the movement’s formation varies, John Frum movement basically begun as a preparation and initiation for the return of John (the brother of the god of Mt. Tukosmera) who revealed himself to kava drinkers in the late 1930s and promised the abundance of wealth upon his return.
		John Frum Day is commemorated on February 15 each year with prayers, flowers, and a flag raising ceremony and military parade where men armed with bamboo rifles march like US troops.
		Whether you’re a local who has heard but not seen the John Frum before or a visitor planning a trip to Tanna, your chance for a preview of the Movement is coming this tonight.
	www.news.vu /en/living/culture/041210-vanuatu-chief-isaac-brings-john-frum.shtml (460 words)

	John & Belle Have A Blog: Dead Right
		Frum cleaves to a radically elitist conception according to which, ideally, a narrowly-conceived set of social and cultural ideals are imposed on a potentially recalcitrant and resistant population.
		Frum is judging policies not on economic grounds, but on the basis of their consequences for Americans' characters.
		Just because Frum generally agrees with Bennett on social values (and the focus of his chapter on Bennett and other "moral conservatives" is not his agreement with them on values, but his disagreement with them on strategy), it doesn't follow that he agrees with everything he quotes from him.
	examinedlife.typepad.com /johnbelle/2003/11/dead_right.html (15299 words)

	JOHN FRUM
		John Frum prophesied the occurrence of a cataclysm in which Tanna would become flat, the volcanic mountains would fall and fill the river-beds to form fertile plains, and Tanna would be joined to the neighbouring islands of Eromanga and Aneityum to form a new island.
		Then John Frum would reveal himself, bringing in a reign of bliss, the natives would get back their youth, and there would be no sickness; there would be no need to care for gardens, trees or pigs.
		They contained a new theme: John Frum was King of America, or would send his son to America to seek the King, or his son was coming from America, or his sons were to seek John Frum in America.
	alexm.here.ru /mirrors/www.enteract.com/jwalz/Eliade/196.html (1762 words)

	Cabinet Magazine Online - Million Dollar Point
		The best known of the archipelago cults was the John Frum movement, centered on an island called Tanna (from which the Americans culled laborers for Efate).
		The sons of John Frum, expected soon, were suddenly described as half white and half fl; Frum commanded that all clothing and decoration on the island be white or fl, instead of the traditional red and yellow.
		Frum believers cleared a plateau on northern Tanna for an airstrip that would receive John Frum's American sons, just like the airstrip that had been built a year earlier on Efate.
	www.cabinetmagazine.org /issues/10/million_point.php (3469 words)

	Postcard from Sulphur Bay, Vanuatu --- Asia Pacific Media Service
		According to foreign anthropologists, Frum is supposed to have been a medic who came to Tanna with the United States army during World War II and distributed medicines to the local people.
		I'm John from America"--and the myth was born, of a man who descended from heaven--which the U.S. troops, of course, did--and shared his wealth with the poor islanders.
		The commander had missed the point: The John Frum movement is not primarily about worshipping an unknown American--it is, as Brunton explains, a kind of Pagan revivalist movement, which has copied the rigid organization of the hated church as well as rituals from Christianity.
	www.asiapacificms.com /articles/john_frum (836 words)

	John Frum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Primarily based on the New Hebrides island of Tanna, the islanders had long believed in a legend passed down by their ancients that foretold that at some point a mighty god would come from the air and the sea to establish a time of peace and prosperity.
		Carved figurines of American warplanes and military artifacts such as helmets and rifles made from bamboo were used as religious icons, and the islanders would march in parades with "U.S.A." painted, carved or tattooed on their chests and backs.
		To this day, there are still a number of natives who say, "John Frum, he still come." Each February 15 the islanders hold a religious ceremony where their John Frum members perform elaborate rituals in the hope of drawing the god down from the skies.
	www.equilt.com /JohnFrum.html (254 words)

	Footnotes to History- T
		John Frum, who always wore a spotless white suit and a hat with a veil, appeared to several shamans and said that if the Tannese lived honestly, he would summon the Americans to build factories and show the Tannese how to become a rich nation.
		The French government began supporting John Frum by allowing the cult leaders to form a private militia and donating vehicles.
		In response, John Frum leaders announced on February 15, 1980, that Tanna and four other southern islands had seceded as the nation of Tafea (an acronym formed from the names of the islands).
	www.buckyogi.com /footnotes/natt.htm (5758 words)

	Ø Wilson's Almanac free daily ezine \| Book of Days \| February 15 \| Jon Frum Vanuatu John Frum Jeremy Bentham ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Jon, or John, Frum is also the name of the messenger of this movement; who on his return, will provide the Frum faithful with promised goods, or cargo.
		Some Frum members say that Jon Frum is a benevolent deity who lives in the crater of Tanna's highest mountain, Yasur, with his several thousand strong army, or else he is the 'king of America'.
		Any of the religious movements chiefly, but not solely, in Melanesia that exhibit belief in the imminence of a new age of blessing, to be initiated by the arrival of a special ''cargo'' of goods from supernatural sources--based on the observation by local residents of the delivery of supplies to colonial officials.
	www.wilsonsalmanac.com /book/feb15.html (5390 words)

	Did any cargo ever arrive? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is generally accepted that the cult developed around the possibly mythical prophet, John Frum, who came to the island of Tanna in Vanuatu in the 1930s.
		During the second world war the John Frum cult seems to have adopted 'cargo' characteristics, probably from the arrival of the American forces and their vast wealth of goods.
		The John Frum people accepted their cargo as a natural course of events and proof of their faith.
	www.iconscreen.de /cargobox/sites/arrieved.html (427 words)

	Four Corners - 11/10/2004: David Frum Interview
		From John Kerry I will probably have slightly higher spending than I will from George Bush." Economically, however, the differences between the two parties are much smaller today then they were in 1984, certainly than they were in the late 1970s and anyway, economic issues are less important.
		DAVID FRUM: It’s very difficult for Democrats to say that they were misled because so many of the most important Democrats, including John Edwards for example, sat on the Intelligence Committees where they saw the same secret stuff that President Bush saw.
		DAVID FRUM: By presenting this false image of himself he was trying to capture people who are more culturally conservative, but I’d like to put on my old speechwriter hat for a moment.
	www.abc.net.au /4corners/content/2004/s1215825.htm (2804 words)

	ROCK MY WORLDVIEW: How to Win the War on Terror (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		David Frum is a former speechwriter to President George W. Bush and a fellow at the American Enterprise Institute.
		David Frum: We have had forty years with the other way which is to say well we are going to--what we are going to find our security in cooperation with the secret police forces of the Middle East and that has not worked.
		David Frum: When people absorb liberal ideas, they find ways of coping with the things in their religious tradition that are dark and bloody and reinterpreting them.
	www.uncommonknowledge.org /800/830.html (4035 words)

	The Corner on National Review Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		John Onion, a respected judge, voiced doubts during pretrial hearings about the admissibility of evidence the prosecution had built its case on.
		According to Frum, Harriet Miers was one of those who urged the administration not to aggressively challenge the University of Michigan’s affirmative action policy when Grutter v.
		And it is an insult to all those who supported John Roberts on the explicit grounds that the president is deserved deference IF his pick is brilliant, super-qualified, and eminent in the field of constitutional law.
	corner.nationalreview.com /05_10_02_corner-archive.asp (12539 words)

	Jon Frum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Jon Frum (or John Frum) is a figure associated with cargo cults in Vanuatu.
		A native named Mancheri, under the alias of Jon Frum, posed as this god and began a cult by appearing to some people and making promises of "houses, clothes, food, transport." He is said to be Rushfeld's brother.
		John Frum is also a volcano located off the coast of Africa, twenty miles underwater.
	www.info-pedia.net /about/jon_frum (357 words)

	Sanford Felix "Phil" Rankin Page - Rankin Family History Project
		She was the 5th of the eleven children of John Chrysostom Watkins and Mary Ann Frum.
		John C. Watkins was a Civil War veteran who had been born in Perry County about 1829.
		Mary Ann Frum was born in Prussia in 1829.
	home.att.net /~rfhp/rankin/sfrankin.html (1051 words)

	Cargo Cults :: Cargo cult's feud with Prophet Fred's sect splits Pacific island
		The John Frum movement first emerged in Vanuatu in the 1930s when the island was jointly ruled by Britain and France as the New Hebrides.
		In a bloody encounter with traditional weapons John Frum believers clashed with the members of a breakaway Christian sect led by a soft-spoken villager, Fred Nasse, who calls himself Prophet Fred.
		"In the past we believed in John Frum, but now we believe in Jesus," said Alfred Wako, 49, who was injured in the leg in last month's battle.
	www.religionnewsblog.com /7167 (997 words)

	Plantations In The South Pacific - Vanish To Vanuatu
		Speculation is that John Frum, although an actual person, is called that because he was “John, from America”; legend has it he was a supply sergeant.
		Indeed, since the John Frum movement is based on events that unquestionably happened, they have no need to require belief in bizarre miracles, and events that run counter to the laws of nature.
		More so, actually, since the John Frum elders neither tried to convert me, nor were they inclined to believe I was going to suffer the eternal flames because I don't accept John (or anyone else, for that matter) as my personal savior.
	www.escapeartist.com /efam18/Vanuatu.html (2818 words)

	The Cargo Cults
		They worship a god named John Frum, king of America, who is said to have arrived in the islands before the appearance there of Christian missionaries in the mid-1800s.
		The cultists embrace the deity of Frum because he promised them a life untroubled by economic strife and the demanding ways of foreigners, especially Europeans.
		Although Frum hasn't shown up, Frum followers saw great significance in the arrival of cargo-rich foreign troops on the island Tana in the New Hebrides during World War II.
	www.afa.org /magazine/1991/0191cargo.asp (1096 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Programmes \| From Our Own Correspondent \| Culture clash in the South Seas
		The mysterious John Frum movement has existed peacefully on an island in the South Pacific for decades; but a violent feud has now broken out between its followers and a new Christian movement.
		The confrontation was between the members of a long-established cargo cult called the John Frum movement, and a breakaway faction which wants to move with the times and embrace Christianity.
		The John Frum cult may be one of the most intriguing cultural movements in the South Pacific, but its days could be numbered.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/3729715.stm (931 words)

	David Frum's Diary on National Review Online
		And as a reminder of what is at stake in this Supreme Court battle, check out this link from a group of lawyers working to defend the Solomon amendment before the Supreme Court - that's the law that upholds the military's right to recruit on campuses that accept federal funds.
		John Roberts at his hearing refused to answer questions about his personal views on abortion.
		And John Fund's rather shocking story in today's Wall Street Journal may portend a coming reversal in Senate Democrats' early acceptance of the Miers nomination.
	frum.nationalreview.com (6446 words)

	John Frum Movement (Tanna Island, Vanuatu)
		In an Australian report in TV around 1980 I saw the John Frum Movement flag: five horizontal stripes of red-green-red-green-red, blue square canton with the green star and yellow ring covering three stripes.
		A costumary flag -John Frum's- with allegiance to the Tanna Kingdom.
		The phenomenon of cargo cults was observed from the Dutch East Indies to French Polynesia, and was alternatively called John Frum movement.
	flagspot.net /flags/vu_jfrum.html (544 words)

	The Last Cargo Cult (News) Kate Garsombke
		The cult of John Frum, as reported by Mike Jay of The Mighty Organ, celebrates a spirit messiah that is believed to have been a fl American GI.
		In rejecting both the religion of their ancestors and of missionaries, the members of the cult revere John Frum as a sort of successor to Buddha or Jesus or Mohammed.
		"John Frum was just a fl American GI," says one islander.
	www.utne.com /webwatch/2002_48/news/2698-1.html (185 words)

	Jon Frum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Jon Frum (or John Frum; rhymes with "drum") is a religious figure associated with cargo cults in Vanuatu.
		The Jon Frum movement appeared for the first time in the 1940s in the New Hebrides (as Vanuatu was called at the time).
		The followers believe that Jon Frum will come back on a February 15th, which is celebrated annually as Jon Frum Day.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/J/Jon-Frum.htm (410 words)

	Additional references about John Lennon (from John Lennon) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		During his career with the Beatles, and later as a solo performer, John Lennon wrote and sang some of the most enduring songs of the 20th century.
		U.S. artist Jasper Johns was one of the leading artists associated with the pop art movement.
		Learn about the Presidency of John Adams, who was the second man to hold the office of U.S. President and the first to occupy the newly constructed White House.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-220098?tocId=220098 (720 words)

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