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	Jon Frum Movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		At the heart of the movement is a mythic messianic figure called Jon Frum, who allegedly appeared on the island of Tanna and who is variously identified as a god who lives in the crater of Tanna's highest mountain with his several thousand strong army or the 'king of America'.
		The power of Jon Frum appeared to be confirmed by the post-war influx of tourists to the region, who brought with them a degree of material prosperity to the islands.
		The centre of the Jon Frum movement is Sulphur bay in Tanna.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/westoc/jonfrum.html (300 words)

	John Frum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		John Frum (or Jon Frum) is a figure associated with cargo cults on the island of Tanna in Vanuatu.
		The power of John Frum appeared to be confirmed by the post-war influx of tourists to the region, who brought with them a degree of material prosperity to the islands.
		The name "John Frum" is possibly derived from World War II GIs introducing themselves to the locals as "John from America".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_Frum (366 words)

	Cargo Cults
		Among the most notable cargo cults are the John Frum and Nagriamel movements of Vanuatu, the Christian Fellowship Church of the Solomon Islands, and the Paliau and Yali movements, Hahalis Welfare Society, Pomio Kivung, and Peli Association of Papua New Guinea.
		John Frum leaders also incorporated their experience of military routines and symbols into cult ritual and liturgy, including drill team marching, bamboo rifles, red crosses (from army ambulances), khaki uniforms, and US flags.
		John Frum on Tanna, for example, which began in the late 1930s, sixty years later is managed by third-generation leaders, and has elected members to Vanuatu’s national parliament.
	www.berkshirepublishing.com /rvw/022/022smpl1.htm (2636 words)

	[No title]
		John Frum texts have traveled thousands of miles beyond the oral universe of island conversation out of which the hero first emerged.
		Although early accounts of the John Frum movement are stylistically distinctive in important ways, from the beginnin the various cargoist subgenres borrowed cult stories and interpretation from one another.
		The several subtypes of John Frum writing begin (and end) in different years, and cross-fertilization among the several sub genres is affected by the dates of their appearance and disappearance over time.
	enzo.gen.nz /jonfrum/text005.html (1176 words)

	John Frum songs on DVD
		One is the John Frum Movement on the island of Tanna in the southern province of Tafea.
		"The movement was not decided by men but rather was encouraged by a spiritual being who came in the form of a man to encourage John Frum's first members to form the movement as a way to keep alive the customs of Tanna.
		"John Frum movement is a well organised and structured society with everything from fundamental religious principles to social, traditional, economic and political structures which are followed strictly by its leaders and followers.
	www.news.vu /en/ae/music/060410-Vanuatu-John-Frum-songs-on-DVD.shtml (825 words)

	Telegraph \| News \| John Frum is given his marching orders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Accounts of John Frum's origins are as copious as they are colourful, but it is broadly agreed that he first appeared in human form in the late 1930s or early 1940s.
		But the missionaries stayed and John Frum cult leaders are seeing their influence wane as Presbyterians, Catholics and Seventh Day Adventists make gains.
		Others say the movement was doomed when the John Frum political party won a seat in parliament.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/07/07/wfrum07.xml (648 words)

	The Asian Pacific Post
		Many of the 20,000 islanders of Tanna belong to the mysterious John Frum movement and are among the last remaining "cargo cults" of the South Pacific.
		The cultists who live in so-called John Frum villages are one of the strangest, most intriguing and longest lasting legacies of the European colonisation of the South Seas.
		The John Frum cult first emerged in Vanuatu in the 1930s, when the island was jointly ruled by Britain and France as the New Hebrides.
	www.rense.com /general54/biz.htm (732 words)

	John Frum Movement (Tanna Island, Vanuatu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In an Australian report in TV around 1980 I saw the John Frum Movement flag: five horizontal stripes of red-green-red-green-red, blue square canton with the green star and yellow ring covering three stripes.
		A costumary flag -John Frum's- with allegiance to the Tanna Kingdom.
		The phenomenon of cargo cults was observed from the Dutch East Indies to French Polynesia, and was alternatively called John Frum movement.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/vu_jfrum.html (545 words)

	Millennium
		Encyclopedia of Millennialism and Millennial Movements is a guide to the religious or spiritual social movements throughout history and around the world that have promised to create a better world or usher in a new one.
		Encyclopedia of Millennialism and Millennial Movements is likely to become the standard general resource on the topic, providing basic information and context for the study of millennialism as a continuing human phenomenon and a vital aspect of human history.
		John’s use of prophetic rhetoric is a polemical response to pagan divination.
	www.wordtrade.com /religion/christianity/millenniumR.htm (4081 words)

	nthposition online magazine: The last cargo cult
		To anthropologists, John Frum was an example of one of the strangest and most exotic phenomena to be observed in traditional cultures: the cargo cult.
		The various stories of John's first appearance tend to contradict each other: all are oral traditions, amplified by Chinese whispers, reinterpreted by different prophets and constantly trimmed to fit the nature of the religion as it developed.
		Most Tannese versions explain that John Frum had been witnessed for many years before this, but they had kept him secret from the authorities, as his message was that the people needed to turn back to their kastom beliefs which the missionaries had prohibited for a century.
	www.nthposition.com /thelastcargo.php (3303 words)

	Melanesian Cults and Development 119 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In 1940 a native of the island of Tanna declared himself to he the prophet of John Frum, a spirit which evidently took the place of the ancient spirit of Karaperamun, formerly of great power.
		John Frum declared that the whole island was shortly to change in nature - its volcanic cone to he replaced by fertile plains, its people to be eternally young and healthy, and to have everything that they could ever desire.
		In order to achieve this end, it was necessary to hunt and kill all Europeans, to rid themselves of the taint of European money, to rid themselves of immigrant natives, and to return to the old customs of polygyny, dancing, kava-drinking and so forth which had been rigidly proscribed by the theocratic Presbyterian Church.
	www.anthroglobe.ca /docs/modcults119.htm (405 words)

	Chief Isaac brings John Frum to Port Vila
		While accounts of the movement’s formation varies, John Frum movement basically begun as a preparation and initiation for the return of John (the brother of the god of Mt. Tukosmera) who revealed himself to kava drinkers in the late 1930s and promised the abundance of wealth upon his return.
		John Frum Day is commemorated on February 15 each year with prayers, flowers, and a flag raising ceremony and military parade where men armed with bamboo rifles march like US troops.
		Whether you’re a local who has heard but not seen the John Frum before or a visitor planning a trip to Tanna, your chance for a preview of the Movement is coming this tonight.
	www.news.vu /en/living/culture/041210-vanuatu-chief-isaac-brings-john-frum.shtml (492 words)

	The Significance of Modern Cults in Melanesian Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		John Frum declared that the whole island was shortly to change in nature—its volcanic cone to be replaced by fertile plains, its people to be eternally young and healthy, and to have everything that they could ever desire.
		The Masinga rule movement first made its appearance at the end of 1945 and in 1946 and is the most political of any of the movements that have yet appeared.
		It is superficially possible, for instance, to blame the John Frum movement on to the rather rigid and narrow interpretations of recent Presbyterian proselytising.
	www.anthropologising.ca /writing/cargo.htm (3553 words)

	GeekPress: Wednesday, February 15, 2006
		This is February 15, John Frum Day, on the remote island of Tanna in the South Pacific nation of Vanuatu.
		The island's John Frum movement is a classic example of what anthropologists have called a "cargo cult" -- many of which sprang up in villages in the South Pacific during World War II, when hundreds of thousands of American troops poured into the islands from the skies and seas.
		And although almost all the cargo cults have disappeared over the decades, the John Frum movement has endured, based on the worship of an American god no sober man has ever seen.
	www.geekpress.com /2006_02_15_daily.html (498 words)

	Cabinet Magazine Online - Million Dollar Point
		The early phase of the Naked movement culminated in the murder of a British planter in 1923; six cult leaders were executed.
		The sons of John Frum, expected soon, were suddenly described as half white and half fl; Frum commanded that all clothing and decoration on the island be white or fl, instead of the traditional red and yellow.
		Frum believers cleared a plateau on northern Tanna for an airstrip that would receive John Frum's American sons, just like the airstrip that had been built a year earlier on Efate.
	www.cabinetmagazine.org /issues/10/million_point.php (3469 words)

	Postcard from Sulphur Bay, Vanuatu --- Asia Pacific Media Service
		According to foreign anthropologists, Frum is supposed to have been a medic who came to Tanna with the United States army during World War II and distributed medicines to the local people.
		I'm John from America"--and the myth was born, of a man who descended from heaven--which the U.S. troops, of course, did--and shared his wealth with the poor islanders.
		The commander had missed the point: The John Frum movement is not primarily about worshipping an unknown American--it is, as Brunton explains, a kind of Pagan revivalist movement, which has copied the rigid organization of the hated church as well as rituals from Christianity.
	www.asiapacificms.com /articles/john_frum (835 words)

	Footnotes to History- T
		John Frum, who always wore a spotless white suit and a hat with a veil, appeared to several shamans and said that if the Tannese lived honestly, he would summon the Americans to build factories and show the Tannese how to become a rich nation.
		The French government began supporting John Frum by allowing the cult leaders to form a private militia and donating vehicles.
		In response, John Frum leaders announced on February 15, 1980, that Tanna and four other southern islands had seceded as the nation of Tafea (an acronym formed from the names of the islands).
	www.buckyogi.com /footnotes/natt.htm (5758 words)

	Telegraph \| News \| Pacific cult hails second coming of its wealthy US messiah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		For 60 years, the bizarre John Frum movement on Tanna, in the Vanuatu archipelago, has believed that the great wealth or "cargo" that the United States military brought to their island home in wartime will one day miraculously return.
		They worship a messiah-like figure, John (or Jon) Frum, thought to be a combination of an ancient spirit and wartime GIs based on Tanna who introduced themselves to locals as "John from America".
		Each year, villagers commemorate John Frum Day on Feb 15, raising the US flag and marching on a parade ground.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/04/17/wtanna17.xml (475 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Programmes \| From Our Own Correspondent \| Culture clash in the South Seas
		The confrontation was between the members of a long-established cargo cult called the John Frum movement, and a breakaway faction which wants to move with the times and embrace Christianity.
		Rebelling against the influence of Presbyterian missionaries, dozens of villages on Tanna put their faith in the shadowy figure of John Frum, variously described as either a real person or a spirit.
		The John Frum cult may be one of the most intriguing cultural movements in the South Pacific, but its days could be numbered.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/3729715.stm (895 words)

	John Frum Cargo Cult - Tanna, Vanuatu - photos of entertainment & nightlife in Vanauatu on Worldisround
		They believe in "John Frum" who appeared to them in 1936 and predicted the arrival of cargo.
		There are two John Frum villages, but they don't talk to...
		Yasur is central to the John Frum beliefs.
	www.worldisround.com /articles/280911 (218 words)

	In John They Trust
		In the morning heat on a tropical island halfway across the world from the United States, several dark-skinned men—clad in what look to be U.S. Army uniforms—appear on a mound overlooking a bamboo-hut village.
		The island’s John Frum movement is a classic example of what anthropologists have called a “cargo cult”—many of which sprang up in villages in the South Pacific during World War II, when hundreds of thousands of American troops poured into the islands from the skies and seas.
		My own South Pacific experience, in search of John Frum and his devotees, begins when I board a small plane in Vanuatu’s capital, Port-Vila.
	www.smithsonianmagazine.com /issues/2006/february/john.php (839 words)

	Vanuatu villagers in bloody cult clash - World - www.smh.com.au
		The John Frum movement first emerged in Vanuatu in the 1930s when the islands were jointly ruled by Britain and France as the New Hebrides.
		Two weeks ago, however, the normally peace-loving movement was shattered when a simmering feud with a rival village erupted into violence in this all but forgotten part of the Pacific.
		In a bloody encounter with knives, slingshots, axes and bows and arrows, John Frum believers clashed with the members of a breakaway Christian sect led by a softly spoken villager Fred Nasse, who calls himself Prophet Fred.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2004/05/08/1083911455208.html (581 words)

	Charlie Tomberg's South Pacific Adventure - Friday, September 30, 2005 - Tanna, Vanuatu
		The John Frum movement is a cargo cult that exists on Tanna island.
		They believe that a man named John Frum visited them during WWII and said that if they gave up custom dancing and instead prayed by holding dancing and music ceremonies each Friday night that he would return and bring them vast wealth.
		Some say that John Frum was a supply officer during the war who gave them surplus goods, but some say he was a missionary.
	travel.ctomberg.com /SouthPacific2005/journal.php?day=22 (1189 words)

	Plantations In The South Pacific - Vanish To Vanuatu
		Speculation is that John Frum, although an actual person, is called that because he was “John, from America”; legend has it he was a supply sergeant.
		Indeed, since the John Frum movement is based on events that unquestionably happened, they have no need to require belief in bizarre miracles, and events that run counter to the laws of nature.
		More so, actually, since the John Frum elders neither tried to convert me, nor were they inclined to believe I was going to suffer the eternal flames because I don't accept John (or anyone else, for that matter) as my personal savior.
	www.escapeartist.com /efam18/Vanuatu.html (2818 words)

	strange attractor \| talks schedule
		But in the late 1930s something strange happened - the people of Vanuatu, particularly on the island Tanna, stopped going to church and began to spread the word of John Frum, a saviour who bade them to return to their old ways and reject Western values.
		The Americans, said Frum, were here to help, and would soon bring to Vanuatu all the wealth and technology that the islanders needed to start their lives afresh.
		Each 15 February, the island plays host to an extraordinary religious ceremony when the John Frum members perform their elaborate rituals in the hope of drawing their saviour down from the skies.
	www.strangeattractor.co.uk /archive3.html (437 words)

	X
		Millenarian movements one response to change. The reactions of Pacific Islanders to social change and development as exemplified by cargo cults ‑; illustrated by the John Frum movement of Tanna.
		Letter from John Frum ‑ to convey Melanesians' confusion, and to contextualise their response to change.
		Islanders boycotted missions etc. ‑ incited by mysterious John Frum figure, who said to appear at night to predict cataclysm, and encouraged return to traditional customs‑ casting away money, and wild feasts.
	www.dur.ac.uk /paul.sillitoe/changingdev/page10.htm (443 words)

	tree and the canoe: History and ethnogeography of Tanna, The Oceania - Find Articles
		The island of Tanna in south Vanuatu is most commonly known within the anthropological canon as the home of the John Frum movement, and it is a place about which a number of anthropological texts have been written.
		He sets out a series of origin myths, which describe a landscape created by the movement of hordes of stones, which fought with each other and created a number of roads which circle the island like contour lines on a map.
		By this analysis, the John Frum movement derives its strength from places on Tanna and from the traditionally conceptualised relationship of Tanna to the 'Greater Space' of the rest of the world.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3654/is_199612/ai_n8744490 (778 words)

	Eleven Pacific countries at ninth EPS seminar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In the end of April, however, the normally peaceloving movement was shattered when a simmering feud with a rival village erupted into violence.
		Frum believers clashed with the members of a breakaway Christian sect led by a softly spoken villager Fred Nasse, who calls himself Prophet Fred.
		Dr John Ondawame, from the West Papua People's Representative Office in Port Vila says it could be an historic meeting."The most important thing is in the peace process we need to, both conflicting parties should sit down on a negotiating table," he said.
	www.antenna.nl /ecsiep/bulletin/bull12-2/9.html (2856 words)

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