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	John Howard - LoveToKnow 1911
		JOHN HOWARD (1726-1790), English philanthropist and prison reformer, was born at Hackney, probably on the 2nd of September 1726.
		Howard was permitted to return to England on parole to negotiate an exchange, which he accomplished, as well as successfully representing the case of his fellow-captives.
		Howard found it, like all the prisons of the time, wretchedly defective in its arrangements; but what chiefly shocked him was the circumstance that neither the gaoler nor his subordinates were salaried officers, but were dependent for their livelihood on fees from the prisoners.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /John_Howard (1489 words)

	Bedfordshire, EnglandGenWeb Project
		John Howard was one of the few landholders of that time that saw the importance of providing good estate housing and he spent considerable money on buying larger cottages and renovating them.
		John Howard was the appointed sheriff of Bedfordshire (1773).
		John Howard was aware that although the laws had been passed that did not automatically ensure the changes would be made quickly, so he continued touring the prisons of England and Europe.
	www.rootsweb.com /~engbdf/johnhoward.html (1961 words)

	Crime and Punishment in Durham: the work of John Howard
		As part of John Howard's role as High Sheriff of Bedford, it was his duty to inspect the county gaol.
		Howard recorded repeated examples of prisoners living in filthy, unhygienic and often dangerous conditions, paying their gaolers for their food and accommodation and being badly abused by the very same gaolers.
		Howard recommended more space for prisoners and better food with paid gaolers (to remove the practice where prisoners had to pay fees) and the separation of male and female prisoners.
	www.dur.ac.uk /4schools/Crime/Howard.htm (237 words)

	AllRefer.com - prison (Crime And Law Enforcement) - Encyclopedia
		Reforms included the individualization of treatment, psychiatric assistance, constructive labor and vocational training (see convict labor), professionalization of correctional officers, and the introduction of work release programs.
		The chief types of prisons in the United States (with similar institutions in other countries) are the local jail, for pretrial detention and short sentences, and the state and federal penitentiaries, for convicts with long sentences.
		Among famous prisons in history are the Bastille in Paris and the Tower of London.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/prison.html (654 words)

	John Howard (prison reformer) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The younger John was sent down from Cambridge for homosexual offences, was judged insane at the age of 21, and died in 1799 having spent thirteen years in an asylum.
		John Howard was appointed High Sheriff of Bedfordshire in 1773, initially for a one-year period.
		John Howard is also the namesake of the John Howard Society, a Canadian non-profit organization that seeks to develop understanding and effective responses to the problem of crime.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_Howard_(prison_reformer) (1277 words)

	John Howard - Prison Reformer » Wesley Mission › Keith Suter Comments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		John Howard was the father of prison reform.
		Prisons were run not so much to reform the prisoners as to reward the gaolers.
		Howard was shocked at the way in which prisoners who were found to be innocent were still taken back into prison.
	www.wesleymission.org.au /ministry/suter/060519.asp (572 words)

	John Howard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		John Howard was a nonconformist, but despite this he was appointed High Sheriff of Bedfordshire, and with this title came the responsibility for the county gaol.
		John Howard made seven large scale journeys between 1775 and 1790, the first two of which are described in his book The State of the Prisons In England and Wales.
		John Howard’s role in the development of the international penal reform movement cannot be denied, and the importance of his life and work is reflected in this inscription on his statue in St. Paul’s Cathedral.
	www.howardleaguescotland.org.uk /john_howard.htm (752 words)

	BBC - History - John Howard (1726 - 1790)
		A philanthropist and social reformer, dissenter and teetotaller, John Howard was dedicated to prison reform and public health improvements.
		Inspecting prisons was a part of his duties, and he was shocked both by the conditions he saw there, and by finding jailers who were not salaried but lived off fees paid by prisoners.
		Howard, however, felt that the Acts were not strictly obeyed.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/historic_figures/howard_john.shtml (429 words)

	John Howard (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		John E. Howard, was an American politician (Governor of Maryland and later Senator) in the 18th century
		John Howard (prison reformer), was an English prison reformer of the 18th century
		John Howard Amundsen, is an Australian suspected of being a terrorist
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_Howard_(disambiguation) (236 words)

	Study centre history of prison system: The Howard League for Penal Reform
		Prison is just one of a number of sanctions available to the courts to deal with those who commit criminal offences.
		Prison tended to be a place where people were held before their trial or while awaiting punishment.
		Prison was still at the centre of the system, but the institutions took many different forms including remand centres, detention centres and borstal institutions.
	www.howardleague.org /index.php?id=historyofprison (1302 words)

	INMATE RIGHTS AND GRIEVANCE OPTIONS
		Prison conditions have changed over time, and along with these were changes in treatment of offenders.
		Furthermore, the principles of the John Howard Society are examined in relation to inmate concerns.
		The John Howard Society believes that governments have an obligation to ensure that inmates do have options for addressing issues relating to their treatment or living conditions, and that there is safety in doing so.
	www.johnhoward.ab.ca /PUB/C38.htm (3501 words)

	Secret Shropshire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This prison was condemned in 1785 and John Hiram Haycock was commissioned to design the new Shrewsbury Prison, or Salop Prison as it was originally known.
		Howard was a prison reformer who had suggested various ways in which the sanitary conditions of English prisons could be improved.
		Howard died three years before the prison was completed after contracting typhus whilst visiting a Russian military hospital at Kherston.
	www.secretshropshire.org.uk /Content/Learn/Crime/SalopPrison.asp (349 words)

	JHS - HISTORY / BACKGROUND / PRINCIPLES
		The Canadian history of the John Howard Society began with a group of church workers in Toronto in 1867.
		John Howard was a great prison reformer who lived from 1726 to 1790.
		In February of 1962 the John Howard Society of Canada was formed when all provinces, except for Quebec, ratified a constitution.
	www.johnhoward.ca /jhsback.htm (573 words)

	THE HISTORY OF THE PENITENTIARY
		John Howard, known as the father of the modern penitentiary, had stumbled upon something that was important in the public's eye.
		The jails or prisons were chiefly used for the detention of those accused of crime pending their trial and for the confinement of debtors and religious political offenders.
		In the Black Prison, to strike terror into the hearts of its inmates, two skeletons were to lie slumped together one either side of an iron door, thus reminding them that they were indeed an abode of death from which there was no escape.
	www.richeast.org /htwm/jails/Jails.html (2010 words)

	John Howard
		English prison reformer and philanthropist, born at Hackney in London, probably on the 2nd of September 1726.
		Howard found it, like all the prisons of the time, wretchedly defective in its arrangements; but what chiefly shocked him was the circumstance that neither the jailer nor his subordinates were salaried officers, but were dependent for their livelihood on fees from the prisoners.
		His prompt application to the justices of the county for a salary to the jailer in lieu of his fees was met by a demand for a precedent in charging the county with an expense.
	www.nndb.com /people/343/000103034 (1371 words)

	Untitled1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		John Howard and his wife Henrietta gave birth to a son, John (Jack) Howard Junior, who would prove to be the antithesis of his father.
		John Howard was a pioneer in the field of public health, and began a second crusade, this time against the plague.
		On behalf of the John Howard Society, Earnest Dobblesteyn had been sent to facilitate the reunion of the broken family, and to determine if the wife and daughter would be safe should the boxer be permitted to stay with them.
	www.jhsnb.ca /history.htm (6099 words)

	"History of the Office of Sheriff" Excerpts No. 6
		John Howard, Sheriff of Bedfordshire, brought great status to his office by his committed and life long efforts to improve the conditions of prisons.
		Prisoners were to be confined to individual cells at night and were required to work long hours at heavy labor during the day.
		Howard believed that prison should not just be a place for industry and labor but also a place for contrition and penitence.
	www.correctionhistory.org /html/chronicl/sheriff/ch6.htm (823 words)

	Howard — FactMonster.com
		Landowners in Norfolk from the 13th cent., the Howards obtained the duchy of Norfolk through the marriage of Sir Robert Howard to Margaret Mowbray, daughter of Thomas Mowbray, 1st duke of Norfolk.
		The cadet branches of the Howard house are numerous.
		Catherine Howard - Howard, Catherine, 1521?–1542, fifth queen consort of Henry VIII of England.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0824329.html (356 words)

	The Development of the Modern Prison in England
		Reforms recommended by John Howard such as the abolition of the sale and consumption of alcohol in prisons, and regular visits by prison inspectors were made compulsory.
		The moral reformers were concerned to produce rehabilitated ex-offenders who no longer thought in terms of crime as an acceptable means to pursue their life goals.
		It was thus the combination of the deprivation of liberty with the desire to reform and rehabilitate the offender as a model citizen which ultimately explains the triumph of the prison.
	www.bunker8.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /history/36808.htm (4085 words)

	Welcome to the Castle Keep, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK. The Castle Keep Timeline.
		Prisoners awaiting trial at the Assizes were kept chained to the wall.
		John Howard the prison reformer, made a general tour of the prisons of Britain.
		He reported favourably on the conditions in the town’s Newgate gaol, and in the House of Correction at Manors, but was disgusted by the conditions at the County gaol in the Keep.
	museums.ncl.ac.uk /keep/keeptimeline/keep_timeline_industrial.htm (192 words)

	John Howard Society of Victoria
		In 1874 this small group became known as the Prisoners Aid Association of Toronto and recognized that more than spiritual aid was needed by the prisoners.
		John Howard was an eighteenth century prison reformer who believed that every citizen must ultimately accept individual responsibility for the criminal justice system.
		The legacy of John Howard's reforms originates from his arguments for prisoner medical care, the provision of food, the expedient release of prisoners when so ordered by the courts, that younger prisoners be separated from older hardened prisoners, that men and women have separate prisons and that prisoners have access to work and activity.
	www.johnhoward.victoria.bc.ca (409 words)

	Prison Reform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The prisons of the eighteen hundreds were not fit for the prisoners and many reformers began to travel around England trying to make them cleaner, healthier places of detention.
		These reformers would be comparable to the ministries of today that travel from prison to prison fighting for the inmates' rights.
		He was a philanthropist during the 1700's that fought for the humane treatment of prisoners and the betterment of prisons.
	www.umich.edu /~ece/student_projects/crime/reform.htm (265 words)

	Elizabeth Fry
		John Gurney, a successful businessman and a prominent member of the Society of Friends.
		Although prison reform was her main concern she also campaigned for the homeless in London and improvements in the way patients were treated in mental asylums.
		No person will deny the importance attached to the character and conduct of a woman in all her domestic and social relations, when she is filling the station of a daughter, a sister, a wife, a mother or a mistress of a family.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /REfry.htm (2609 words)

	Old Howard 100 Bike Ride, Marion, Alabama
		The Baptist college, which took its name from the 18th century English prison reformer John Howard, thrived in Marion thanks in large measure to the generosity of the town’s citizens.
		Howard College of Arts and Sciences remains at the heart of Samford, and in recent years, the University has sought to repay the kindness and generosity that sustained the college in its early decades.
		Old Howard survived fires, wars, financial and cultural upheaval, relocations, and renaming to become one of the top universities in the Southeastern United States.
	www.samford.edu /groups/oldhoward100 (662 words)

	The Legacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		ohn Howard was a prison reformer in the 1700s.
		When he was elected to the office of High Sheriff in Bedford County in England, he used his position in a unique way, investigating the conditions of prisons in England and much of Europe.
		For those unmanageable prisoners, he urged punishment by solitary confinement and a bread and water diet, rather than torture or punishment by the lash or scourge.
	www.johnhoward.bc.ca /Jhowleg.htm (159 words)

	John Howard (1726?-1790), Prison reformer
		Howard himself experienced imprisonment in France in 1756.
		It was not until 1773 when he became High Sherriff of Bedfordshire that he initiated an important campaign to transform prison conditions.
		His long series of visits to prisons in Britain and most European countries led him to write his influential book The State of the Prisons, first published in 1777.
	www.npg.org.uk /live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp02293 (129 words)

	Shropshire Routes to Roots \| Victorian Crime and Detection \| The Longden Murder Tours
		The area in front of the prison was crowded for the last public execution in Shropshire.
		The statue in the center is of John Howard, the prison reformer.
		Howard visited Shrewsbury in 1788 and redesigned parts of the prison.
	www3.shropshire-cc.gov.uk /roots/packages/cri/cri_g09.htm (239 words)

	John Howard Society of Newfoundland and Labrador Inc. About Us (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1951, a group of St. John's citizens concerned about the plight of prisoners and ex-inmates decided to establish an organization which would work toward penal reform and the creation of programs for the rehabilitation of offenders.
		They decided to name the agency after the eighteenth century penal reformer, John Howard.
		Twelve years later the John Howard Society's west coast operations became centered in Stephenville to better service the West Coast Correctional Centre (and the planned Womens Institute which has since closed down).
	www.johnhowardnl.ca /about.HTM (279 words)

	John Howard ~ An Appreciation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		John Howard was a man of religious fervour and often he wrestled in prayer.
		Haster Reed gave sixpence a week forever, to this Prison to be paid out of a Tenement called Ven in the Parish of Culenton, and laid out in middling wheat bread and distributed always to the Prisoners in the Shew.
		Howard, in commenting on the better treatment received by prisoners of war, argued that all prisoners were human beings, and all should be treated with humanity.
	www.jhsnb.ca /hart.htm (8994 words)

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