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	John II of Trebizond - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After returning to Trebizond, John II abandoned the title 'Emperor of the Romans' for that of 'Emperor and Autocrat of all the East, the Iberians, and the Transmarine Provinces', although Iberia had been lost in the reign of Andronikos I Gidos.
		During John II's absence, the Georgian King of Imereti, David VI Narin had taken advantage of the situation and attempting to restore Georgian influence in the Empire of Trebizond besieged the capital.
		In spite of this and the continued prosperity of Trebizond, the reign of John II coincided with the conquest of the western province of Chalybia by the Turks, who took advantage of the problems caused by the Georgian invasion and the civil war between John and Theodora.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_II_of_Trebizond (600 words)

	Empire of Trebizond - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When Constantinople fell to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Empire of Trebizond was one of the three smaller Greek states that emerged from the wreckage, along with the Empire of Nicaea and the so-called Despotate of Epirus.
		Trebizond was in continual conflict with the Sultanate of Iconium and later with the Ottoman Turks, as well as Byzantium, the Italian republics, and especially the Genoese.
		While Mehmed II was away laying siege to Belgrade in 1456, the Ottoman governor of Amasya attacked Trebizond, and although defeated, took many prisoners and extracted a heavy tribute.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond (1160 words)

	Wikipedia: Trabzon
		Trebizond controlled an area across the southern Black Sea coast, and parts of the Crimean peninsula and Kerch briefly in the thirteenth century.
		Sultan Murad II of the Ottoman Empire first attempted to take the capital by sea in 1442, but high surf made the landings difficult and the attempt was repulsed.
		While Mehmed II was away laying siege to Belgrade in 1456, the Ottoman governor of Amaseia attacked Trebizond, and while he was defeated, he took many prisoners and extracted a heavy tribute.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/t/tr/trabzon.html (714 words)

	Roman Emperors DIR John II Comnenus, Emperor of Cyprus
		John had refused to renew the treaty that his father Alexius had made with the Venetians, no doubt in part due to the fact that Sicily was no longer perceived as a threat.
		Accordingly, on the death of King László I of Hungary, László's elder son Stephen II succeeded to the throne, and the younger, Álmos, sought refuge at the Byzantine court.
		John's sojourn in Byzantium was brief, for, despite illness, he needed to go to the rescue of Lopadium in Mysia (spring 1139), and the regions of the Sangarius river.
	www.roman-emperors.org /johncomn.htm (3157 words)

	PALAEOLOGUS FACTS AND INFORMATION
		John V was the father, with Helena, a daughter of John VI Cantacuzenus, of Andronicus IV Palaeologus and Manuel II Palaeologus.
		Manuel II was the father of John VIII Palaeologus and Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor (Constantine XI Palaeologus), as well as the despots of Morea Thomas and Demetrius Palaeologus.
		John V was compelled to marry Helena, a daughter of John VI Cantacuzenus.
	phera.com /Palaeologus (1315 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Trebizond
		In 1462 Trebizond was taken by assault by the troops of Mohammed II, and its last emperor, David, was exiled to the vicinity of Serrae in Macedonia.
		At present Trebizond is the capital of the vilayet of the same name, bounded by those of Sivas and Erzeroum, the Black Sea, and Asiatic Russia, which after the war of 1877 absorbed a part of its territory.
		The Capuchins are established for the Latins at Trebizond, Samsun, and Ineboli, and are dependent on the delegate Apostolic at Constantinople; the Sisters of St. Joseph of the Apparition have a boarding-school at Trebizond.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15028a.htm (1116 words)

	Michael VIII Palaeologus - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A few days after the death of Emperor Theodore II Doukas Laskaris in 1259, Michael Palaiologos replaced the influential bureaucrat George Mouzalon (when the latter was murdered), becoming joint guardian for the eight-year old Emperor John IV Doukas Laskaris together with the patriarch Arsenios.
		By the terms of the treaties, William II was obliged to cede Mistra, Monemvasia and Maina in the Morea to the Byzantines.
		In 1253, Michael VIII Palaiologos married Theodora Doukaina Vatatzaina, a grandniece of John III Doukas Vatatzes, Emperor of Nicaea.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Michael_VIII_Palaeologus (1109 words)

	Rome and Romania, Roman Emperors, Byzantine Emperors, etc.
		It is noteworthy that the Venerable Bede (673-735) numbered Theodosius II as the 45th and Marcian as the 46th Emperors since Augustus.
		Constans II was the last Emperor to campagin in northern Italy and visit Rome as an Imperial possession (later the Palaeologi went to beg for help).
		John Julius Norwich (A History of Venice, Vintage, 1989) links the election of the first Doge of Venice with Leo's prohibition of images; but the election was in 727, during a tax revolt, not in 730, when Leo did prohibit images, alienating the Western Church.
	www.friesian.com /romania.htm (14301 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Manuel II
		In collaboration with Sultan Murad I (1362-89) John's son Andronicus IV staged a second coup in 1376 against his father and brother, who were incarcerated in the prison of the Anemas tower of the Blachernai palace, where Andronicus himself had previously been imprisoned.
		When John V died in February 1391, after a reign of a half century, the possessions of the Byzantine Empire consisted only of the capital, some cities on the Sea of Marmara, some Aegean islands, and the Morea, which made up less than half of the Peloponnesus.
		Barker John W.: "On the Chronology of the Activities of Manuel II Palaeologus in Morea in 1415," in: Byzantinische Zeitschrift 55, 1962, 39-55
	www.roman-emperors.org /manuel2.htm (6419 words)

	Trebizond - Cunnan
		Trebizond was a city on the far south-east coast of the Black Sea.
		The empire of Trebizond came out of the final years of the Byzantine Empire.
		In 1204 Tamar, Queen of Georgia, provided troops, and the impetus, for two members of the former Imperial family, the Comneni, to conquer the cities of Trebizond and Sinope, and the surrounding area, Paphlagonia.
	cunnan.sca.org.au /wiki/Trebizond (273 words)

	The Fourth Crusade and the establishment of the Latin Empire In 1195 Isaac II was deposed and blinded by his brother ...
		Michael II was supported by William of Villehardouin, the French prince of the Morea, and by Manfred, the Hohenstaufen king of Sicily.
		John Cantacuzenus was never popular as an emperor, and feeling against him came to a head when some of his Ottoman mercenaries took the occasion of the destruction of Gallipoli by earthquake to occupy and fortify the city in March 1354.
		John, who had already traveled to Venice and Hungary in search of help, was prepared to reopen negotiations for the union of the churches as a means of stirring the conscience of Western Christendom.
	www.history-world.org /byzantine3.htm (5471 words)

	Empire of Trebizond - Gurupedia
		Trebizond the seat of an empire, and because of this connection the polity was sometimes referred to as the Comnenan Empire.
		Murad II of the Ottoman Empire first attempted to take the capital by sea in 1442, but high surf made the landings difficult and the attempt was repulsed.
		Belgrade in 1456, the Ottoman governor of Amaseia attacked Trebizond, and while he was defeated, he took many prisoners and extracted a heavy tribute.
	www.gurupedia.com /e/em/empire_of_trebizond.htm (514 words)

	MEHMED II : Encyclopedia Entry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Mehmed II (also known as el-Fatih (الفاتح), "the Conqueror", in Ottoman Turkish, or, in modern Turkish, Fatih Sultan Mehmet) (March 30, 1432 – May 3, 1481) (Arabic: محمد الثاني) was first the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481.
		Mehmed II was born in Edirne, then the capital city of the Ottoman state, on March 30, 1432.
		Mehmed II advanced toward Eastern Europe as far as Belgrade, and attempted to conquer the city from John Hunyadi at the Siege of Belgrade in 1456.
	bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Mehmed_II (1494 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Trebizond, empire of (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Trebizond, empire of TREBIZOND, EMPIRE OF [Trebizond, empire of] 1204-1461.
		Comnenus COMNENUS [Comnenus], family name of several Byzantine emperorsâ” Isaac I, Alexius I, John II, Manuel I, Alexius II, and Andronicus I â”who reigned in the 11th and 12th cent., and of the historian, Princess Anna Comnena.
		Muhammad II MUHAMMAD II [Muhammad II] or Mehmet II (Muhammad the Conqueror), 1429-81, Ottoman sultan (1451-81), son and successor of Murad II.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/13032.html (613 words)

	The Age of Chivalry - Empire of Trebizond 1204-1461 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Trebizond also sometimes benefited from the matrimonial ties of their emperors with the various Turkic and Georgian princes from neighbouring regions.
		Trebizond enjoyed a lot of wealth and prosperity as it was the commercial route with which merchants took through Asia Minor.
		What prompted the final fall of the Empire of Trebizond was the cancellation of the tribute promised to the Ottomans in 1456 by the new Emperor David Komnenos (1458-1461).
	www.taoc.co.uk /content/view/32/45 (1031 words)

	Marriott, The Eastern Question. Chapter 3
		The Empire of Trebizond represented the remnant of its possessions in Asia, while in Europe, apart from Constantinople and Thrace, it held only the Macedonian coast with the city of Salonica and the Eastern Peloponnesus.
		The hostility of Andrew II of Hungary had, for the time being, little definite result, but its existence supplies one of those constant factors which give something of unity and consistency to the confused annals of the Southern Slavs.
		The Emperor, John V, bowed to the inevitable, recognized the Ottoman conquest of Thrace as definitive, and agreed to become the vassal of the Sultan (1363).
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Marr03.html (7801 words)

	Trebizond - Ancient Roman Empire Forums
		Trebizond was an empire that continued to survive by playing it's enemies against each other and forming political alliances through marriages.
		When Alexius II was on the throne, the empire reached it's peak of wealth, artistic accomplishment and territorial extent.
		By 1442, the strength of Trebizond's army was made known to the Turkish empire, and Murad II attempted to take the city by sea, although the attempt was repulsed.
	www.unrv.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=2946 (1025 words)

	Byzantine chronology -- 15th century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Emperor John VIII dies and the sucessioin is disputed betweem his brothers Demetrius and Constantine (1448).
		Emperor John attempted to obtain secure Western aid by agreeing at the Council of Florence to the union of the Eastern and Western churches (1439).
		John died without children and the succession is disputed by this brothers, threatening a civil war.
	histclo.com /chron/ancient/byz/chron/byzc15.html (2853 words)

	TREBIZOND, Chapter 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		John replied that his predecessors had acted as he had, and that he was only following their precedent; nor would his powerful nobles allow him to curtail his privileges.
		Then at last John yielded; but no sooner had he crossed the Byzantine frontier than the envoys suggested that, out of regard for the feelings of Michael, he should doff his red boots, the symbol of the Imperial dignity, and put on fl.
		John’s own coinage was very numerous, and indicates a large volume of trade, although in his time the Turkomans overran, took, and laid waste, in order to convert it into pasture-land, the rich
	www.orthodoxchristianity.net /texts/TrebizondCh3.htm (4404 words)

	TREBIZOND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In the Armenian campaign of Nero's reign Trebizond, the gate of Armenia, was the port through which the Roman army conveyed its supplies; and in the civil wars which followed his death this “illustrious,” this “long famous city,” as Mela and Tacitus
		Among those present at the Council of Nice was the Bishop of Trebizond; the Bishop in the eighth century became a Metropolitan; in the reign of Justinian one of his successors became Patriarch at
		Trebizond was naturally an important position in Justinian's Persian war, and a portrait of Belisarius long adorned the church of St. Basil, while to that great general is ascribed the restoration of the famous monastery of Soumela, a conspicuous landmark of history, founded in the reign of Theodosius the Great by two monks from
	www.orthodoxchristianity.net /texts/TrebizondCh1.html (1342 words)

	About The church, Catholic and Early Christian, Information about Pope John Paul II and Benedict XVI
		The withdrawal of the Popes from the capital of Christendom and the unfortunate schism, for which their residence at Avignon is mainly responsible, proved disastrous to the authority of the Holy See.
		On account of his severity in dealing with the half Christian Humanists of the Curia he has been attacked with savage bitterness by Platina, one of the dismissed officials, in his /Lives of the Popes/,[2] but nobody is likely to be deceived by scurrilous libels, the motives of which are only too apparent.
		The news that the Council was dissolved in March 1517 without having grappled with the urgent reform of the Church in its head and members, sent a thrill of dismay throughout the Christian world, and secured for Luther the sympathy of many when a few months later he opened his campaign at Wittenberg.
	aboutthechurch.com /page2.php (16820 words)

	empire of Trebizond
		The empire of Trebizond was further diminished when Sinope fell (1214) to the Seljuk Turks, and the emperor became a vassal of the sultan of Iconium; for the remainder of its existence Trebizond was restricted to the SE Black Sea coastal region.
		Relations between Trebizond and the Muslims were generally friendly, but after the Turkish conquest of Constantinople (1453), David Comnenus, the last emperor of Trebizond, promoted an alliance of the non-Ottoman Asian states against Sultan Muhammad II.
		Muhammad II, Ottoman sultan - Muhammad II or Mehmet II(Muhammad the Conqueror), 1429–81, Ottoman sultan (1451–81),...
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0849331.html (557 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: George of Trebizond
		By Nicholas V (1447-1455) he was much sought after as a translator of Greek works -- such as the "Syntaxis" of Ptolemy and the "Praeparatio Evangelica" of Eusebius.
		Under the pontificate of his former pupil Paul II (1464-1471), he returned to Rome and was appointed a papal abbreviator, but became involved in fresh quarrels in 1465 he visited Crete and Byzantium, and then returned to Rome, where he wrote the account of the martyrdom of Bl.
		His numerous translations included the "Rhetoric" and "Problems" of Aristotle, and St.Cyril's "Commentary on St. John", but, as Pastor notes, they are almost worthless (II, 198, note).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06456a.htm (386 words)

	Michael VIII Palaeologus
		A few days after the death of Theodore II Lascaris in 1259, Michael, by the assassination of Muzalon (which he is believed but not proved to have encouraged) became joint guardian with the patriarch Arsenius of the young emperor, John IV Lascaris, then a lad of eight years.
		In 1253, Michael VIII married Theodora Doukaina Vatatzaina, a grandniece of John III Ducas Vatatzes, Emperor of Nicaea.
		Eudokia Palaeologina, married Emperor John II of Trebizond
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Medieval/Bio/MichaelVIIIPalaeologus.html (667 words)

	Alexius_ii_of_trebizond info here at pinkjustis.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		He was the elder son of John II and Eudokia Palaiologina, and also used the name Palaiologos.
		After freeing himself from the custody of Andronikos II, Alexios proved to be a skillful and energetic ruler, under whose reign Empire of Trebizond reached the climax of its prosperity.
		The letter was sent by John XXII in 1329, but five months later, however, on May 3, 1330, after 33 years of reign, the Emperor died and the throne passed to his eldest son, Andronikos.
	pinkjustis.info /Alexius_II_of_Trebizond (739 words)

	August 16 Encyclopedia Article @ 216.92.11.26 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The blimp drifts without her crew and crashlands in Daly City, California.
		1841 - U.S. President John Tyler vetoes a bill which called for the re-establishment of the Second Bank of the United States.
		1984 - Carmaker John De Lorean is acquitted of all eight counts of possessing and distributing cocaine.
	216.92.11.26 /encyclopedia/August_16 (831 words)

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