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	John Napier - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		JOHN NAPIER (1550-1617), Scottish mathematician and inventor of logarithms, was born at Merchiston near Edinburgh in 1550, and was the eighth Napier of Merchiston.
		Napier lived in the very midst of fiercely contending religious factions; there was but little theological teaching of any kind, and the work related to what were then the leading political and religious questions of the day.
		Among the Merchiston papers is a thin quarto volume in Robert Napier's writing containing a digest of the principles of alchemy; it is addressed to his son, and on the first leaf there are directions that it is to remain in his charter-chest and be kept secret except from a few.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /John_Napier (5009 words)

	John Napier: "A Great Man" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Napier took no part in the wild conflict which ripped the country apart during the ‘Douglas Wars’ (1570-72) between the supporters of Mary on one hand and the supporters of her son on the other, which finally decided that Protestantism was to prevail with the capture of the Castle of Edinburgh by the King’s party.
		As already stated, John Napier acquired international fame for his contribution to mathematics, primarily by the invention of logarithms in 1614 and to a lesser extent by the development of Napier’s bones or rods and a mnemonic for formulas used in solving spherical triangles.
		Napier also found exponential expressions for trigonometric functions and was the first who used and then popularised the decimal point to separate the whole number part from the fractional part of a number.
	www.cee.hw.ac.uk /~greg/calculators/napier/great.html (2315 words)

	John Napier
		Napier, as we have said, applied himself assiduously to this object; and he was, probably, not the only person of that age whose attention it occupied.
		Napier followed it up, in 1617, by publishing a small treatise, giving an account of a method of performing the operations of multiplication and division, by means of a number of small rods.
		Napier was twice married; first, in 1571, to Elizabeth, daughter of Sir James Stirling of Keir, by whom he had a son and a daughter; secondly, to Agnes, daughter of James Chisholm of Cromlix, by whom he had ten children.
	www.electricscotland.com /history/other/john_napier.htm (3482 words)

	John Napier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		John Napier of Merchistoun (1550 – 4 April 1617), nicknamed Marvellous Merchistoun, was a Scottish mathematician, physicist, astronomer/astrologer and 8th Laird of Merchistoun.
		He is most remembered as the inventor of logarithms and Napier's bones, and for popularizing the use of the decimal point.
		Napier is relatively little-known outside mathematical and engineering circles, where he made what is undoubtedly a key advance in the use of mathematics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_Napier (438 words)

	John Napier
		Napier was loved by all, and he was respected by many illustrious scientists and mathematicians of the age, to the point of being considered some sort of scientific superstar, with "fans" awaiting his next publication the way we await the release of a movie or pop album.
		Napier's "greatest hits" include such groundbreaking texts as A Description of the Admirable Table of Logarithms, and his invention of divining rods used as multiplication tables.
		John Napier's works are believed to be in the public domain, and have been transcribed from an original translation by Edward Wright (1616).
	www.johnnapier.com (223 words)

	John Napier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		John Napier was born into a wealthy family, as his father was Master of the Mint in Scotland.
		Napier's study of mathematics was only a hobby, and in his mathematical works he writes that he often found it hard to find the time for the necessary calculations between working on theology.
		Napier's other mathematical contributions include a mnemonic for formulas used in solving spherical triangles, two formulas known as Napier's analogies used in solving spherical triangles, exponential expressions for trigonometric functions, and the decimal notation for fractions.
	www.stetson.edu /~efriedma/periodictable/html/Np.html (462 words)

	John Napier (1550-1617) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		John Napier began his formal education at St Salvator's College in St Andrews in 1563 while Scotland was under the rule of the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots.
		Napier claimed to reveal its hidden meanings, including the exact year of the Apocalypse and the conclusion that the Pope was the antichrist.
		Napier's contribution to mathematics and science is universally acknowledged but in recent years his `bones' have finally been put to rest as computers and calculators have replaced the use of log tables in everyday mathematical calculation.
	www-ah.st-andrews.ac.uk /mgstud/reflect/napier.html (452 words)

	John Napier Biography \| World of Mathematics
		Napier, the eighth laird of Merchiston, was born in 1550 at Merchiston Castle near Edinburgh, Scotland.
		Napier entered the University of St. Andrews at age 13, which was typical of wellborn boys of the time.
		In his inaugural address, Lord Moulton lauded Napier as one who "stands prominent among that small band of thinkers who by their discoveries have substantially increased the powers of the human mind as a practical agent." In 1964 Napier University, named for the mathematician, was founded in Edinburgh.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/john-napier-wom (1075 words)

	John Napier Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		He was the son of Sir Archibald Napier of Merchiston Castle in Edinburgh, and Janet Bothwell, herself a daughter of a member of Parliament.
		Napier had little formal schooling, instead being tutored at home before being sent to St. Salvator’s College, part of the University of St Andrews, at the age of 13.
		Napier applied his mathematical expertise to the Book of Revelation in the Bible and predicted that the end of the world would come in either 1688 or 1700.
	www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk /usbiography/biographies/johnnapier.html (730 words)

	Scotsman.com News - Sci-Tech - Scots genius who paved way for Newton's discoveries
		Napier was born in Merchiston Tower in 1550, the son of the seventh laird of Merchiston who was just 16 at the time.
		Napier is also thought to have secretly dabbled in alchemy, divination and the occult, all highly dangerous activities at a time when witches could be burned at the stake.
		Today Merchiston Tower, where John Napier was born, lies at the centre of the campus of Napier University in Edinburgh, which was named after him when it was founded as a college in 1964.
	news.scotsman.com /scitech.cfm?id=523542005 (868 words)

	template biography
		Archibald Napier was a justice-depute and was knighted in 1565.
		Napier did not think of logarithms in an algebraic way, in fact algebra was not well enough developed in Napier's time to make this a realistic approach.
		The reason for publishing the work is given by Napier in the dedication, where he says that so many of his friends, to whom he had shown the numbering rods, were so pleased with them that they were already becoming widely used, even beginning to be used in foreign countries.
	www.thocp.net /biographies/napier_john.html (2194 words)

	John Napier, Laird of Merchiston (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Perhaps Napier studied on the continent, as was the tradition among the gentry, but he returned to Scotland in 1571 where plans were commenced for him to marry Elizabeth Stirling and to construct a castle at Gartness where he and his wife took up residence in 1574.
		Apparently this was a period when Napier was most involved in religious matters and after some involvement with the Protestant movement, published his first book A Plaine Discovery of the Whole Revelation of Saint John in 1593.
		Napier was not satisfied with his invention of logarithms but needed to produce tables of logarithmic values, a task which was not substantially assisted by the existence of logarithms themselves!
	courses.cs.vt.edu /~cs1104/Napier/Napier.html (607 words)

	John Napier
		John Napier, like his father before him, was a devout protestant who was very much involved in the religious controversies of the era,, the same way many of today's great minds take an interest in politics.
		When in 1593, Napier published "A Plaine Discovery of the Whole Revelation of St. John", a work in which he claimed his calculations based on the Book of Revelations pointed to Pope Clement VIII being the "Antichrist", and that the end of the world would come in either 1688 or 1700.
		However, not everyone saw Napier as an "enlightened" man. Many believed the reclusive thinker to be in league with the horned one himself, to be a servant of the Devil.
	www.johnnapier.com /john_napier_and_the_devil.htm (461 words)

	John Napier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		John Napier was born in Merchiston, Edinburgh in 1550.
		Napier also invented Napier rods or bones for use in multiplication, a development of a well-known Oriental method, and a number of formulae in trigonometry relating to circular parts.
		Napier was also a great advocate of the decimal fraction system invented by Stevinus in 1585.
	www-ppg.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /Languages/Napier88/JohnNapier (315 words)

	John Napier
		Napier is relatively little known outside mathematical circles where he made what is undoubtedly one of the single greatest advances in the history of mathematics.
		Napier believed that the symbols it contained were mathematical ones which could be discovered with reason.
		Napier went to so far as to travel to London with a delegation of political and religious thinkers to petition the monarch, King James VI.
	www.scotlandsource.com /about/napier.htm (718 words)

	AllRefer.com - John Napier (Mathematics, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		One method of multiplication uses a system of numbered rods called Napier's rods, or Napier's bones; this was a major improvement on the ancient system of counters then in use.
		In 1619, after Napier's death, his Mirifici logarithmorum canonis constructio, which gave the method of construction of his logarithms, was published by his son Robert and edited by Henry Briggs.
		Napier was also known as an outspoken exponent of the Protestant cause.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/N/Napier-J.html (242 words)

	John Napier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Napier was educated at St Andrews University, entering the university in 1563 at the age of 13.
		His mother arranged for him to live in St Salvator's College and special arrangements were made by the Principal of the University, John Rutherford, to take care of him personally.
		Napier's name appears on the matriculation roll of St Salvator's College in 1563.
	www.thocp.net /slideshow/napier.html (71 words)

	Biographies of Mathematicians - John Napier
		Napier was born in the Tower of Merchiston, now at the center of Napier University’s Merchiston campus, in 1550.
		Napier died in April 1617 and was buried at St. Cuthbert’s Church in Edinburgh.
		John Napier lived during one of the most interesting periods of Scottish history with Mary Queen of Scots dethroned and the Reformation still bristling at the challenge posed by Roman Catholicism.
	www.andrews.edu /~calkins/math/biograph/199899/bionapie.htm (577 words)

	John Napier Turner (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Right Honourable John Napier Turner,CC,PC (born June 7, 1929) was the seventeenth Prime Minister of Canada from June 30, 1984 to September 17, 1984.
		When Prime Minister Trudeau retired, John Turner re-entered politics and was elected leader of his party and became Prime Minister, defeating Jean Chrétien at the June 1984 Liberal leadership convention.
		John Turner served as Prime Minister of Canada for only a few months.
	john-napier-turner.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (761 words)

	Scotsman.com Heritage & Culture - Timeline - John Napier: a leading mind in modern mathematics (via CobWeb/3.1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Napier was born in 1550 near Edinburgh, the eldest son of Sir Archibald Napier, seventh Laird of Merchiston and who himself became a father at 16.
		Napier took the task of being a laird quite seriously and applied his intellect and skills to many different projects.
		Napier died on 3 April 1617 of complications from gout, too soon to have received substantial reward or recognition from his work, but he nonetheless produced some of the most important contributions to the advancement of knowledge.
	heritage.scotsman.com.cob-web.org:8888 /timelines.cfm?cid=1&id=41512005 (943 words)

	NAPIER, JOHN (1550-1617) - Online Information article about NAPIER, JOHN (1550-1617) (via CobWeb/3.1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Edinburgh in 1550, and was the eighth Napier of Merchiston.
		The method which Napier terms " Rabdologia " consists in the use of certain numerating rods for the performance of multiplications and divisions.
		March 18or,” An account of the contents of these manuscripts was given by Mark Napier in the appendix to his Memoirs of John Napier, and the manuscripts themselves were edited in their entirety by him in 1839 under the title De Arte Logistica Joannis Naperi Merchistonii Baronis Libri qui supersunt.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org.cob-web.org:8888 /NAN_NEW/NAPIER_JOHN_1550_1617_.html (5483 words)

	Napier biography
		Glaisher described how to use Napier's bones in an article he wrote for Encyclopaedia Britannica and this description is quoted in [Janus 67 (4) (1980), 241-260.',10)" onmouseover="window.status='Click to see reference';return true">10].
		Napier's bones are also described in [The art of numbering by speaking rods : vulgarly termed Napier\'s bones (London, 1667).',6)" onmouseover="window.status='Click to see reference';return true">6], [New Zealand Math.
		and these are taken seriously in the biased biography [Memoirs of John Napier of Merchiston, his lineage, life, and times, with a history of the invention of logarithms (Edinburgh, 1904).',7)" onmouseover="window.status='Click to see reference';return true">7] written by Mark Napier, one of John Napier's descendants.
	www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /Biographies/Napier.html (2403 words)

	John Napier — Infoplease.com
		Chelmsford, Frederic John Napier Thesiger, 3d Baron and 1st Viscount - Chelmsford, Frederic John Napier Thesiger, 3d Baron and 1st Viscount, 1868–1933, British...
		John Muir Society: The Sierra Club and The Sierra Club Foundation wish to thank the following individuals for their support in 2001....
		Rx: architecture: the new John A. Burns School of Medicine blends ancient traditions and modern science.(John A. Burns School of Medicine)...
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0834833.html (348 words)

	QPhotos 4.0: Pictures of John Napier
		John arrives for the party, and announces himself.
		John and Lisa have been in the room this whole time, hiding on the floor.
		John, Lisa and Nichole sit at the bar in Nikki's home, Robin serves up the drinks.
	photo.quentinbaker.com /?pid=95 (233 words)

	John Napier and logarithms
		Although there is evidence that logarithms were known in 8th century India, their invention as an aid to calculation is attributed to a Scottish nobleman named John Napier (1550-1617) in his Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio (1614) and Mirifici logarithmorum canonis constructio (published posthumously in 1619).
		Napier is also credited with creating one of the earliest calculating machines ("Napier's bones") and with the first systematic use of the
		Napier lived during an age of great innovation in the world of astronomy.
	www.ualr.edu /lasmoller/napier.html (403 words)

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