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	The Trial of Peter Zenger
		The famous case of John Peter Zenger was one of the greatest milestones on the path of freedom which is such a major characteristic of the American newspaper.
		John Peter Zenger, the first martyr in the struggle for free press in America, was born in Germany.
		Although one might say that Zenger died in poverty in 1746, his wife carried on the paper until December, 1748, when it was taken over by John Zenger, a son of his first marriage, who continued it until 1751, when the life of this famous newspaper came to an end.
	nabbhistory.salisbury.edu /Wroten/PeterZenger.htm (1303 words)

	John Peter Zenger - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		John Peter Zenger (October 26, 1697 – July 28, 1746) was a printer, publisher, editor and journalist in New York City.
		Zenger was born in 1697, and migrated to New York as a child in 1710.
		Zenger published a verbatim account of the trial as A Brief Narrative of the Case and Trial of John Peter Zenger (1736).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_Peter_Zenger (603 words)

	Zenger
		Zenger was defended by Philadelphia attorney Andrew Hamilton, who argued that the published statements could not be libelous if they were true.
		Although Zenger did not author the articles critical of the Royal Governor he endured jail (bail was set inordinately high) during the proceedings.
		Zenger's perspective, the prevailing view is that the "Brief Narrative" was authored primarily by James Alexander.
	www.courts.state.ny.us /history/zenger.htm (363 words)

	AllRefer.com - John Peter Zenger (U.S. History, Biography) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Zenger began publication of the New York Weekly Journal in 1733, an opposition paper to Bradford's New York Gazette and to the policies of Gov. William Cosby.
		In the celebrated trial that followed (1735) Zenger was defended by Andrew Hamilton, who established truth as a defense in cases of libel.
		Zenger later became public printer for the colonies of New York (1737) and New Jersey (1738).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/Z/Zenger-J.html (280 words)

	HistoryBuff.com -- The Acquittal of John Peter Zenger - The First, First Report
		This, of course, was the libel trail of John Peter Zenger, printer of the New York Weekly Journal.
		John Peter Zenger arrived in New York from Germany in 1710 and served an apprenticeship to William Bradford, printer of the New York Gazette.
		The prosecution argued that the sole fact of publication was sufficient to convict and excluded the truth from the evidence.
	www.historybuff.com /library/refzenger.html (449 words)

	The Order of the Founders and Patriots of America: Articles - The Trial of John Peter Zenger in 1735
		John Peter Zenger was the central figure in this colorful and influential historical event in which he was vindicated in a public trial for seditious libel in 1735.
		John Peter Zenger was a German immigrant, a native of the Rhenish Palatinate, where he was born in 1697.
		Zenger was not present, for he was not released from jail until the next day, but we can be sure he was present the following day when the victorious Hamilton set sail for Philadelphia amid unbelievable public fanfare.
	www.founderspatriots.org /articles/trial_zenger.htm (3073 words)

	Trial of John Peter Zenger
		Zenger was initially represented by James Alexander, a young lawyer who was a financial supporter of Zenger's paper and probably author of some of its more controversial material.
		Zenger was a German immigrant, born in 1697.
		Zenger is guilty of libeling his Excellency, the Governor of New York and indeed the whole administration of the government.
	tarlton.law.utexas.edu /lpop/etext/zenger.html (8136 words)

	UHLC - TACO - New York v. John Peter Zenger
		John Peter Zenger was a printer whose newspaper in colonial New York, The New York Weekly Journal, was advertised to contain "the freshest advises, foreign and domestic" when it was first published in 1733.
		Zenger's paper had published articles, ballads, and false advertising that suggested Cosby intended to plunge the inhabitants of New York into slavery and that he was depriving them of their lawful rights.
		Zenger was initially served by counselors William Smith and James Alexander, but early in the proceedings they offended the new chief judge, who disbarred them.
	www.law.uh.edu /teacher/zenger (804 words)

	Zenger News Service ® (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		ZNS is named after John Peter Zenger, who in the early 1700s published a newspaper in New York City.
		The trial of John Peter Zenger, a landmark case in American jurisprudence, was the talk of the land for many years.
		In fact, the Zenger trial was still fresh in the minds of the nation's leaders some 40 years later.
	www.zns.com /zn00001.htm (549 words)

	Considering Zenger: Partisan Politics and the Legal Profession in Provincial New York
		The Zenger episode was part of a larger sequence of events in the legal and political history of the province, which throws into high relief the relation between legal institutions and partisan conflict in that particularly fractious polity.
		Zenger was but an outwork to be defended, and yet a crucial one, for it was there that the legal firepower of the Governor was evidently to be directed.
		Zenger's acquittal in August 1735 was a major strategic break in the war between Cosby and the Morrisite opposition.
	old.law.columbia.edu /my_pubs/zenger.html (11906 words)

	JURIST – John Peter Zenger
		Alexander approached John Peter Zenger who, along with William Bradford, the Gazette's printer, was one of only two printers in the colony, with the idea of publishing a weekly newspaper to be called the New York Weekly Journal.
		Zenger's defense would fall to sixty-year-old Andrew Hamilton of Philadelphia, perhaps the ablest and most eloquent attorney in the colonies--though that was not the initial plan.
		Bradley told jurors that Zenger, "being a seditious person and a frequent printer and publisher of false news and seditious libels" had "wickedly and maliciously" devised to "traduce, scandalize, and vilify" Governor Cosby and his ministers.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /famoustrials/zenger.php (2889 words)

	John Peter Zenger - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Zenger, John Peter (1697-1746), German American newspaper publisher and printer, born in the Upper Palatinate (now in Bavaria, Germany).
		Scottish-American lawyer Andrew Hamilton was 80 years old in 1735 when he defended American newspaper publisher John Zenger, who was being tried...
		Zenger, Trial of John Peter, legal proceeding during the 1730s that helped form the political belief in the United States that citizens have the...
	encarta.msn.com /John_Peter_Zenger.html (145 words)

	ANF UofA Zenger Award (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		John Peter Zenger was editor of the New York Weekly Journal in 1734 when he was jailed by British colonial authorities on charges of seditious libel.
		Zenger’s subsequent trial and acquittal is considered a landmark case in the history of freedom of the press, paving the way for the American Revolution.
		Zenger came to New York a poor immigrant boy from Palatinate, a region of ancient Germany of which Heidelberg was capitol until 1720.
	www.ananews.com /Foundation/Zenger.htm (612 words)

	John Peter Zenger Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		John Peter Zenger (1697-1746), American printer, was selected to print a weekly newspaper by a faction of influential men opposed to a governor of New York.
		John Peter Zenger was born in a part of the Rhine country of Germany called the Palatinate.
		Among the dead was the father of 13-year-old John Peter Zenger, whose mother arrived in the New World with three children to care for.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/john-peter-zenger (942 words)

	Zenger, John Peter - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		ZENGER, JOHN PETER [Zenger, John Peter], 1697-1746, American journalist, b.
		Although most of the articles were written by Zenger's backers, Zenger was legally responsible and was arrested on libel charges and imprisoned (1734).
		The Republicans--Led By Mitch McConnell, the John Peter Zenger of Soft Money--Save Free Speech By Defeating Campaign Finance Reform.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-zenger-j1.html (317 words)

	The Zenger Trial
		Zenger’s trial lawyer, Philadelphia attorney Andrew Hamilton, however, based his defense of the German immigrant printer on the idea that truth negated a charge of libel—even though British law stated that truth made no difference and, indeed, made the libel worse because it could not be refuted.
		The significance of the Zenger trial, then, lies in its proposal in court that truth should be given voice and not punished, an idea that had been debated in America and England since the 17th century, and in the proposal that juries, not judges, should decide whether libels occurred.
		Zenger (who never truly mastered English and whose spelling of the day of his paper’s publication as “Munday” for its entire run stands out even in the idiosyncratic orthography of the 18th century) became the mechanic—the person responsible for overseeing the setting of type and the printing of the New-York Weekly Journal.
	www.freedomforum.org /publications/msj/courage.summer2000/y01.html (2709 words)

	History
		Zenger News Service (ZNS) is named after John Peter Zenger, who in 1735 published a newspaper in New York City.
		For publishing his news articles and editorials critical of the Crown government, Zenger was charged with seditious libel and thrown in jail.
		The main target of Zenger's criticism, the Crown Governor of New York, appointed James Delancey to be the trial judge.
	www.zns.com /ZHist.html (544 words)

	“The trial of Zenger in 1735 was the germ of American freedom, the morning star of that liberty which subsequently ...
		However, John Peter Zenger was uneducated, and therefore unaware of the scandal or politics of the controversial paper he was printing.
		Zenger, however, was unable to be a part of the revelry.
		In 1736, Zenger printed James Alexander’s report "A Brief Narrative of the Case and Tryal of John Peter Zenger." This verbatim account was widely read in the colonies and Great Britain.
	www.harwich.edu /depts/history/HHJ/zen.html (5839 words)

	THE CASE AND TRIAL OF JOHN PETER ZENGER (1736)
		The Trial of John Peter Zenger is a cornerstone in establishing freedom of the press.
		Zenger was arrested in 1734 in New York for printing and publishing seditious libels, inflaming the minds of the people against the government, and disturbing the peace.
		When the proceedings against Zenger began in 1735, the presiding judge announced to the trial spectators that a jury finding the defendant not guilty would be perjured.
	web.inetba.com /gryphon/item167093.ctlg (186 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / THE CASE OF John Peter Zenger
		For Zenger was allowed visits from his wife, Anna, and his two oldest sons; and while they cocked their ears against a hole in the door of his cell, he relayed to them muffled in- structions for printing the work ol his contributors.
		Zenger’s paper was the voice of a faction in the colony’s politics.
		On Sunday, November 17, 1734, Zenger was summarily arrested by the sheriff and locked in the common jail on the third floor of city hall.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/ah/1971/1/1971_1_33.shtml (7684 words)

	Early American BookMarks - Peter Zenger and Freedom of the Press
		n the latter part of 1733 John Peter Zenger began publishing a newspaper in New York to voice opposition to the onerous policies of newly-appointed colonial governor William Cosby.
		Finally, Cosby issued a proclamation condemning the newspaper's "divers scandalous, virulent, false and seditious reflections." On Sunday, November 17, 1734 Zenger was arrested and charged with seditious libel.
		Although this issue of Zenger's newspaper is dated 1733, the actual year was 1734.
	www.earlyamerica.com /earlyamerica/bookmarks/zenger (668 words)

	American Revolution John Peter Zenger Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		At age 13, John Peter Zenger, a tall thin boy had traveled the many miles by boat from Germany to New York.
		His father died on this trip and left the Zenger's poor At age 13 John Peter Zenger a tall thin boy had traveled the many miles by boat from Germany to New York.
		John said he wanted to be an apprentice and the man agreed, John was jumping for joy… Until the man mentioned the fee.
	www.scarsdaleschools.k12.ny.us /wilson/zenge.htm (1003 words)

	John Peter Zenger and Freedom of the Press Part 1: Zenger and Libel
		John Peter Zenger and Freedom of the Press Part 1: Zenger and Libel
		Zenger began publishing his newspaper in late 1733.
		Zenger was publishing words that were critical of Governor Cosby, and the governor didn't like it.
	www.socialstudiesforkids.com /articles/ushistory/johnpeterzenger1.htm (306 words)

	History of Printing in Maryland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		While Zenger is associated primarily with New York, he petitioned the Maryland Assembly in 1720 for the "liberty of printing the Laws for several counties, the Provincial Court, and Upper and Lower Houses of Assembly." Zenger stayed in Maryland for slightly less than two years, making his residence in Kent County near Chestertown.
		Zenger became a symbol for freedom of the press and was the subject of the first libel case in the American colonies.
		Shown here is a later London printing of the trial proceedings: The Trial of John Peter Zenger, of New York, printer, Who was charged with having printed and published a libel against the Government.
	www.lib.umd.edu /RARE/Exhibits/Mdprinting/Zenger.html (147 words)

	John Peter Zenger
		ZENGER, John Peter, printer, born in Germany about 1680; died in New York city in 1746.
		The order was obeyed, but by the sheriff's servant, not the hangman, and the jury failing to find an indictment against Zenger, the attorney-general was directed to file an information against him for the said libels at the next term of the court.
		His political friends employed Andrew Hamilton, of Philadelphia, to plead his cause, which proved at the same time to be the question of the liberty of the press in America, and all the central colonies regarded the controversy as their own.
	www.famousamericans.net /johnpeterzenger (509 words)

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