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Topic: John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg

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	Brandenburg - LoveToKnow 1911
		Soon after Sigismund came of age, he pledged a part of Brandenburg to his cousin Jobst, margrave of Moravia, to whom in 1388 he handed over the remainder of the electorate in return for a large sum of money, and as the money was not repaid, Jobst obtained the investiture in 1397 from King Wenceslaus.
		The elector's death was followed ten days later by that of his brother, John, and as John left no sons the whole of Brandenburg, together with the districts of Beeskow and Storkow which had been added by purchase to the new mark, were united under the rule of his nephew, John George.
		In 1609, John Sigismund had joined the Evangelical Union, probably to win support in the Rhineland, and the same consideration was doubtless one reason why, in 1613, he forsook the Lutheran doctrines of his family, and became an adherent of the reformed, or Calvinist, faith.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Brandenburg (8150 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Because of the sandy soil prevalent in Brandenburg, the agriculturally meager principality was denigrated as "the sandbox of the Holy Roman Empire".
		At the end of the war in 1648, Brandenburg was recognized as the possessor of approximately half the inheritance, comprising the Duchy of Cleves and the Counties of Mark and Ravensberg.
		In this way, the fortuitous marriage of John Sigismund to Anna of Prussia, and the sonless deaths of her maternal uncle in 1609 and her father in 1618, proved to be the key events by which Brandenburg acquired territory both in the Rhineland and on the Baltic coast.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Elector_of_Brandenburg (2873 words)

	Julich - LoveToKnow 1911
		Dutch troops marched to assist the elector of Brandenburg and Spanish ones came to aid the count palatine, but through the intervention of England and France peace was made and the treaty of Xanten was signed in November 1614.
		In 1666 the great elector, Frederick William of Brandenburg, made with William, count palatine of Neuburg, a treaty of mutual succession to the duchies, providing that in case the male line of either house became extinct the other should inherit its lands.
		From Sulzbach the duchy came to the electors palatine of the Rhine, and, when this family died out in 1799, to the elector of Bavaria, the head of the other branch of the house of Wittelsbach.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Julich (1013 words)

	Brandenburg (state) - MSN Encarta
		Brandenburg has 4 representatives in the Bundesrat (the federal council of the German parliament) and was represented by 16 seats in the Bundestag (the lower house of parliament) in the 2002 federal elections.
		From 1323 to 1411 Brandenburg was ruled by princes of the houses of Wittelsbach and Luxembourg.
		In 1614 Elector John Sigismund ordered the preparation of the Confession of Brandenburg, a declaration of faith, to reconcile the tenets of Lutheranism and Calvinism and to terminate disputes provoked by the Augsburg Confession (1530).
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572672_2/Brandenburg_(state).html (675 words)

	Brandenburg (state) - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Brandenburg (state), state and historic region in north-eastern Germany, bounded on the north by Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, on the east by Poland, on the south by Saxony, and on the west by Saxony-Anhalt.
		The historic region of Brandenburg constituted the nucleus of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701-1871) and of the German Second Empire (1871-1918), with the city of Berlin as the capital.
		Educational institutions in the state include Brandenburg Technical University (founded 1991), in Cottbus; the University of Potsdam (1991), the College of Film and Television (1954), and the Institute for International Relations and Legal Studies (1948), all in Potsdam; and the European University Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder), founded in 1991, in Frankfurt an der Oder.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761572672__1/Brandenburg_(state).html (1185 words)

	Prussia. Who is Prussia? What is Prussia? Where is Prussia? Definition of Prussia. Meaning of Prussia.
		The territory of the Duchy was at this time confined to the area east of the mouth of the Vistula, near the present border between Poland and the Russian enclave of Kaliningrad.
		In 1618 the Duchy was inherited by the Elector John Sigismund of Brandenburg, thus uniting Prussia and Brandenburg, a German state centered on Berlin and ruled since the 15th century by the Hohenzollern dynasty, within the Holy Roman Empire.
		In 1996 a proposal to merge Berlin and Brandenburg was rejected by Brandenburg voters.
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Prussia (1675 words)

	Joachim Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Joachim Friedrich (27 January 1546 in Cölln — 18 July 1608) of the Hohenzollern dynasty succeeded his father John George as margrave and elector of Brandenburg in 1598, and was in turn succeeded at his death by his son John Sigismund.
		Joachim Frederick's second marriage, in 1603, was to Eleonore of Hohenzollern, born 1583, daughter of Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia and Mary Eleonore of Kleve.
		John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg born 1572, died 1619
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Joachim_Friedrich (217 words)

	Frederick I Elector of Brandenburg: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		As Frederick VI, burgrave of Nuremburg, he served under King Sigismund of Hungary (later Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund) against the Ottomans in E Europe and took part in the battle of Nikopol (1396), in which the crusaders were defeated.
		Brandenburg (Germany)--History, Friedrich Wilhelm--Elector Of Brandenburg--1620-1688, Prussia (Germany)--History--1640-1740
		Brandenburg as electors of the Holy Roman...German king, Brandenburg went to his...transferred it to Frederick I of the house...His son, Elector Frederick III, in 1701...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/frederick_i_elector_of_brandenburg.jsp (1316 words)

	Brandenburg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Margravate, or mark, then an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the northeastern lowlands of Germany; it was the nucleus of the dynastic power on which the kingdom of Prussia was founded.
		The revival of stronger central government in Brandenburg began with the appointment of Frederick of Hohenzollern as elector by the Holy Roman emperor Sigismund in 1415.
		Joachim I (reigned 1499–1535) introduced the Roman law into Brandenburg; under his sons and heirs, Elector Joachim II and John, Lutheranism was accepted and the lands of secularized bishoprics were taken over by the dynasty.
	www.gwleibniz.com /BritannicaPages/Brandenburg/Brandenburg.html (1001 words)

	Elector of Brandenburg at AllExperts
		His eldest niece, Anna, Duchess of Prussia (1576-1625) was wife of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg who promptly claimed the inheritance and sent troops to take hold of some of these parts of Rhineland.
		Ultimately, upon the end of the war in 1648, Brandenburg was recognized as the possessor of approximately half of the inheritance, the duchy of Cleves-Mark, which formed the staryting point of the future Prussian Rhineland.
		In this way, the fortuitous marriage of John Sigismund to Anna of Prussia, and the sonless deaths of her maternal uncle 1609 and her father 1618 proved to be the stepping-stones of Brandenburg to have a territory both in Rhineland and in the Polish Baltic coast.
	en.allexperts.com /e/e/el/elector_of_brandenburg.htm (396 words)

	Elector of Brandenburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Margrave of Brandenburg was one of the seven Electors of the Holy Roman Empire created by the Golden Bull of 1356.
		From 1618, the Electors also held the title of Duke of Prussia, and in 1701, they became Kings in Prussia.
		Kings of Prussia, Margraves of Brandenburg, and Electors of the Holy Roman Empire, 1772-1806
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Brandenburg (231 words)

	Sigismund: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		John Huss, the Czech religious reformer, had attended the council with Sigismund's guarantee of safe conduct, but, nevertheless, the council began heresy proceedings against him and condemned him to death.
		Sigismund had earlier transferred Brandenburg to Frederick of Hohenzollern (Frederick I of Brandenburg) as a reward for his support in Sigismund's election as emperor.
		SIGISMUND III 1566 1632, king of Poland (1587 1632) and Sweden...son of John III of Sweden and Catherine, sister of Sigismund II of Poland, he united the Vasa and Jagiello...King Stephen Bathory was ended by the election of Sigismund as king of Poland, effected through the support of Jan...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/101271001 (2008 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Brandenburg
		His grandson John, surnamed Cicero (1486-99), took the initiative in the establishment of the University of Frankfort on the Oder, opened in 1506, and destined to be for a time a stronghold of Catholicism in the religious wars stirred up by Luther.
		Elector Joachim I (1499-1535), whose younger brother, Albert, was made Archbishop of Magdeburg and Bishop of Halberstadt in 1513, and in 1514 Archbishop and Elector of Mainz and Archchancellor of the German Empire, was extremely hostile towards the religious innovations, and endeavoured to have the edict formally condemning Luther passed by the Reichstag, at Worms.
		Ecclesiastically, the former Mark of Brandenburg, with the city of Berlin and the greater part of the province of Pomerania, forms the "Apostolic Delegature for the Mark Brandenburg and Pomerania", which is administered by the Prince-Bishop of Breslau as Apostolic Delegate, indirectly through the Dean of St. Hedwig's in Berlin as delegate of the prince-bishop.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02738c.htm (1642 words)

	Hohenzollern, German princely family — FactMonster.com
		In 1415 Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund made Frederick VI of Hohenzollern elector of Brandenburg, and in 1417 Frederick formally received the electoral dignity as Frederick I. Brandenburg then became the center of Hohenzollern power.
		When John Sigismund (reigned 1608–19) converted to Calvinism, his subjects remained Lutheran; thus religious toleration became a mark of the dynasty.
		John Sigismund's acquisition (1614) of Cleves, Mark, and Ravensburg and his inheritance (1618) of the duchy of Prussia (East Prussia) marked the Hohenzollern rise as a leading German power.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0823941.html (499 words)

	Brandenburg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Margravate, or mark, then an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the northeastern lowlands of Germany; it was the nucleus of the dynastic power on which the kingdom of Prussia was founded.
		Joachim I (reigned 1499–1535) introduced the Roman law into Brandenburg; under his sons and heirs, Elector Joachim II and John, Lutheranism was accepted and the lands of secularized bishoprics were taken over by the dynasty.
		The elector John Sigismund (reigned 1600–20) married Anna, daughter of Albert Frederick of Prussia, thereby further strengthening his claim to that duchy, which he inherited in 1618.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/Brandenburg/Brandenburg.html (1001 words)

	AllRefer.com - John II, king of Poland (Polish History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		John II (John Casimir), 1609–72, king of Poland (1648–68), son of Sigismund III.
		John II defeated (1651) the allied Cossack, Tatar, and Ottoman forces, but in 1654 the Cossacks accepted Russian suzerainty over the Ukraine, and Czar Alexis promptly invaded Poland.
		John abdicated a year after the death (1667) of his queen, and retired to an abbey at Nevers, France.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/J/John2Pol.html (401 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Sigismund
		As Frederick VI, burgrave of Nuremburg, he served under King Sigismund of Hungary (later Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund) against the Ottomans in E Europe and took part in the...
		John III married the sister of Sigismund II of Poland, and their son was elected (1587) king...
		(John Sigismund Zapolya), 1540-71, king of Hungary and prince of Transylvania, son of John I. Through his mother, Isabel (daughter of Sigismund I of Poland), he was related to the Jagiello dynasty.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Sigismund&StartAt=11 (471 words)

	Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg Information
		Joachim Friedrich (Cölln, 27 January 1546 – 18 July 1608) of the Hohenzollern dynasty succeeded his father John George as margrave and elector of Brandenburg in 1598, and was in turn succeeded at his death by his son John Sigismund.
		Joachim Frederick's second marriage, in 1603, was to Eleonore of Hohenzollern, born 1583, daughter of Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia and Mary Eleonore of Kleve.
		John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg born 1572, died 1619
	www.bookrags.com /Joachim_Friedrich (203 words)

	HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH Book 7 Chapter 06
		Archbishop and Elector Albrecht of Mainz was the first, and it seems the only, German prince who gave force to this bull for his own large diocese by a mandate of May 17, 1517, a few months before the outbreak of the Reformation.
		The Duchy of Prussia in 1618 fell as an inheritance to John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg (1608-1619), son-in-law of the second Prussian Duke (Albert Frederick), and a descendant of Frederick of Hohenzollern, who had become margrave of Brandenburg by purchase in 1415.
		In Brandenburg also, the Lutheran type of Protestantism, after many reverses and controversies, was established under John George (1571-1598); the Formula of Concord was forcibly introduced, and all Calvinistic teaching was strictly forbidden.
	www.godrules.net /library/history/history7ch06.htm (10432 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		1543) the heiress of these two duchies, married John, the heir of the duchy of Cleves, and in 1521 the three duchies, Julich, Berg and Cleves, together with the counties of Ravensberg and La Marck, sere united under John's sway.
		Moreover, by virtue of an imperial promise made in 1485 and renewed in 1495, the elector of Saxony claimed the duchies of Jtilich and Berg, while the proximity of the coveted lands to the Netherlands made their fate a matter of great moment to the Dutch.
		About this time the emperor adjudged the duchies to Saxony, while the Dutch captured the fortress of Julich; but for all practical purposes victory remained with the " possessing princes," as Brandenburg and Neuburg were called, who continued to occupy and to administer the lands.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?content_id=36527&locale=en (890 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Brandenburg, 1517-1618
		The introduction of Roman law in Brandenburg (establishment of the university at Frankfurt/Oder 1506; Constitutio Joachimica of 1527) resulted in a deterioration of the status of the peasants, who were reduced to serfs, especially in the region to the east of the Elbe river.
		In 1599, Prince-Elector John Cicero acquired the Principality of Jägerndorf (Silesia) with the exclaves of Beuthen and Oderberg.
		With the assistance of the Dutch, Duke-Elect John Sigismund was able to push through a partition of the territories; Jülich and Berg were assigned to Pfalz-Neuburg, Kleve and Mark and Ravensberg to Brandenburg.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/germany/bra15171618.html (964 words)

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
		The intrigues of John with the Counter-reformation and with Poland were steadily watched by a harsh and unbending colleague of high courage and Calvinistic sympathies, whose ideal was the maintenance of the Vasa dynasty by adhesion to the principles laid down by Gustavus.
		Sigismund dreamed of bequeathing the Crowns of Poland, Sweden, and Russia to his sons ; while Gustavus, with perhaps a juster appreciation of Muscovite national strength, embraced the opportunity of fortifying Sweden by erecting a firm bulwark at her neighbour's expense.
		Duke John died in 1618, Catharine Stenbock, Dowager of Gustavus I, in 1621, and Christina, Dowager of Charles IX, in 1625.
	www.uni-mannheim.de /mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh405.html (15520 words)

	Greathouse Point :: Articles and Papers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		John's wife, Anne, was a niece of Duke John William.
		George William, the son of John Sigismund and Anne, thus inherited Brandenburg, East Prussia, Cleves, Mark, and Ravensberg in 1619 and ruled until 1640.
		Elector Frederick III crowned himself King Frederick I of East Prussia with the emperor's approval (after Frederick had promised military support for Hapsburgs in Spain).
	www.greathouse.us /art-bielefeld-pol-status.htm (1167 words)

	Wenceslaus - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Wenceslaus 1361-1419, Holy Roman emperor (uncrowned) and German king (1378-1400), king of Bohemia (1378-1419) as Wenceslaus IV, elector of Brandenburg (1373-76), son and successor of Emperor Charles IV.
		Dissatisfied with his appointment (1396) of Sigismund, they were further provoked by his entente with France and his sale (1395) of Milan as a hereditary fief to Gian Galeazzo Visconti (see under Visconti).
		Wenceslaus died shortly afterward and was succeeded by Sigismund as king of Bohemia.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Wencesl.html (822 words)

	Prussia
		The territory of the Duchy was at this time confined to the area east of the mouth of the Vistula, near the present border between Poland and the Russian enclave of Kaliningrad.
		In 1618 the Duchy was inherited by the Elector John Sigismund of Brandenburg, who was at the same time ruler of Prussia and Brandenburg, a German state centered on Berlin and ruled since the 15th century by the Hohenzollern dynasty.
		In 1996 a proposal to merge Berlin and Brandenburg was rejected by Brandenburg voters, even though this was not seen as a decision relating to the revival of Prussia as a state but rather as an attempt to restore the old Brandenburg, since Berlin had never been a city-state before 1945.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/p/pr/prussia.html (2465 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Volume VII. Modern Christianity. The German Reformation. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		East Prussia was united with Brandenburg by the Elector John Sigismund, 1618 West Prussia was severed from Poland by Frederick the Great in the first division of that kingdom, 1772.
		The Duchy of Prussia in 1618 fell as an inheritance to John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg (1608–1619), son-in-law of the second Prussian Duke (Albert Frederick), and a descendant of Frederick of Hohenzollern, who had become margrave of Brandenburg by purchase in 1415.
		In Brandenburg also, the Lutheran type of Protestantism, after many reverses and controversies, was established under John George (1571–1598); the Formula of Concord was forcibly introduced, and all Calvinistic teaching was strictly forbidden.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc7.ii.vi.ix.html?bcb=0 (3629 words)

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