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	John Smeaton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Portrait of John Smeaton, with the Eddystone Lighthouse in the background.
		John Smeaton (8 June 1724 – 28 October 1792) was a civil engineer – indeed, he is often regarded as the "father of civil engineering" – responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbours and lighthouses.
		Because of his expertise in engineering, Smeaton was called to testify in a court for a case related to the silting-up of the harbour at Wells-next-the-Sea in Norfolk in 1782.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_Smeaton (738 words)

	Encyclopedia: John Smeaton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		John Smeaton (8 June 1724 - 28 October 1792) was a civil engineer - indeed, he is often regarded as the 'Father of civil engineering’ – responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbour and lighthouse.
		Smeaton was born near Leeds and qualified as a lawyer, but then became a maker of scientific instruments.
		Smeaton's research led to the abandonment of the established undershot water wheel (which operates through the action of the flow of water against blades in the wheel) in favour of the overshot wheel (which is operated by water moving the wheel by the force of its weight).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/John-Smeaton (627 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - John Smeaton - the First Civil Engineer
		The son of a Yorkshire lawyer, John Smeaton was born on 8 June, 1724, at Austhorpe Lodge in the parish of Whitkirk, four miles east of Leeds, UK.
		Smeaton's design, which remains a symbol of the profession and is enshrined in the coat of arms of the Institution of Civil Engineers, was completed in 1759 and lasted until 1881, whereupon it was dismantled and partially re-erected atop Plymouth Hoe.
		Indeed, Smeaton's seminal observation that the best hydraulic cements were those made from limestone containing certain proportions of clayey material are regarded as the starting point of the modern engineering use of cement and concrete.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/ww2/A918371 (1147 words)

	EWTN - Document Library - www.ewtn.com
		Smeaton shared with ZENIT the scientific and empirical evidence that contradicts the BBC's statements, which he thinks implied that the Pope's personal views on contraception and abortion are causing misery and death in the developing world.
		Smeaton: From beginning to end, the program presupposed that the Church's prohibition of abortion and birth control was the major cause of poverty and suffering in the developing world.
		Smeaton: Uganda is perhaps the biggest success story in the fight against AIDS and much of its achievement is because of changes in sexual behavior, particularly emphasis on abstinence and fidelity.
	www.ewtn.com /library/ISSUES/ZAIDS.HTM (1508 words)

	Neil Pollock Website > Earlwood > Sydney > Australia > History >Smeaton and Stalker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		According to Alan Swindale from England (see his web site), John Swindle was probably the son of George and Hannah Swindle who emigrated with their sons John and Robert arriving in Victoria on the Mistress of the Seas in 1862.
		John Swindle (son of George and Hannah) died in the Canowindra district in 1937 (dc 7495).
		A George Smeaton was born to a Mary Smeaton in NSW in 1894 [b/c 2349], no mention of father and is an unlikely connection.
	users.bigpond.net.au /neilpollock/history/smeaton.html (3339 words)

	Joymar Tree (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		John Smeaton, born 19 November 1848 in Clackmannan, Clackmannanshire, Scotland.
		John Smeaton, born 04 January 1856 in Alva, Stirlingshire, Scotland.
		Jane Mercer Smeaton was born 22 May 1853 in Clackmannan, Clackmannanshire, Scotland, and died 19 August 1923 in Alloa, Clackmannanshire, Scotland.
	www.mercermillions.co.uk /non_fife/joymar.htm (484 words)

	Smeaton's viaduct (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		John Smeaton's viaduct, taking the Great North Road across the Trent flood plain, was the biggest piece of road engineering before the 20th century yet it is almost unknown, unnoticed and forgotten.
		John Smeaton was commissioned to find a means of allowing traffic to continue unimpeded and yet allow the floodwaters to drain.
		Smeaton was consulted and his designs accepted in January of 1768.
	www.biffvernon.freeserve.co.uk /smeaton's_viaduct.htm (578 words)

	ECL208A THE SNOTRUK
		In early 1970 John Smeaton and Fred Fassbender, the co-owners, began to consider the future of their company "Carleton Products Consultants Ltd." Their major consulting contract with Bolens was running out and they were faced with deciding what to do next.
		John Smeaton had been chief engineer at Hus-ski Ltd., a Montreal manufacturer of recreation snowmobiles (Exhibit A-1), when Bolens of Wisconsin, a division of Food Machinery Corporation, purchased the company.
		Fred and John had hoped that they would build up sufficient additional clientele in the first three years to give continuity to their operation, but the individual contracts were too small.
	www.civeng.carleton.ca /ECL/reports/ECL208/ecl208a.html (2411 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		John Smeaton (1724-1794) was born in Leeds, and started his career in his father’s law firm, but in 1742 his father agreed to allow him to take up a technical trade.
		Smeaton came from a professional background, and was a natural philosopher, building and testing models of windmill blades and presenting papers to the Royal Society.
		John Urpeth Rastrick (1780-1856) was born in Morpeth.
	users.ox.ac.uk /~shug1554/Manual/Dougherty.doc (5110 words)

	John Farey, Sr. - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		He was born at Woburn in Bedfordshire and was educated at Halifax in Yorkshire, and showed such aptitude in mathematics, drawing and surveying, that he was brought under the notice of John Smeaton (1724-1792).
		Whilst in London they had their first child John Farey, Jr.
		John Farey, A General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire, Volume 1.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_Farey,_Sr. (715 words)

	Smeaton, John (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Smeaton adopted the term 'civil engineer' in contradistinction to the fast-growing number of engineers graduating from military colleges.
		He was also a consultant in the field of structural engineering, and from 1757 onwards he was responsible for projects including bridges, power stations operated by water or wind, steam engines, and river and harbour facilities.
		Experimenting with models, Smeaton showed that overshot wheels were twice as efficient as undershot ones.
	cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/S/Smeaton/1.html (173 words)

	HEADS TOGETHER \| JOHN SMEATON
		Since 1997 Heads Together has run projects with hundreds and hundreds of young people at John Smeaton Community High School in Leeds under the CAPE Initiative (Creative Arts Partnerships in Education).
		Smeaton on Screen was premiered in a packed auditorium at Warner Village cinemas.
		In 2001 we began work on re-designing one of the internal quad areas of the school as a "chill out" area for Year 7s; a calm, safe space for the youngest children at John Smeaton.
	www.heads.demon.co.uk /smeaton.html (474 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Smeaton John (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Smeaton, John (1724-1792), English civil engineer, born in Austhorpe.
		John the Evangelist (?-ad 101), in the New Testament, one of the 12 apostles, son of Zebedee and younger brother of Saint James the Great.
		John (of England), called John Lackland (1167-1216), king of England (1199-1216), best known for signing the Magna Carta.
	encarta.msn.com /Smeaton_John.html (125 words)

	Plymouth, Smeaton's Tower
		On December 13th 1756 Mr John Smeaton and his team of masons commenced work on this very lighthouse, although it was not until June the following year that the first course of interlocking Portland stone blocks was laid.
		It was realised that if Smeaton's tower was left standing it would be a constant danger to the new lighthouse because if the rock did give way then it likely crash into the new lighthouse.
		So significant was the Eddystone light that an image of Smeaton's tower appeared on the bronze penny coin in 1860 and apart from a gap of 42 years, it was a constant companion to Britannia right up until the penny ceased to be minted in 1970.
	www.plymouthdata.info /Memorial-Smeaton'sTower.htm (797 words)

	Waterways Chronology from 1760 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		He writes to the commisioners saying that he is detained on business and cannot attend their meeting on the 9th but he "was surprised at the account of the brickwork as I have had many built of the same dimensions of wall and have never yet had one failed".
		Together with Langley Edwards and John Smeaton he presented the results of their survey of the river between Lincoln and Boston.
		Together with John Grundy and John Smeaton he presented the results of their survey of the river between Lincoln and Boston.
	easyweb.easynet.co.uk /jim.shead/Chronology3.html (2234 words)

	LIGHTHOUSES FIVE: SMEATON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Smeaton built his house to last, in stone.
		Turner was not influenced by Monamy's lighthouse paintings, which he had probably never seen; but he seems to have been fully aware of Monamy's storm scenes.
		John Smeaton, along with Benjamin Franklin, was a corresponding member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, which existed from 1765 until 1813 and has been described as "the revolutionary committee of that most far reaching of all the eighteenth century revolutions, the Industrial Revolution".
	www.cichw.net /pmlight4.html (173 words)

	What is Civil Engineering ? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		John Smeaton was the first engineer to call himself a "Civil Engineer".
		John Smeaton was a British engineer particularly noted for his design of an all-masonry lighthouse on Eddystone reef.
		His technique of using dovetailed blocks of stone in the building of lighthouses became the standard because of its ability to stand up to the constant pounding of the waves.
	www.eng.ucalgary.ca /CSCE-Students/smeaton.htm (106 words)

	John Smeaton Biography / Biography of John Smeaton 1700 To 1799: Technology and Invention Biography
		John Smeaton's impact on civil engineering in eighteenth-century England was so significant that the Institute of Civil Engineers—of which Smeaton had been a founding member in 1771—changed its name to the Smeatonian Society after his death in 1792.
		Though Smeaton's family was Scottish, they lived in England, where he was born in 1724.
		In 1753 Smeaton was elected to membership in the Royal Society, and two years later was selected to design a new lighthouse near Plymouth, England.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-john-smeaton-scit-0412345 (249 words)

	Lehigh University - UR News Story: 468
		John Smeaton, vice provost for student affairs, recently received the American Public Health Association’s (APHA) Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs (ATOD) Section’s 2003 College-Based Leadership Award at the APHA Annual Meeting in San Francisco.
		John Smeaton, center, receives his award from Diana Conti, chair of the Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs section of the American Public Health Association, and Richard Yoast, director of the American Medical Association’s Office of Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse.
		“John Smeaton was chosen for this award because he has taken an unusually long-term perspective and personal commitment in looking at how the campus and community cultures regarding alcohol could be changed,” says Andre Stanley, chair of the ATOD section awards committee.
	www3.lehigh.edu /News/news_story.asp?iNewsID=468&strBack=/about/news.asp (539 words)

	Lineage.html
		John McAdam is documented as living there by 1512 and was his tentant in 1523.
		John died before 1750 and his estate was settled by his brother, Gilbert.
		of Knockengorroch and Smeaton was the son of John McAdam, tenant of Waterhead and brother of Andrew McAdam owner of Waterhead.
	www.mcadamshistory.com /linage.html (1823 words)

	John Smeaton Biography / Biography of John Smeaton Main Biography
		The English civil engineer John Smeaton (1724-1792) transformed the handicraft of engineering into a profession by applying experimental science to architectural and mechanical problems.
		John Smeaton was born on June 8, 1724, at Austhorpe in Yorkshire.
		As a boy, Smeaton made his own hand tools, casting and forging them himself, and made a small lathe for turning wood.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-john-smeaton (236 words)

	H2G2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		John Smeaton first described himself as a 'civil engineer' in 1768.
		In doing so, he identified a new profession that was distinct from that of the military engineers who, since ancient times, had undertaken the construction of all public infrastructure.
		An innovative and intelligent man, Smeaton remains one of engineering's most revered professionals and is commonly regarded as the father of the civil engineering profession.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/pda/A918371 (127 words)

	"Calculating Coefficients," Feature Article, April 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In an appendix, Smeaton included a number that, when multiplied by the square of the wind velocity (in miles per hour), gave the pressure in pounds per square foot on any flat surface presented at right angles to the wind.
		Smeaton had determined the number to be a constant approximately equal to 0.00492.
		The Wrights started questioning the value of the Smeaton coefficient as early as the summer of 1901 and by the end of that flying season they were convinced that the Smeaton coefficient was a major cause for error in their calculations.
	www.memagazine.org /backissues/april04/features/calccoef/calccoef.html (1597 words)

	John Smeaton Biography / Biography of John Smeaton History of Invention Biography
		John Smeaton, like so many of his contemporaries, made a name for himself in several fields.
		Smeaton was born in England of Scottish ancestry-- many of the engineers that followed in his footsteps were Scotsmen.
		This profession did not appeal to Smeaton, and he soon left it to pursue a profession of a more mechanical nature.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-john-smeaton-woi (266 words)

	John Smeaton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		John Smeaton was born on 8th June, 1724 at Austhorpe lodge in the parish of Whitkirk, 4 miles east of Leeds.
		Smeaton was engineer for the Calder Navigation from 1757-63 and the Clyde Canal in 1768.
		Smeaton trained William Jessop and was a founder of the Society of Civil Engineers in 1771.
	www2.umist.ac.uk /construction/intranet/teaching/ue365/lectures/b01sme01.htm (142 words)

	Devon Explore: Smeaton's Tower
		Smeaton’s Tower is one of Plymouth’s most prominent landmarks.
		Designed by John Smeaton, construction began in 1756 and was completed in 1759.
		Smeaton's Tower featured on pennies and half pennies between the years of 1860 and 1894 and then on pennies only between 1937 and 1967.
	www.uk-devonexplore.co.uk /index.cfm?Articleid=908 (287 words)

	History by Waterway from Bude Canal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Controlled the construction of the navigation, a task that he carried out on behalf of John Rennie to whom he was an assistant.
		He produced a projection of the proposed navigation together with John Eyes who had made the survey on which it was based.
		He reported on and approved John Smeaton's proposals for improvements to the navigation.
	easyweb.easynet.co.uk /jim.shead/History5.html (2722 words)

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