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Topic: Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq

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	US, Congress, "Joint Resolution to Authorize the use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq," New York ...
		Whereas the Iraq Liberation Act (Public Law 105-338) expressed the sense of Congress that it should be the policy of the United States to support efforts to remove from power the current Iraqi regime and promote the emergence of a democratic government to replace that regime;
		This joint resolution may be cited as the `Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against Iraq'.
		(2) acting pursuant to this resolution is consistent with the United States and other countries continuing to take the necessary actions against international terrorists and terrorist organizations, including those nations, organizations or persons who planned, authorized, committed or aided the terrorists attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/bush/resolution.htm (497 words)

	THE PRESIDENT'S CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY TO CONDUCT MILITARY OPERATIONS AGAINST TERRORISTS AND NATIONS SUPPORTING THEM
		United States, 334 U.S. Nor is the authority to protect national security limited to actions necessary for "victories in the field." Application of Yamashita, 327 U.S. The authority over national security "carries with it the inherent power to guard against the immediate renewal of the conflict." Id.
		Against the background of this repeated past practice under many Presidents, this Department and this Office have concluded that the President has the power to commit United States troops abroad for the purpose of protecting important national interests.
		We of course understand that terrorist organizations and their state sponsors operate by secrecy and concealment, and that it is correspondingly difficult to establish, by the standards of criminal law or even lower legal standards, that particular individuals or groups have been or may be implicated in attacks on the United States.
	www.usdoj.gov /olc/warpowers925.htm (10388 words)

	News from the Washington File
		Following is the text of the Bush resolution and a transcript of the White House background briefing: (begin text) White House Discussion Draft September 19, 2002 Joint Resolution To authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against Iraq.
		The President is authorized to use all means that he determines to be appropriate, including force, in order to enforce the United Nations Security Council resolutions referenced above, defend the national security interests of the United States against the threat posed by Iraq, and restore international peace and security in the region.
		It is also the case that the United States maintained throughout the Cold War a policy that refused to say that there would be no first use of nuclear weapons, because there was an expectation that you might have to use weapons to prevent a worse attack against the United States.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/news/iraq/2002/iraq-020919-usia02.htm (3599 words)

	Text: House Joint Resolution Authorizing Use of Force Against Iraq
		(House of Representatives approves resolution October 10) (1940) Following is the text of House Joint Resolution 114, "To authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against Iraq," approved in the House of Representatives October 10, by a vote of 296 to 133: (begin text) 107th CONGRESS 2d Session H.
		IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES October 2, 2002 JOINT RESOLUTION To authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against Iraq.
		This joint resolution may be cited as the 'Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002'.
	www.usembassy-israel.org.il /publish/peace/archives/2002/october/101106.html (297 words)

	House Joint Resolution Authorizing Use of Force Against Iraq, October 10, 2002
		Following is the text of House Joint Resolution 114, "To authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against Iraq," approved in the House of Representatives October 10, by a vote of 296 to 133:
		Whereas the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 (Public Law 105-338) expressed the sense of Congress that it should be the policy of the United States to support efforts to remove from power the current Iraqi regime and promote the emergence of a democratic government to replace that regime;
		This joint resolution may be cited as the 'Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002'.
	www.usembassy.it /file2002_10/alia/a2101002.htm (954 words)

	Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq
		Whereas Iraq, in direct and flagrant violation of the cease-fire, attempted to thwart the efforts of weapons inspectors to identify and destroy Iraq's weapons of mass destruction stockpiles and development capabilities, which finally resulted in the withdrawal of inspectors from Iraq on October 31, 1998;
		Whereas the attacks on the United States of September 11, 2001 underscored the gravity of the threat posed by the acquisition of weapons of mass destruction by international terrorist organizations;
		The President is authorized to use the Armed Forces of the United States as he determines to be necessary and appropriate in order to
	www.whitehouse.gov /news/releases/2002/10/20021002-2.html (860 words)

	The Iraq War Resolution
		The president is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate means including force, in order to defend the national security interests of the United States against the threat posed by Iraq.
		The president is further authorized to use all necessary and appropriate means including force, in order to enforce the applicable United Nations Security Council resolutions specified in subsection (b) to restore international peace and security in the region.
		The President is authorized to use all means that he determines to be appropriate, including force, in order to enforce the United Nations Security Council Resolutions referenced above, defend the national security interests of the United States against the threat posed by Iraq, and restore international peace and security in the region.
	voteview.com /iraq_Resolution.htm (1510 words)

	Sample Chapter for Feaver, P.D. and Gelpi, C.: Choosing Your Battles: American Civil-Military Relations and the Use of ...
		Military officer respondents report what may be called a "realpolitik" approach to the issue, one that reserves the use of force for interstate issues that represent a substantial threat to national security such as control of territory, the maintenance of geostrategic access and position, and the defense of allies.
		The use of force can be disaggregated into two separate decisions: the decision whether to use force and the decision on the amount of force to use.
		We use these data to test hypotheses that have currency in the literature, either because the hypotheses derive from conclusions of other historical case study analyses of civil-military relations or because they are logical deductions from plausible models of how civil-military relations function in the United States.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /chapters/s7662.html (7221 words)

	The War in Iraq is Illegal
		The United States Congress violated Article VI of the Constitution when it passed Joint Congressional Joint Resolution 46 [S.J. Res 46] 'authorizing' the President to order "the use of United States Armed Forces against Iraq." The President then violated this article when he ordered the commencement of the official invasion of Iraq.
		The resolution stated: “The president is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on Sept. 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons.” [Joint Congressional Resolution 23, 9/18/01]
		The United States and its 'coalition of the willing' attempted to justify their invasion on grounds that previous UN resolutions allowed for the use of force in the event of Iraq's failure to comply with those resolutions.
	www.thefourreasons.org /iraqinvasion.html (1807 words)

	t a c i t u s \|\| Remedial or Prospective: Justification for Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: )
		War Powers legislation is its own beast, and the Joint Resolution Authorizing the Use of Military Force Against Iraq is an amalgem of noting the ills of the past decades in Iraq and identifying the goals for future US efforts in Iraq.
		Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq Passed October 2, 2002.
		Whereas the attacks on the United States of September 11, 2001 underscored the gravity of the threat posed by the acquisition of weapons of mass destruction by international terrorist organizations; Anti-US bombing in Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and WTC-93 showed that, but our leaders were not paying enough attention until too late.
	tacitus.org /story/2005/6/28/21504/2272 (2498 words)

	CNS - October 7-11, 2002 - Page 6 - Congressional Record Weekly Update
		Pursuant to House Resolution 574, the amendment to the preamble and the amendment to the text printed in the joint resolution are adopted.
		House Joint Resolution 114 is not a declaration of war, but it is a blank check to use force without moral or political authority of the declaration of war that, for example, Franklin Delano Roosevelt did on December 8 to begin World War II.
		This resolution is not a declaration of war, however, and that is an important point: this resolution transfers the Constitutionally-mandated Congressional authority to declare wars to the executive branch.
	cns.miis.edu /cr/021014hb.htm (17842 words)

	Joint Resolution H.J. Res. 114
		Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002
		(2) acting pursuant to this joint resolution is consistent with the United States and other countries continuing to take the necessary actions against international terrorist and terrorist organizations, including those nations, organizations, or persons who planned, authorized, committed or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001.
		Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate.
	shs.westport.k12.ct.us /socst/Iraq_files/JointRes.htm (482 words)

	Text of Joint Resolution On Iraq Passed By The United States Congress [Octover 11, 2002]
		Joint Resolution to Authorize the use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq.
		acting pursuant to this resolution is consistent with the United States and other countries continuing to take the necessary actions against international terrorists and terrorist organizations, including those nations, organizations or persons who planned, authorized, committed or aided the terrorists attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001.
		SPECIFIC STATUTORY AUTHORIZATION- Consistent with section 8(a)(1) of the War Powers Resolution, the Congress declares that this section is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution.
	www.australianpolitics.com /news/2002/10/02-10-11.shtml (936 words)

	Iraq resolution text
		Whereas Iraq, in direct and flagrant violation of the cease-fire, attempted to thwart the efforts of weapons inspectors to identify and destroy Iraq's weapons of mass destruction stockpiles and development capabilities, which finally resulted in the withdrawal of inspectors from Iraq on October 31, 1998;
		Whereas the attacks on the United States of September 11, 2001 underscored the gravity of the threat posed by the acquisition of weapons of mass destruction by international terrorist organizations;
		The President is authorized to use the Armed Forces of the United States as he determines to be necessary and appropriate in order to
	www.thescoop.org /files/iraqres.html (833 words)

	Comments on 20477 \| MetaFilter
		This is the text of the resolution to be voted on by the U.S. Congress.
		If Iraq were allowed to reap the monetary and strategic benefits of the annexation of Kuwait, they would have far greater resources to continue to develop long-range weapons.
		But generally, it is in the national security of the United States to [maintain] international peace and security, in every region of the world; and the stability of the Persian Gulf remains a "vital interest" of the world generally.
	www.metafilter.com /comments.mefi/20477 (5167 words)

	Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq
		Many may have checked out the resolution since the Dems recent feigned squabble about Roves remarks and the President's recent speech tying Iraq with the WOT.
		Saddam deserved to be removed simply for his violating the cease fire agreement that allowed him to remain in power after the Gulf War in 1991.
		All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1436666/posts (1747 words)

	Democrats & Liberals:: Justification and Connection
		This authorization to use force is the legal justification for sending troops into combat, used to satisfy the provisions of the War Powers Act in order to allow the wheels of government to turn and the pursestring to loosen.
		I opposed the Iraq resolution because it was an abdication of power from the Congress to the President.
		Iraq was claimed to be an Al Quaeda haven, a harborer of terrorist and therefore co-conspirator in 9/11.
	www.watchblog.com /democrats/archives/001007.html (11894 words)

	USATODAY.com - Iraq resolution text (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Joint Resolution to Authorize the use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq.
		Whereas members of al-Qaeda, an organization bearing responsibility for attacks on the United States, its citizens, and interests, including the attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, are known to be in Iraq;
		War Powers Resolution, the Congress declares that this section is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5(b) of the War Powers
	www.usatoday.com /news/washington/2002-10-02-iraq-resolution-text_x.htm (868 words)

	Online NewsHour: Text of Joint Congressional Resolution on Iraq -- October 11, 2002
		Congress passes a bipartisan resolution authorizing President Bush to use military force, acting alone if necessary, in order to ensure that Iraq disarms any weapons of mass destruction.
		Secretary of State Colin Powell on a United Nations resolution on Iraq.
		The Russian defense minister discusses his country's stance on Iraq.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/middle_east/july-dec02/joint_resolution_10-11-02.html (1102 words)

	Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents: Remarks announcing bipartisan agreement on a joint resolution to ...
		The dictator is a student of Stalin, using murder as a tool of terror and control within his own cabinet, within his own army, even within his own family.
		America's leadership and willingness to use force, confirmed by the Congress, is the best way to ensure compliance and avoid conflict.
		We must confront both terror cells and terror states, because they are different faces of the same evil.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2889/is_40_38/ai_94407561 (1132 words)

	The Avalon Project : S.J. Resolution 23 - Authorization for Use of Military Force (Enrolled Bill); September 18, 2001
		To authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the recent attacks launched against the United States.
		Whereas, on September 11, 2001, acts of treacherous violence were committed against the United States and its citizens; and
		This joint resolution may be cited as the `Authorization for Use of Military Force'.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/sept_11/sjres23_eb.htm (308 words)

	No, You Can't Have A Pony!: Vermont Resolution
		Whereas, in October 2002 the United States Congress adopted a Joint Resolution to Authorize the use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq, relying on statements that were untrue, when in fact the United States:
		Resolved, that the Town Clerk send a copy of this Resolution to each member of the Vermont Congressional Delegation, the Vermont Governor, the Speaker of the Vermont House, the President Pro Tempore of the Vermont Senate, the Adjutant General of Vermont.
		Whereas, the Town and its citizens strongly support the men and women serving in the United States Armed Forces in Iraq and recognize the sacrifices that each of them is making.
	ken_ashford.typepad.com /blog/2005/03/vermont_resolut.html (1044 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq
		Text of a resolution agreed upon yesterday by President Bush and House leaders:
		Consistent with section 8(a)(1) of the War Powers Resolution, the Congress declares that this section is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution.
		Nothing in this resolution supersedes any requirement of the War Powers Resolution.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A34886-2002Oct2?language=printer (864 words)

	WHDH-TV - Boston - Text of Joint Resolution to Authorize Force Against Iraq
		Whereas members of al-Qaida, an organization bearing responsibility for attacks on the United States, its citizens, and interests, including the attacks that occurred on Sept. 11, 2001, are known to be in Iraq;
		Whereas the attacks on the United States of Sept. 11, 2001.
		Whereas Congress in the Iraq Liberation Act (Public Law 105-338) has expressed its sense that it should be the policy of the United States to support efforts to remove from power the current Iraqi regime and promote the emergence of a democratic government to replace that regime;
	www.whdh.com /news/articles/extra/H3858 (581 words)

	Congressional Resolution on Iraq (Passed by House and Senate October 2002)
		Congressional Resolution on Iraq (Passed by House and Senate October 2002)
		(1) strictly enforce through the United Nations Security Council all relevant Security Council resolutions applicable to Iraq and encourages him in those efforts; and
		(2) obtain prompt and decisive action by the Security Council to ensure that Iraq abandons its strategy of delay, evasion and noncompliance and promptly and strictly complies with all relevant Security Council resolutions.
	hnn.us /articles/1282.html (916 words)

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