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Topic: Jorge Serrano Elias

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	1983, Aug. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Serrano promised peace and an end to human rights abuses, but his regime seemed unable to produce either.
		Serrano initiated executive rule by decree, imprisoning opponents and dismissing the Congress and the Supreme Court.
		Serrano was ousted by the military amidst widespread popular protests.
	www.bartleby.com /67/3655.html (323 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		On May 25, 1993, the constitution was suspended by President Jorge Serrano Elías (1945–); it was reinstated on June 25 of that year after his ouster.
		Jorge Ubico Castañeda (1878–1946) was elected president in February 1931.
		Jorge Serrano Elías, a right-wing businessman and evangelical Protestant closely allied with Ríos Montt, won a presidential runoff election in 1991.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..gu105900.a (4532 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Guatemala (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Guatemalan interference in the affairs of other Central American republics during the 19th and early 20th cent., under the conservative dictatorships of Rafael Carrera and Manuel Estrada Cabrera and under the liberal, Justo Ruffino Barrios, caused intense hostility and finally led to the Washington Conference of 1907, which established the Central American Court of Justice.
		Jorge Ubico became president in 1931, and his tenure was marked by repressive rule and an improvement in the nation's finances.
		He was succeeded in 1990 by Jorge Serrano Elías, a right-wing businessman; Serrano adopted unpopular austerity measures, and in 1993, when he attempted to institute rule by decree, he was forced by the army to resign.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/Guatemal_History.asp (1602 words)

	The Daily Journal - Ex-Guatemalan president denies harboring fugitive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		PANAMA CITY (EFE) — Former Guatemalan President Jorge Serrano Elias termed as “absurd and irresponsible” the accusation that he is harboring an ex-Guatemalan interior minister, a fugitive from Spanish justice, in Panama.
		In statements to EFE on Saturday, Serrano Elias, exiled in Panama for the past 12 years, denied that he was protecting Donaldo Alvarez Ruiz, as a spokesman for the Rigoberta Menchu Foundation, Eduardo De León, has said.
		Serrano Elias went into self-exile in Panama in June 1993 after being deposed for attempting a self-coup — by dissolving the legislature and the Supreme Court — the month before.
	www.thedailyjournalonline.com /article.asp?ArticleId=204237&CategoryId=14088 (627 words)

	AMW
		For example, during a visit to Washington in late September and early October, President Serrano publicly proclaimed, "We have documented all the relations of [CERJ President] Amílcar Méndez with the insurgency." He insisted flatly that Méndez "is working with the insurrection" and that CERJ is a "parallel organization" to the guerrilla movement.
		Serrano told representatives of U.S. human rights groups that he based his accusations on the similarity of the slogans used by CERJ and the guerrillas, as if the guerrillas' echoing of CERJ demands for respect for human rights and the Guatemalan Constitution makes CERJ party to an armed rebellion.
		On several occasions, President Serrano was made aware of the police's failure to arrest the suspects, who continued to live freely in their communities and to terrorize local rights activists, yet neither he nor his interior minister, who is nominally in charge of the police, had taken any action.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1992/WR92/AMW-09.htm (6431 words)

	Annual Report 1991 - Chapter IVb
		Jorge Serrano Elías received a majority of 24.1 percent in the first round on and a majority of 68.8 percent in the second round held on January 6, 1991.
		President Serrano reiterated his determination to carry through the Government's program for the effective exercise of human rights, assuring the Commission that its essential aim was to put an end to violations of that kind and restore the sway of civilian power over that of military power.
		As regards President Serrano's efforts to improve the human rights situation in the country in the Governmental Accord of July 12, 1991, the Government undertook to restructure the Human Rights Advisory Commission of the Office of the President.
	www.cidh.org /annualrep/91eng/chap.4b.htm (3583 words)

	IMPUNITY: Cases (previous investigations)- Jorge Nicolle Carpio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Marta de Carpio was wearing the expensive gold earrings that July night in 1993 when masked assailants ambushed a vehicle and killed her husband, Jorge Carpio, and three others.
		At this point, Jorge Carpio was threatened by name.
		Jorge Carpio Nicolle and three members of his political entourage are assassinated in Quiché province.
	www.impunidad.com /cases/jorge97E.htm (4944 words)

	The Assasination of Jorge Carpio Nicolle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Jorge Carpio Nicolle was one of the driving forces of true liberalism in Guatemala, of human rights and democracy.
		At the time of his death, Jorge Carpio was leading a campaign, as Head of Congress, to reject an amnesty for those military officers involved in the Serranazo of May 1993.
		Jorge Carpio Nicolle who was the founder of UCN was nominated as their presidential candidate in the 1985 elections.
	www.iflry.org /libel/961j.html (2153 words)

	Guatemalans Elect Evangelical President
		Final voter tallies indicated that Jorge Serrano Elias, the former President of the Council of State in the 1982-83 administration of Army General Efrain Rios Montt, won with 68 percent of the vote.
		Newspaper publisher Jorge Carpio Nicolle, who trailed Serrano in the election with 32 percent of the vote, conceded that the evangelical vote as well as the endorsement of several political parties had been crucial to Serrano's victory.
		Serrano's victory is as much an indication of the sovereign will of the people as it is of the sovereignty of God.
	www.forerunner.com /forerunner/X0254_Guatemala_Elects_Eva.html (683 words)

	The Head Heeb: The Head Heeb World Tour:
		Serrano's power grab, however, encountered swift opposition from the media, street demonstrators and the country's electoral board, which refused to obey his order to schedule new elections.
		One significant aspect of the Serrano affair is the role of the courts in removing him from power.
		Among Serrano's first acts upon seizing dictatorial authority was the dissolution of the Constitutional Court.
	headheeb.blogmosis.com /archives/014812.html (1352 words)

	The Exile Files, 2003 - Global Policy Forum - International Justice
		Jorge Serrano Elias (Guatemala) -- Panama is also the home away from home for Serrano, who was elected president of Guatemala in 1993.
		Though Serrano is wanted in his homeland for stealing public funds, Panama has repeatedly denied extradition requests.
		Recently, Serrano's murky record was back in the spotlight in this country, as his name surfaced in connection with the Enron scandal.
	www.globalpolicy.org /intljustice/general/2003/0826exile.htm (1655 words)

	Background Notes: Guatemala (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Serrano announced that his government, with the support of the army, would meet with the guerrillas to negotiate an end to the 30-year-long insurgency.
		Serrano's first 6 months as president saw continuing violence and an elevated crime rate, but the administration kept its promise and initiated a series of serious negotiations with the URNG.
		Serrano's Government also prosecuted corrupt government officials and has arrested the former heads of the national electrical utility and the head of the national telephone company.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /erc/bgnotes/wha/guatemala9204.html (3186 words)

	IMPUNITY: Case - Jorge Carpio Nicolle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The case of Jorge Carpio Nicolle, editor of El Gráfico of Guatemala City, who was murdered in 1993, has all the elements of a Hollywood-style, Dantesque plot worthy of Agatha Christie.
		Reconstruction of the murder of Jorge Carpio Nicolle and his three companions, committed in El Quiché, in the interior of Guatemala.
		Jorge Carpio Nicolle (standing, second from right) at the official announcement that an attempted self-coup by President Jorge Serrano Elías on May 25, 1993, has been thwarted.
	www.impunidad.com /cases/jorgeE.htm (2077 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Indigenous Peoples in Guatemala (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		In 1990, the second civilian president was elected, Jorge Serrano Elias.
		The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Mayan Indian, Rigoberta Menchu for her activities representing the Mayan Indians to the government of Guatemala and the international community.
		Serrano had suspended the constitution and seized decree powers.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=9002 (4037 words)

	Jorge Antonio Serrano Elias Biography / Biography of Jorge Antonio Serrano Elias Main Biography
		Jorge Antonio Serrano Elías (born 1945) was president of Guatemala from 1991 to 1993, the first active Protestant to be elected president of a Latin American nation.
		Jorge Antonio Serrano Elías was born in Guatemala City in 1945.
		A prosperous Guatemalan businessman, Serrano Elías was an active Roman Catholic until 1975, when he became a "reborn" evangelical Baptist.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-jorge-antonio-serrano-elias/index.html (246 words)

	Guatemala: history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		General Jorge Ubico CastaÃ±eda, the last of a generation of military leaders, was elected President in 1931.
		During the second round of the elections, held on January 6 1991, Jorge Serrano ElÃas, of the Solidarity Action Movement (MAS), was elected President.
		Shortly afterwards, Jorge Carpio Nicolle, leader of the Union of the National Center and the presidentâs cousin, was assassinated.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=40 (3132 words)

	Travel in Guatemala City - Guatemala - History - WorldTravelGate.net®-
		He was succeeded (1991) by Jorge Serrano Elias, a right-wing businessman with military ties.
		Serrano adopted economic reforms, but they resulted in a decline in living standards and led to antigovernment protests.
		Ramiro de Leon Carpio, the attorney general for human rights, was elected by the congress to succeed Serrano.
	www.americatravelling.net /guatemala/guatemala_city/guatemala_city_history.htm (555 words)

	Organizing and Repression: The 1990s: Alioto lives
		Back in 1990, dark horse candidate Jorge Serrano Elías won a surprising victory in presidential elections, but arrived in the national palace without an agenda.
		By May 1993, Serrano faced persistent protest against his economic policies, as well as accusations of corruption.
		In November 1994, as in 1978 and 1985, a rise in the urban bus fare caused a series of confrontations between security forces and youthful protesters, including many from the University.
	shr.aaas.org /guatemala/ciidh/org_rep/english/part3_12.html (913 words)

	Untitled Document
		Zamora and Siglo Veintiuno were in the forefront of a civilian resistance that forced President Jorge Serrano Elias to relinquish his post after he attempted to seize dictatorial power in 1993.
		In May 1993 when President Serrano suspended the constitution, dissolved Congress and the Supreme Court and imposed a comprehensive censorship of the media, national police units surrounded the offices of Siglo Veintiuno and threatened drastic measures if the paper did not allow censors to enter the office.
		Zamora responded with panache by altering the masthead of the daily to Siglo Catorce (14th Century), likening Serrano’s imposition to a return to the Dark Ages, and running solid blocks of ink in place of censored stories about the president’s actions.
	www.globaljournalist.org /archive/Magazine/Zamora-20002q.html (603 words)

	Guatemala - Atlapedia Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		In Jan. 1991 Jorge Serrano Elias was elected as the new civilian President while continuing violence escalated with right-wing, military backed, death squads and the guerrilla group of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (URNG) both increasing their activities.
		Serrano was ousted by a cooperative of military, business and political leaders, following which the Congress elected a former human rights ombudsman, Ramiro de Leon Carpio, as his successor.
		On July 3, 1993 the President's cousin, Jorge Carpio Nicolle, was assassinated in an attempt to destabilize the new government while the new human rights ombudsman, Jorge Garcia Laguardia himself received death threats after questioning the police investigation.
	www.atlapedia.com /online/countries/guatemal.htm (1347 words)

	College of Liberal Arts - SWSSR - Dustin Sliger
		State Department spokesman Richard Boucher stated, "We have concluded that it would not be appropriate to continue a normal military assistance relationship with Guatemala at this time." 46 Cerezo was left with little time to respond as his term was coming to a close.
		Jorge Serrano Elias faced Jorge Carpio Nicolle in a presidential run-off election on 6 January 1991.
		President Serrano vehemently rejected the package arguing, "They offered us $100,000 and a human rights checklist…but as president, I’m not just going to accept their orders.
	www.libarts.ucok.edu /swssr/current/sliger.htm (4354 words)

	Cleary: Evangelicals and Competition in Guatemala (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The larger world has changed drastically in the period from when Jorge Serrano Elías left the presidential palace as adviser to Ríos Montt in 1983 and returned as president in 1991.
		As Roberts points out, "The poor [of Guatemala City] are quite prepared to cooperate with professionals and middle-class politicians in an attempt to improve their position."(93) Indeed, Ríos Montt might have been elected to the presidency.
		Serrano, to a great extent his surrogate, won the presidential election in 1990 on the basis of a platform stressing control, security, and a common pulling together to save Guatemala from chaos and a downward economic spiral.
	www.dominicans.org /~ecleary/conflict/conflict09.htm (11382 words)

	Party Politics in Guatemala, 1963-2000
		Though originally attempting to govern through constitutional means, Serrano came into increasing conflict with the Congress, where his party controlled just 16 percent of the seats.
		The MAS took 16 percent of the seats in the 1990 election, and Serrano was elected president in the second round after being supported by both the No Sell-Out Platform (PNV) and the National Advancement Party (PAN).
		After Serrano's attempted coup in 1993, the party was discredited, and it remains to be seen if the party can rebound.
	www.janda.org /ICPP/ICPP2000/Countries/4-CentralAmerica/44-Guatemala/Guatemala63-00.html (2654 words)

	Guatemala, Censorship, Michael Hoyt - CJR, Nov/Dec 91
		Arce had criticized Guatemala's second elected president in recent history, Jorge Serrano Elias, and was subsequently arrested and charged with possession of drugs and explosives.
		Prior to his arrest, Hugo Arce had written columns critical of President Serrano and human rights violations by the army.
		Arce claims that through private sources he learned that the president, in the presence of acquaintances, had threatened to "crush Arce like a cockroach." Other sources confirm a widely held analysis that President Serrano is personally intolerant of criticism.
	archives.cjr.org /year/91/6/guatemala.asp (323 words)

	Guatemala: Impunity: a question of political will
		President Jorge Serrano Elías took office in January 1991, the first civilian president in four decades to be handed power by another civilian president.
		While the absolute numbers of human rights violations have decreased since President Serrano took office, Amnesty International is concerned that they are still occurring, and that the methods used and the victims remain virtually the same as in the past.
		Since President Jorge Serrano Elías took office in January 1991, his government has taken a number of initiativies which Amnesty International believes can positively influence the human rights situation in Guatemala if implemented, and if the political will exists to see them through.
	www.amnestyusa.org /justearth/document.do?id=33A1EF2F95BC8B02802569A600602F38 (15103 words)

	Excite - Travel Guide - History & Culture
		The military's violent suppression of antigovernment elements (which meant the majority of landless peasants) finally led the USA to cut off military assistance, leading in turn to the 1985 election of the civilian Christian Democrat Marco Vinicio Cerezo ArÃ©valo.
		ArÃ©valo's five years of inconclusive government were followed by Jorge Serrano ElÃas, who won the presidency for the conservative Solidarity Action Movement.
		Lacking popular support, Serrano fled the country, and an outspoken critic of the army, Ramiro de LeÃ³n Carpio, was elected by Congress.
	www1.excite.com /travel/travelguide/history/0,20310,central_america-418-1,00.html (1009 words)

	History
		Jorge Serrano Elias, a tight-wing businessman takes power.
		A Quiché Maya woman from Guatemala named Rigoberta Menchu, who has lost most of her family to the death squads and is known for speaking out against the extermination of the Maya, wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
		Jorge Serrano Elias tries to establish rule by decree and is forced, by the army, to resign.
	www.stanford.edu /group/arts/guatemala/discovery/history/history.htm (1304 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Fischer and Brown, Maya Cultural Activism in Guatemala
		In 1991, the presidency was passed between two freely elected civilians for the first time in Guatemalan history when Jorge Serrano Elías took office.
		In early 1993, Serrano, mimicking Peruvian president Alberto Fujimora, conducted an autogolpe in which he disbanded Congress and the Constitutional Court and gave himself broad powers.
		Serrano, however, seriously misinterpreted the country's political climate, and within two months an unlikely coalition of leftists, unions, businessmen, Maya groups, and the military leadership forced him into exile in Panama, where he is reported to be living a life of luxury after coming into office nearly bankrupt.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exfismay.html (5605 words)

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