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	TheHistoryNet \| World War II \| Joseph Avenol's Betrayal of the League of Nations
		Avenol had argued Japan's side in the Manchurian crisis before he took office, and in the League's decisive test--when Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935--his concern was not to stop Benito Mussolini's aggression but, rather, to keep Italy as a member of the League and an ally of France against Germany.
		When he returned, Avenol told two officials of the League's International Labor Organization that "left-wing organizations like the ILO are finished" and Europe "would be governed by Hitler, Mussolini, and..." His sentence trailed off without ending, and both of the ILO officials were certain Avenol was about to add himself.
		Avenol called in his Greek aide, Thanassis Aghnides, and announced, "That's it, it is done." When Aghnides asked what Avenol meant, he was stunned by the reply from the secretary-general.
	www.historynet.com /magazines/world_war_2/3036901.html (888 words)

	Index At-Az (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		He was refused and entered the coalition against her, claiming rights as a son-in-law of her uncle, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I. He changed sides in 1742.
		Avenol took office four months after Japan walked out of the League; five months later Germany quit.
		In 1940 Avenol praised Hitler and Mussolini and denounced Britain and the United States.
	www.manic-raven.com /rulers/indexa5.html (9053 words)

	Welcome to It's Our U.N.! \| League of Nations \| Italo-Ethiopian Crisis -- by E.K.Bensah
		Joseph Avenol is an extremely important person whose name does not even appear in the 1988 edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica!
		Finding a source however, is time-consuming because sometimes one which you consider to be paramount in your research cannot be located anywhere else.
		The problem I found though is that sometimes the important people, like Joseph Avenol, cannot be traced down easily enough, if at all.
	members.tripod.com /un_org/league/italoethiopian.htm (3121 words)

	Seán Lester
		In 1933, he was seconded from the Irish service to the post of high commissioner of the League of Nations to the Free City of Danzig where he showed great courage in protesting against Nazi persecution of the Jewish population.
		Appointed deputy secretary-general in 1937, Lester became acting secretary-general in 1940 when the French secretary-general, Joseph Avenol, left Geneva for Vichy.
		Increasingly isolated, Lester remained in Geneva to maintain the basic functioning of the League during the war.
	www.ucd.ie /archives/html/collections/lester-sean.html (431 words)

	Force versus law: The International Committee of the Red Cross and chemical warfare in the Italo-Ethiopian war 1935-1936
		Its delegate was reported in the press to have witnessed the use of poison gas close to the northern Ethiopian town of Korem, and the institution was known to have received other relevant information from the staff of National Red Cross Societies.
		In a letter, Joseph Avenol, the Secretary-General of the League, requested information from the ICRC on this issue [13].
		Joseph Avenol to the President of the ICRC, 8 April 1936, ICRC Archives, CR 210, 1042.
	www.icrc.org /Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList166/9568E649AAE10D03C1256B66005B8D15 (9784 words)

	League of Nations Bibliography - B
		Betrayal from Within: Joseph Avenol, Secretary-General of the League of Nations, 1933-1940.
		Bartlett, Percy W., Isamu Kawakami, John Joseph Lenney, Basil Maxwell Manly, Gerhart Heinrich Seger, Alpheus Henry Snow, Fanny Bixby Spencer, International Peace Bureau, League of Nations, and Â League to Enforce Peace (U.S.).
		Boeckel, Florence Brewer, Noel Haviland Field, Paul Harris, James G Heller, Frederick Joseph Libby, Charles A Lindbergh, and Mary Ida Winder.
	www.indiana.edu /~league/bibb.htm (2264 words)

	Wilson and the League of Nations by Sanderson Beck
		Avenol invited the countries involved in the crisis to the Council for a mediation effort but removed consideration of possible aggression against Spain.
		Avenol's concessions to try to keep the Fascist powers in the League had failed.
		Avenol and the League did nothing until the USSR invaded Finland on November 30, 1939.
	www.san.beck.org /GPJ21-LeagueofNations.html (11742 words)

	League of Nations
		Drummond was succeeded in 1933 by his French deputy under-secretary, Joseph Avenol, who served until 1940.
		The last secretary-general of the League of Nations was Sean Lester, who served from 1940 until 1946.
		For biographies of Sir Eric Drummond and Joseph Avenol, see James Barros's twin biographies, Office Without Power: Secretary-General Sir Eric Drummond, 1919-1933 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), and Betrayal from Within: Joseph Avenol, Secretary-General of the League of Nations, 1933-1940 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1969).
	odur.let.rug.nl /usa.990917/E/league/leaguenn.htm (1884 words)

	The League of Nations 1920-1946 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		The 3 components of the League were the Assembly, the Council, and the Secretariat.
		The three Secretaries General were Sir James Eric Drummond from Britain (1920-1933), Joseph Avenol from France (1933-1940), and Sean Lester from Ireland (1940-1946).
		The 4 permanent members of the Council were Britain, France, Italy and Japan, and the 4 non-permanent members were elected by the Assembly every 3 years.
	history.acusd.edu /gen/ww2timeline/league.html (781 words)

	[31 Oct 1996] GA/AB/3102 : FIFTH COMMITTEE WARNED ABOUT TACTICS TO DESTROY INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVICE FROM WITHIN
		He long opposed the concept, having stated that, if he were running a national intelligence service, that would be the cheapest way to recruit intelligent officers.
		JONAH cited one of the League's Secretary-General, Joseph Avenol (1933-1940).
		Member States should therefore be cautious about imposing another "Avenol" on the Organization because "he would be ready to sign the death certificate of the international civil secretariat".
	www.un.org /News/Press/docs/1996/19961031.gaab3102.html (10308 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - 1919 - Germany
		In 2002 his writings from this time were translated by Michael Hofmann and published as "What I Saw: Reports From Berlin 1920-1933." (SSFC, 12/29/02, p.M3) 1921 Jan 28, Albert Einstein startled Berlin by suggesting the possibility of measuring the universe.
		Their act was banned in 1935 by the government because 3 of the performers were Jews (Fromermann, Collin and Cycowski).
		In 1997 a film based the group’s history was directed by Joseph Vilsmaiar.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?t=150837 (6197 words)

	Ethiopia and the Evolution of International Morality
		Irrefutable information on Italian Fascist War Crimes in Ethiopia was supplied to the League of Nations within a few hours of the invasion, on 3 October 1935.
		That very day the then Ethiopian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Blattengeta Heruy Walda-Sellase, informed the organisation's acting Secretary-General, Joseph Avenol, by telegram, that the Italian Royal Air Force had begun bombing open towns, thereby killing defenceless men, women and children.
		The Secretary-General, Mr Avenol, was totally uninterested in either matter; and took no action about them.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2000/07/21-07-00/Hist.htm (1420 words)

	Education World® - *History : By Region : North America : USA : 20th Century : Presidents : Wilson, Woodrow : ...
		League of Nations Idea of a League of Nations Read this article, written by HG Wells in 1919, that explains why advances in technology necessitated the League of Nations.
		League of Nations Joseph Avenol's Betrayal History Net examines the role Joseph Avenol played, as Secretary General of the League of Nations, in causing World War II through appeasement.
		League of Nations Lesson Plan Teacher's class project about the League of Nations includes this brief overview of why Wilson failed to get the Treaty of Versailles ratified.
	db.education-world.com /perl/browse?cat_id=10943 (645 words)

	Wäinö Aaltosen kotisivu - Turku, Finland
		Competition for a memorial to the loss of the SS Kuru: over 50 entries, Aaltonen's entry 'The Current Takes the Boat' placed second, and his other entry, 'Angel of Death', purchased.
		During a visit to Finland, Joseph Avenol, Secretary General of the League of Nations, posed for Aaltonen.
		Following the death of his mother, Aaltonen and his son Matti moved to a rented house at Hopeasalmentie 37 on Kulosaari, though he continued to use the atelier.
	www.wam.fi /waen/elama3.htm (1285 words)

	Genealogy Images of History Au - Az
		AVENOL, Joseph A. - 1935 - Pictured and written about in weekly feature entitled FOOTNOTES ON A WEEK'S HEADLINE as saved from this old American National News magazine.
		Story of John Joseph Montgomery who, twenty years before the Wright Brothers took off, he glided from a hill in San Diego and launched air history.
		Story entitled ALL THE DARING YOUNG MEN by Joseph F. Hood which recites the ingenuity of the young men who studied, planned, and performed in planes, balloons of unusual contraptions with history of each as found in this, of all places, complete western magazine.
	www.genealogyimagesofhistory.com /au-az.htm (4762 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Joseph Avenol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		This is an extract from The Middle East Open Encyclopedia, made possible through the Wikimedia Foundation.
		Iraq Museum International always displays the most recent published revision of the source article, Joseph Avenol; all previous versions may be viewed here.
		They link directly to authoring tools for you to start writing a particular article.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/?title=Joseph_Avenol (225 words)

	Timeline Russia 1911-1944 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		In 2003 a historian argued, without success, that the prize should be revoked due to Duranty's deliberate failure to cover the forced famine in the Ukraine that killed millions of people.
		Joseph Stalin had ignored warnings that Hitler would betray the 1939 Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact.
		King Michael organized a coup against the pro-Nazi dictator, Marshal Ion Antonescu, but was double-crossed by Joseph Stalin and betrayed by the Allies who ceded the country to the Russians at the Yalta summit in 1945.
	timelines.ws /countries/RUS_B_1911_1944.HTML (12764 words)

	League of Nations - Questionz.net , answers to all your questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		The League was also involved in many other agencies and the Permanent Court of International Justice which later became the International Court of Justice.
		General Secretaries of the League * Sir James Eric Drummond (U.K.) 1920 - 1933 * Joseph Avenol (France) 1933 - 1940 * Sen Lester (Ireland) 1940 - 1946 Reasons for perceiving the League as a failure * It lacked any armed forces.
		Even though president Woodrow Wilson had been a driving force behind the League of Nations, the United States never joined, after its Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and on January 19, 1919 voted not to join the League.
	www.questionz.net /20th_century/League_of_Nations.html (486 words)

	12 Jun History: This Date
		But after Joseph Johnston [03 Feb 1807 – 21 Mar 1891] was wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines on 31 May 1862, Robert E. Lee assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia.
		Karl Joseph Silberbauer, an Austrian Nazi, forced the residents to turn over all valuables.
		When he found out that Otto Frank had been a lieutenant in the German Army during World War I, he was a little less hostile.
	www.safran-arts.com /42day/history/h4jun/h4jun12.html (11564 words)

	Research Guide to League of Nations Documents and Publications, Northwestern University Library
		The three Secretaries-General were Sir Eric Drummond, 1919-1933; Joseph Avenol, 1933-1940; and Sean Lester, 1940-1946.
		The Library of the United Nations Office at Geneva is the repository of the League of Nations Archives.
		Examples of the League archives are the personnel files of League employees and the papers of Secretaries-General Sir Eric Drummond and Joseph Avenol.
	www.library.northwestern.edu /govpub/collections/league/background.html (1956 words)

	On this Day In History - January 16th
		The League of Nations holds its first meeting in Paris.
		Joseph Avenol, secretary-general of the League of Nations.
		Allies lift the blockade on trade with Russia.
	www.juntosociety.com /dayinhistory/011603.html (251 words)

	Decades History Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Germany was admitted into the League of Nations.
		While at Harvard during World War II, Robert F. Kennedy joined the U.S. Naval Reserve and served as a seaman on the destroyer Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.
		The ship was named for Kennedy’s eldest brother, who had been killed in battle during World War II.
	www.decades.com /ByDecade/1920-2929/30.htm (695 words)

	scopeArchiv - Detail View (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		However, in spite of these relatively few destructions, about 90 per cent of the Secretariat archive group has remained in its original state, with scarcely any confusion.
		The only relatively serious losses are those of certain later Section files and of the papers of the first two Secretaries-general, Drummond and Avenol, and even here it should be noted that the Avenol papers exist elsewhere (Avenol's papers were given to the Quai d'Orsay by the executors of his will).
		It is necessary to make the distinction between the Secretariat and the Registry.
	biblio-archive.unog.ch /Detail.aspx?ID=245 (2325 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		The Drummond papers were destroyed in 1940, and the Avenol papers are at the Quai d’Orsay.
		As has already been mentioned, the greater part of Joseph Avenol’s papers (Deputy Secretary-General 1923-1933, Secretary-General, 1933-40) are kept by the Archives of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
		Among the papers are, for example, an interview with Avenol conducted by Stephen Schwebel (author of "The Secretary-General of the United Nations", 1952) and letters written about Avenol after his death.
	www.unesco.org /archives/guide/uk/unog2/fonds.html (4667 words)

	Bank of Greece - The Bank
		Start of negotiations with the League of Nations for the granting of a loan and the country's return to the gold-exchange standard.
		A four-member committee, headed by Joseph Avenol, arrives in Athens to study the country's economic situation.
		Publication of the findings included in the committee's report to the League of Nations Fiscal Committee.
	www.bankofgreece.gr /en/bank/timeline.asp (3873 words)

	[No title]
		of Argentina 1874-1880 _1837-1885 Avenol, Joseph Louis Anne Fr.
		Quebecois polit.; premier of Quebec 1968-1970 _1916-- Bertrand, Joseph Fr.
		Joseph Abraham Gottlieb) US actor & comedian _1918-- Bishop, John Michael US virologist; NP Med.
	bralyn.net /etext/reference/biography/who-is-who.txt (16337 words)

	CHRONOLOGY OF THE FAMINE YEARS (PART XII) (05/08/83)
		It was received with profound regret, for much of the league's success in its first decade of existence was due to Sir Drummond's tact and skill.
		He was to be succeeded by Joseph Avenol of France.
		Prohibition, which came into effect on January 16, 1920, once again faced a vote in Congress.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/1983/198322.shtml (1478 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| Today in History \| Today in History: December 14
		The League of Nations drops the Soviet Union from its membership.
		Joseph Avenol sold out the League of Nations.
		German Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel orders the construction of defensive positions along the European coastline.
	www.historynet.com /today_in_history/3032551.html (370 words)

	Find in a Library: Betrayal from within; Joseph Avenol, Secretary-General of the League of Nations, 1933-1940.
		Find in a Library: Betrayal from within; Joseph Avenol, Secretary-General of the League of Nations, 1933-1940.
		To find this item in a library, enter a postal code, state, province, or country in the field above.
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	www.worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/2f092854a82fbccc.html (63 words)

	s-g
		The technical bodies were run by faceless functionaries; the League had highly regarded political leadership in the person of its first Secretary-General, Eric Drummond of Britain, but it was not the prestige of office that won respect as much as his personal merit and the super-Power standing of his country.
		His successor, Joseph Avenol of France, quickly dropped into disregard, helping the process along by toadying to the rising Fascist powers; when he resigned in 1940 it was little noted and not long remembered.
		The United Nations Charter does not spell out the role of the Secretary-General.
	www.undiplomatictimes.com /s-g.html (1310 words)

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