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	Linguist Joseph Greenberg dies at age 85: 5/01
		Greenberg set about classifying languages into families and testing similarities in their vocabularies by keeping dozens of notebooks filled with different words for the same thing.
		Greenberg served as chair of the Anthropology Department from 1971 to 1974.
		Greenberg was a fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/news/pr/01/greenberg516.html (863 words)

	Joseph Greenberg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Greenberg's fame rests in part on his seminal contributions to synchronic linguistics and the quest to identify linguistic universals.
		Greenberg is also widely known and respected for his development of a new classification system for African languages, which he published in 1963.
		In 1971 Greenberg proposed the Indo-Pacific languages super-family, which groups together the Papuan languages (several language families spoken in Papua New Guinea and nearby regions which are not Austronesian) together with the native languages of Tasmania and the Andaman Islands, but excludes Australian Aboriginal languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Joseph_H._Greenberg (751 words)

	Joseph H. Greenberg
		Joseph H. Greenberg (May 28, 1915-May 7, 2001) was a prominent but controversial linguist, known for his work in both language classification and typology.
		Greenberg went on later to do similarly speculative work, with the crucial difference that this later work failed to achieve agreement among his fellow scholars, and indeed has been forcefully denounced by many of them.
		Greenberg also promulgated the notion of "implicational universal", which takes the form "if a language has structure X, then it must also have structure Y." For example, X might be mid front rounded vowels and Y high front rounded vowels (for terminology see phonetics).
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/j/jo/joseph_h__greenberg.html (436 words)

	Amerind languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Amerind is one of the three families in Joseph Greenberg's controversial classification of all Native American languages, obtained by his mass lexical comparison method — the other two being Na-Dene and Eskimo-Aleut.
		Greenberg, Joseph H. General classification of Central and South American languages.
		Greenberg, Joseph H. Classification of American Indian languages: A reply to Campbell.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amerind_languages (395 words)

	Joseph Greenberg, Singular Linguist, Dies at 85
		Joseph H. Greenberg, an eminent linguist and classifier of the world's languages, died on May 7 in Stanford, Calif. He was 85.
		Greenberg's effort to work out the historical relationships among most of the world's 5,000 languages is regarded as a monumental work of scholarship but still has critics.
		Greenberg had completed the manuscript of the second volume, on the vocabulary relationships of Eurasiatic, in October last year, a day before his pancreatic cancer was diagnosed.
	www-linguistics.stanford.edu /people/greenberg (1076 words)

	Joseph Greenberg, Historical Linguist, obituary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Joseph Greenberg was a linguistic lumper and his dream of recreating the ur-language of humanity must stand as one of the greatest lumping dreams of all time.
		Greenberg reply was that his linguist critics, “sell their own subject short.” He pointed to broad core correspondences, like the phoneme M in first person Eurasiatic constructions (“me” in English, “mi” in Old Japanese, “mina” in Finnish).
		Greenberg, and the Nostraticists, and others who have tried to talk about language as a unity, dreamed something that may never be provable, but will continue to inspire us as a story that unites the human race as part of an ongoing story.
	www.goodbyemag.com /apr01/greenberg.html (1404 words)

	Joseph H. Greenberg at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Since the development of comparative linguistics in the 19th century, a linguist who claims that two languages are related, in the absence of historical evidence, is expected to back up that claim by presenting general rules that describe the differences between their lexicons, morphologies, and grammars.
		Departing from the traditional criterion, Greenberg did not look for any systematic trend in these similarities, trusting that a sufficiently large percentage $S$ of sufficiently similar pairs among the samples would be enough to prove a common origin for the two languages.
		In theory, the reliability of Greenberg's method could be settled by statistical analysis; namely, by computing the probability that a given similarity level $S$ could have arisen by chance coincidences between totally unrelated languages.
	www.wiki.tatet.com /Joseph_H._Greenberg.html (1215 words)

	Joseph J. Greenberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Joseph J. Greenberg, a Philadelphia Real Estate Developer, builder and broker for more than fifty years, was a member of the Board of Public Education for twenty years.
		Greenberg was born in Baltimore, Maryland on September 28, 1883 and attended the public schools there.
		Greenberg was a member of the Board of Bankers Security Corporation and co-founder of the National Society of Industrial Realtors.
	www.greenberg.phila.k12.pa.us /jjgreenberg.htm (370 words)

	Mathematical Structures of Early Indo-European Numeral Systems
		Greenberg's work in defining categories of language on the basis of the extent to which human languages vary offers a way to capture systematic differences in terms of universal categories of language.
		Interests of Greenberg, the anthropologist, however, also extended to linguistic systems that encoded cultural systems as when he (1978) pointed out that the names of number words may change because a language has adopted a new numeral base.
		Greenberg (1978) established that changes in the linguistics of numeral systems reflected changes in a base.
	greenberg-conference.stanford.edu /Justus_Abstract.htm (584 words)

	ipedia.com: Joseph H. Greenberg Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Joseph Harold Greenberg was a prominent and controversial linguist, known for his work in both language classification and typology.
		Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966) 'The Languages of Africa'.
		Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987) ''Language in the Americas'.
	www.ipedia.com /joseph_h__greenberg.html (686 words)

	Joseph H. Greenberg -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Greenberg was the first to present a unified classification of African languages.
		Greenberg claimed to have arrived at this conclusion by use of mass comparison, a somewhat dubious method he developed that uses similarities in vocabularies among languages to show genetic relation (the method is often criticized for building hypotheses without real evidence).
		Greenberg, Joseph H. American anthropologist and linguist specializing in African languages and in language universals.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9037962 (1064 words)

	Scientist at Work: What We All Spoke When the World Was Young
		Greenberg has grouped most of the world's languages into a small number of clusters based on their similarities.
		Dr. Greenberg's work is of considerable interest to population geneticists trying to reconstruct the path of early human migrations by means of genetic patterning in different peoples.
		In the course of classifying the languages of the Americas, Dr. Greenberg realized that their major families were related to languages on the Eurasian continent, as would be expected if the Americas had been inhabited by people migrating through Siberia.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~anthro/articles/archaeo-language.html (2142 words)

	Joseph Greenberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Dr. Greenberg’s most controversial contribution to anthropology is his work on “The Greenberg Theory.” The Greenberg Theory suggested that the first Americans arrived from Asia in at least three separate waves, each wave giving rise to one of three linguistic groups.
		Greenberg states that this is evident by the genetic code found in the dental records of Native Americans.
		The next era in Dr. Greenberg’s life was his teaching at Stanford University where he taught linguistics with the emphases on African languages.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/information/biography/fghij/greenberg_joseph.html (238 words)

	After layoff, women back at it ::
		While Greenberg is still looking for the best shot, she also believes that the team's best opportunities against the Hawks came when they were running the ball and making St. Joseph's chase them.
		Greenberg said BU will probably start out in a man-to-man defense but will also mix it up as the game goes along.
		However, Greenberg did stress the importance of team defense and the awareness of where every Blackbird is on the floor at all times.
	www.cstv.com /sports/w-baskbl/uwire/112304aah.html (795 words)

	Change as Universals
		This position is an extension of the theory of diachronic typology formulated and practiced by Joseph H. Greenberg, to whom this paper is dedicated.
		It has become clear subsequently that what Greenberg elaborated in the many domains of language that he studied was not a comparative methodology so much as a theory of language that has great potential for explanation.
		Greenberg’s brilliant discovery was that in unrelated families and languages, parts or all of this path of change are attested, and furthermore that the progression along the path is unidirectional.
	www.unm.edu /~jbybee/mechs_univ.htm (5548 words)

	Linguist Joseph Greenberg dies at age 85 : 5/01
		However, when Greenberg proceeded to do the same kind of study of the Americas -- which he wrote about in Language in the Americas -- specialists lined up to oppose his work.
		Later scientists, led by Stanford genetics Professor Luigi L. Cavalli-Sforza, found evidence supporting Greenberg's theory that there are three groups of Native American languages -- a research team discovered that likenesses in specific genes reflected the unity of the groups.
		Greenberg most recently labored to prove the links between what he called "Eurasiatic" languages -- claiming that most of the languages of Europe and Asia, ranging from English to Korean, had common threads.
	news-service.stanford.edu /news/2001/may16/greenberg-516.html (865 words)

	Amazon.com: Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Euroasiatic Language Family : Lexicon: Books: Joseph H. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Greenberg was vindicated, after much vilification, for his work on native American languages as well as sub-saharan African languages.
		joseph greenberg was a world-famous linguist best known for his contributions to the classification of african and amerindian languages.
		greenberg appears not to have consulted the primary works in the case of turkish if the bibliography in volume 2 is anything to go by, and the most important discovery in 20th century turkish linguistics, that of khalaj, a hitherto unknown turkic language discovered in iran, went totally unnoticed in his work.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0804746249?v=glance (1049 words)

	Tales of the linguist
		The presence of languages derived from a common tongue could, according to Greenberg and his scientific followers, be used to trace migrations that long predated written language.
		Greenberg painstakingly examined similarities in common words for, say, hand, mother or heart.
		Toward the end of his life, Greenberg cataloged similarities and differences in tongues on other continents, investigating whether, as he suspected, all languages might be descendents of a mother tongue spoken tens of thousands of years ago.
	whyfiles.org /134africa_sci/4.html (987 words)

	Joseph R. Greenberg, D.M.D., P.C. and Najeed Saleh, D.M.D., Expert Smile Design, Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Greenberg has had numerous radio and TV interviews on dental topics and has been quoted in Philadelphia Magazine, Towne and Country, Main Line Today, Mature Health, and others.
		He has served on editorial boards of professional and lay health magazines, was a member of The Bryn Mawr Hospital Staff, and has contributed many original scientific articles to the dental literature.
		Greenberg has served as Team Dentist to the Philadelphia 76ers and has maintained a private practice on the Main Line (suburban Philadelphia) for over 25 years.
	www.drjrgreenberg.com /staff.htm (512 words)

	Grammatical number - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There is a hierarchy among the categories of number: No language distinguishes a trial unless having a dual, and no language has dual without a plural (Greenberg 1972).
		Some languages differentiate between a basic form (collective) which is indifferent in respect to number, and a more complicated derived form for single entities (singulative).
		Greenberg, Joseph H. (1972) Numeral classifiers and substantival number: Problems in the genesis of a linguistic type.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grammatical_number (1803 words)

	John Benjamins: Contributions by Joseph H. Greenberg
		Greenberg, Joseph H. “The Concept of Proof in Genetic Linguistics”;.
		Greenberg, Joseph H. “The last stages of grammatical elements; contractive and expansive desemanticization”.
		Greenberg, Joseph H. “Relative pronouns and P.I.E. Word order type in the context of the eurasiatic hypothesis”.
	www.benjamins.com /cgi-bin/t_authorview.cgi?author=4728 (307 words)

	Language Log: Kusunda
		As usual with Greenberg's work, the proposal was supported by virtually no evidence of the sort considered probative by historical linguists, and the proposal has not been accepted by most historical linguists.
		The linguistic evidence which Greenberg adduced for Indo-Pacific is unconvincing, and lexical look-alikes and superficial typological similarities in languages cannot convincingly demonstrate a theory of linguistic relationships conceived solely on the basis of the physical attributes of the speakers.
		Almost to a man, historical linguists assume that the attempts by Ruhlen and the late Joseph Greenberg proposing that languages of great antiquity retain traces of their origins in single ancestral languages are irresponsible.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/001038.html (719 words)

	Amazon.com: Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family : Grammar: Books: Joseph H. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Greenberg argues that the Indo-European language family should be seen as part of a superfamily that also includes the Uralic, Altaic, Yukaghir, Gilyak, and Chukotian families; Korean, Japanese, and Ainu (seen as distantly related members of a single family); and the Eskimo-Aleut languages, another family.
		Greenberg's methodology, focusing on the assessment of degrees of probable relationship rather than the quasi-mathematical demonstration of relationship via laws of sound change, is controversial.
		Perhaps the most provocative element of the title is the word "closest." Greenberg argues here for only one linguistic superfamily, equal in status to a number of others--one galaxy, as it were, in the starry heavens.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0804738122?v=glance (769 words)

	Greenberg, Joseph Harold on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		GREENBERG, JOSEPH HAROLD [Greenberg, Joseph Harold] 1915-, American anthropologist and linguist, b.
		The public recently got its first chance to view the critic's holdings, a time capsule of Greenberg's taste during his most influential decades.
		Rocky Mount's Greenberg pleads guilty in tax scam.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/G/GreenberJ1.asp (343 words)

	SULAIR: Linguistics: Amerind Linguistic Debate
		Greenberg, Joseph H. Historical linguistics and unwritten languages.
		Greenberg, Joseph H and Christy Turner II, and Stephen Zegura.
		Exposition and reply by Joseph H.Greenberg, comments by Wallace Chafe, Regna Darnell, Ives Goddard, Dell Hymes, Richard Rogers and David Sapir.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/linguist/greenberg.html (585 words)

	Amazon.com: Language in the Americas: Books: Joseph H. Greenberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In seeking to reconstruct the evolution of language groups and the relationships among their component languages, linguists have become accustomed to comparing a few languages across many words, but Professor Greenberg's approach is the opposite -he looks at a large number of languages across a smaller number of words.
		Greenberg's claim has been rejected by the great majority of specialists for two reasons.
		Second, Greenberg's data have been shown, in a number of published studies (including one by this reviewer), to be riddled with errors.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0804713154?v=glance (1226 words)

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