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Topic: Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
		Joseph II (full name: Joseph Benedikt August Johannes Anton Michel Adam; March 13, 1741 – February 20, 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790.
		Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession.
		Where Joseph differed from great contemporary rulers, and where he was very close akin to the Jacobins, was in the fanatical intensity of his belief in the power of the state when directed by reason, of his right to speak for the state uncontrolled by laws, and of the sensibility of his rule.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (1822 words)

	Joseph II
		Holy Roman emperor, eldest son of the empress Maria Theresa and her husband Francis I, was born on the 13th of March 1741, in the first stress of the War of the Austrian Succession.
		Where Joseph differed from great contemporary rulers, and where he was very close akin to the Jacobins, was in the fanatical intensity of his belief in the power of the state when directed by reason, of his right to speak for the state uncontrolled by laws, and of the reasonableness of his own reasons.
		Joseph II was twice married, first to Isabella, daughter of Philip, duke of Parma, to whom he was attached.
	www.nndb.com /people/636/000101333 (1206 words)

	Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1765-1790) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		His election as king of the Romans, or heir to the Imperial title, became a political issue and was opposed by Prussia when it first came up in 1752, and he was only elected to the title after the end of the Seven Years War (1763).
		He called himself Emperor from the moment Francis I died (August 1765), and became co-ruler with his mother from December 1765, with a slowly increasing level of power.
		Fighting was still going on at the death of Joseph II (20 February 1790).
	www.rickard.karoo.net /articles/people_josephII.html (232 words)

	Cultural Catholic - Pope Pius VI
		Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II of Austria’s eccentric actions were more than an annoyance to Pope Pius VI, so the pope made the long journey to Vienna to convince Joseph II to cease his imperial meddling.
		Simultaneously, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II's brother, Peter Leopold II Grand Duke of Tuscany, instructed his bishop, Bishop Ricci of Pistoia, to pass a number of antipapal resolutions at the 1786 Pistoia synod.
		Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II’s attempts to make the state supreme in matters of conscience matched the French Revolutionaries' drive to set up a state church by means of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790).
	www.culturalcatholic.com /PopePiusVI.htm (626 words)

	Secular german confederacy - Uncyclopedia
		In 1521, held a general assembly, presided by Emperor Charles V, regarding the Diet of Worms in which several issues are resolved including the addessing of Martin Luther and the effects on the Protestant Reformation.
		Emperor Evil who briefly reigned as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire after deposing of his cousin Emperor Elvis, who in the height of Elvis' rule, conspired with 12 of a committee to overthrow him.
		The name "Holy Roman Empire" is one of the biggest oxymorons in history, as it was religiously devided, a Rome wannabe, and did not fit the definition of an empire.
	uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire (713 words)

	Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Joseph was one of the so-called "enlightened monarchs" (also referred to as "enlightened despots").
		Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession.
		Statue of Joseph II in Uničov (Czech Republic).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (1867 words)

	ANTON VON MARON - EMPEROR JOSEPH II, ARCHDUKE OF AUSTRIA
		Joseph II was the first Emperor of the House of Habsburg-Lothringen, the eldest son of Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria (herself the elder daughter of the last Habsburg Emperor, Charles VI), who had married Francis Duke of Lorraine, elected Emperor in 1745.
		Joseph was twice married, first to Isabella-Maria of Bourbon-Parma daughter of Infant Philip of Spain, Duke of Parma, who died in childbirth after three years of marriage; in the following year he married for a second time, to Princess Maria Josefa of Bavaria, who survived only two years.
		Joseph himself died in 1790, of tuberculosis, and was succeeded by his brother Leopold, grand Duke of Tuscany, ancestor of the present Imperial House.
	www.europeanpaintings.com /exhibits/xviiicent/maronjos.htm (606 words)

	Joseph II — FactMonster.com
		Joseph II: Opposition and Failure - Opposition and Failure In fiscal matters Joseph was influenced by the physiocrats.
		Joseph II: Foreign Problems - Foreign Problems Joseph's plan to annex Bavaria to Austria and thus to consolidate his state was...
		Joseph II: Early Reign - Early Reign From the death of his father (1765) to the death of his mother (1780) Joseph ruled the...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0826616.html (141 words)

	Worldroots.com
		(dghtr of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria
		(dghtr of Emperor Franz I Stephan of Austria and Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria)
		Joseph II (1741-1790) as a child abt 1743/44
	worldroots.com /brigitte/royal/habs-j.htm (336 words)

	Holy Roman Empire
		The (second) medieval revival of the Western Roman Empire was referred to as The Holy Roman Empire which lasted from 962 AD to 1806.
		Francis II ruled thereafter as Francis I of the Austrian Empire (established in 1804).
		Usually, the king of Germany became emperor -considered by Europeans the title of most prestige- as soon as he was crowned by the pope.
	www.arcaini.com /italy/italyhistory/HolyRomanEmpire.htm (387 words)

	[No title]
		Coronation of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire, 1521, Sorry this item is sold.
		Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III: Stability of the Reign, 1640, Sorry this item is sold.
		Rudolph II, Ferdinand IV and Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperors:, c.1700, Sorry this item is sold.
	www.christophereimer.co.uk /archive.html (3994 words)

	Timeline Holy Roman Empire
		The Catholic heir to the Hapsburg dynasty, Charles V, was elected Holy Roman Emperor, combining the crowns of Spain, Burgundy (with the Netherlands), Austria and Germany.
		1576 Rudolf II was crowned King of the Holy Roman Empire and moved the Imperial Court from Vienna to Prague.
		1640 Jun 9, Leopold I, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1658-1705), was born.
	timelines.ws /countries/HOLY_ROMAN_EMP.HTML (2979 words)

	Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Leopold II (born Peter Leopold Joseph) (May 5, 1747 – March 1, 1792) was the penultimate Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792 and Grand-duke of Tuscany.
		He and Joseph II were tenderly attached to one another and met frequently both before and after the death of their mother.
		From the east he was threatened by the aggressive ambition of Catherine II of Russia and by the unscrupulous policy of Prussia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (1904 words)

	Catherine II (Catherine the Great) (1729-1796) : Library of Congress Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Title: The education of the enlightened despots; a review of the youth of Louis XV of France, Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, and Catherine II of Russia.
		Catherine -- II, -- Empress of Russia, -- 1729-1796 -- Correspondence.
		Zapiski imperatriktlsy Ekateriny II Catherine II, Empress of Russia, 1729-1796.
	www.mala.bc.ca /~mcneil/cit/citlccathgr1.htm (1200 words)

	Austrian History and Maps
		1556 Abdication of Charles V and partition of the Empire; Ferdinand I, Charles's brother, is crowned emperor and becomes
		1804 Francis II renounces title of head of Roman Empire and becomes emperor of Austria under the name of Francis I. Metternich becomes chancellor.
		1848-1916 Reign of Francis Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.
	www.austriancoins.com /hist.html (844 words)

	Austria - The THE REFORMS OF MARIA THERESA AND JOSEPH II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Joseph, in contrast, gave the reforms an ideological edge reflecting the utilitarian theories of the Enlightenment.
		Joseph's utilitarianism, however, contributed to two important divergences from Maria Theresa's policy: greater religious toleration and suppression of religious institutions and customs deemed contrary to utilitarian principles.
		The utilitarian principles behind religious toleration, however, also inspired Joseph to dissolve Catholic monasteries that were dedicated solely to contemplative religious life and to suppress various traditional Jewish customs he viewed as detrimental to society and a hinderance to the Germanization of the Jewish population.
	countrystudies.us /austria/17.htm (466 words)

	'Amadeus,' Directed by Forman
		On film, the core of this extraordinary drama continues to be the paradox represented by Antonio Salieri who, as court composer to Joseph II, the Holy Roman Emperor, was Mozart's most ferocious adversary as well as the only person in Vienna to comprehend the magnificence of Mozart's gifts.
		Most of the other performances are good, especially those of Jeffrey Jones, as the Emperor, and Roy Dotrice, as Mozart's exacting father, the ''Commendatore'' to his profligate son.
		They include ''The Marriage of Figaro,'' about which the Emperor complains that ''there are too many notes,'' ''The Abduction From the Seraglio'' and ''The Magic Flute,'' and, in one of the film's most imaginative, most hallucinatory sequences, a parody version of ''Don Giovanni,'' whose obscenities, of course, delight the now ailing Mozart.
	www.nytimes.com /1984/09/19/arts/amadeus-oscars.html (1111 words)

	Holy Roman Empire: Emperors — FactMonster.com
		Maximilian II, Holy Roman emperor (1564–76), king of Bohemia (1562–76) and of Hungary (1563–76)
		Ferdinand II, Holy Roman emperor (1619–37), king of Bohemia (1617–37) and of Hungary (1618–37)
		Ferdinand III, Holy Roman emperor - Ferdinand III, 1608–57, Holy Roman emperor (1637–57), king of Hungary (1626–57)...
	www.factmonster.com /ipka/A0775517.html (556 words)

	1780 - Vienna - Freimaurerloge "Zur wahren Eintracht" - History of Scholarly Societies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		According to Rosenstrauch-Königsberg, p.37, on 1781, June 8, Joseph II (Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790) authorized a law on censor reform.
		On p.40 of Rosenstrauch-Königsberg, it is pointed out, however, that although the censor reform certainly meant a broadening of intellectual freedom, it did not mean the abolition of the censor.
		Weisberger (1993), p.149 notes that by late 1785 Joseph was disturbed by the activities of the Illuminati, and also believed that the goals of the freemasons were similar.
	www.scholarly-societies.org /history/1781fmlzwe.html (1275 words)

	Section JD: Descendants of King Clovis the Riparian of Cologne
		Mayor of the Palace and tutor of Dagobert.
		, Holy Roman Emperor, was born between 761 and 802, and died between 717/8 and 912.
		of Flanders, son of (U-5) Count Baldwin II the Bald and (ALS-19) Alfthryth, who was born circa 890, and died on 27 March 965/6.
	armidalesoftware.com /issue/full/Thaler_105_main.html (1743 words)

	August 28: Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor
		The seven "German" electors (the Archbishops of Mainz, Trier and Cologne, the King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, the Duke of Saxony and the Margrave of Brandenburg) chose Ferdinand II to be Holy Roman Emperor.
		They must be dependent on the emperor, not the emperor on them." However, Ferdinand needed the electors' votes if his son, Ferdinand III, was to be made King of Rome, a step that would put him in line to become the next emperor.
		History of Christianity is a survey course designed to stimulate your curiosity by providing glimpses of some of the pivotal events in the spread Christianity and sketches of great Christian figures who have significantly affected Christian history thereby shaping the history of the world.
	chi.gospelcom.net /DAILYF/2002/08/daily-08-28-2002.shtml (756 words)

	AllRefer.com - Online Encyclopedia Topics C : Char - Cher
		• Charles I, emperor of the West and Frankish king
		• Charles II, emperor of the West and king of the West Franks
		• Charles III, emperor of the West, king of the East Franks, and king of the West Franks
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/topics-a-z/C5.html (255 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 86017103 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The emperor Joseph II (1741-90) tried to carry through something like a 'revolution from above' in the vast, varied, and mainly backward provinces of the Austrian Monarchy.
		It describes the claustrophobic atmosphere, in which Joseph was trained to rule, his tragic marriages, and his attempts after 1765 as co-regent with his formidable mother, empress Maria Theresa, to dictate the domestic and foreign policy of the Monarchy.
		The author shows that previous historians have been deceived by false sources and that the picture they have given of the emperor, his strange character, his tempestuous relationship with his mother, and his political aims, needs drastic revision.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/cam031/86017103.html (197 words)

	despotsandothers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Modern History Sourcebook: The Decline of the Holy Roman Empire...
		Austria the the Reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph II
		Catherine II - The Enlightened Despot : University lecture highlights the negative impact of the great ruler's reign on the common Russian people.
	www.fidnet.com /~weid/despotsandothers.html (724 words)

	Holy Roman Empire: Emperors — Infoplease.com
		, Holy Roman emperor (1742–45) and, as Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria (1726–45)
		Author and Authenticity in Conring's New Discourse on the Roman-German Emperor: A Seventeenth-Century Case Study [*].
		York's Roman emperor: Peter Furtado previews a major exhibition opening in York at the end of the month.(FRONTLINE)
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0775517.html (666 words)

	HRE Emperor List
		Henry II of Saxony, king 1002-1014, emperor 1014-1024
		Lothar II, Holy Roman Emperor, king 1125-1133, emperor 1133-1137
		Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire, but the Austrian and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire continued to 1918.
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/hre_emperor_list.htm (155 words)

	Pope John Paul II Leader of the Roman Catholic Church visits the Holy Land - A Papal Apology
		Palestinians, on the other hand, seemed to view the Papal visit to their newly forming state, borne from years of tense negotiations and carved from out of the Israeli occupied West Bank, as a sort of papal validation of their sovereignty over that territory.
		You see, in actuality the doctrine of Papal infallibility is based upon the ancient Roman practice of emperor deification.
		Wherein the Emperor (just a man) was elevated to the status of a living god and therefore considered infallible in his rulership.
	www.truechristian.org /a_papal_apology (787 words)

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