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Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

Joseph II of Austria

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	Joseph II - LoveToKnow 1911
		Where Joseph differed from great contemporary rulers, and where he was very close akin to the Jacobins, was in the fanatical intensity of his belief in the power of the state when directed by reason, of his right to speak for the state uncontrolled by laws, and of the reasonableness of his own reasons.
		Joseph, by threatening to resign his place as co-regent, could induce his mother to abate her dislike to religious toleration.
		Ihr Briefwechsel (1869); and Maria Antoinette, Joseph II.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Joseph_II (1451 words)

	Joseph II. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Joseph’s main piece of legislation was the abolition (1781) of serfdom and feudal dues; he also enabled tenants to acquire their own lands from the nobles for moderate fees and allowed peasants to marry whom they wished and to change their domicile.
		Joseph’s plan to annex Bavaria to Austria and thus to consolidate his state was frustrated in the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778–79); his project to exchange the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria was thwarted (1785) by King Frederick II of Prussia, who formed the Fürstenbund [princes’ league] for that purpose.
		Joseph allied himself with Czarina Catherine II of Russia (whom he accompanied incognito on her Crimean journey), hoping to share in the spoils of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.bartleby.com /65/jo/Joseph2.html (778 words)

	Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession.
		Where Joseph differed from great contemporary rulers, and where he was very close akin to the Jacobins, was in the fanatical intensity of his belief in the power of the state when directed by reason, of his right to speak for the state uncontrolled by laws, and of the sensibility of his rule.
		Joseph was succeeded by his brother Leopold II because he had left no surviving children.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (1869 words)

	Joseph II - Encyclopedia.com
		Joseph II 1741-90, Holy Roman emperor (1765-90), king of Bohemia and Hungary (1780-90), son of Maria Theresa and Holy Roman Emperor Francis I, whom he succeeded.
		Joseph's plan to annex Bavaria to Austria and thus to consolidate his state was frustrated in the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778-79); his project to exchange the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria was thwarted (1785) by King Frederick II of Prussia, who formed the Fürstenbund [princes' league] for that purpose.
		Joseph Shea of Plymouth, 78, WW II vet.(Obituaries)(Obituary)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Joseph2.html (1681 words)

	Joseph II
		Joseph viewed with jealous discontent the intellectual superiority of the Protestant North of Germany, then first dominant over the Catholic South: he also reflected with chafing impatience on Frederick's victories and talent for government, and thence conceived a definite aim in life.
		Joseph was the father of Josephinism, which is nothing else than the highest development of the craving common among secular princes after an episcopal and territorial church.
		Joseph's entire policy was the embodiment of his idea of a centralized empire developing from within and in which all public affairs, political and ecelesiastico-political, were treated as an indivisible whole.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/j/joseph_ii.html (3104 words)

	Joseph II - MSN Encarta
		The eldest son of Emperor Francis I and Empress Maria Theresa, Joseph was born in Vienna on March 13, 1741.
		Joseph eliminated most forms of censorship, freed the serfs, separated the executive from the judiciary, and promulgated a new law code.
		Joseph's reforms met with resistance in many quarters, and before his death in Vienna on February 20, 1790, he was forced to rescind many of them.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/refarticle.aspx?refid=761573857 (286 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Joseph II
		Joseph II German Emperor (reigned 1765-90), of the House of Hapsburg-Lorraine, son and successor of Maria Theresa and Francis I. Of his mother's sixteen children he was the most difficult to manage, and her attempts to frighten him by threats of the spirit-world only laid the foundations of his
		Joseph's entire policy was the embodiment of his idea of a centralized empire developing from within and in which all public affairs, political and ecelesiastico-political, were treated as an indivisible whole.
		In this way Joseph to a certain extent satisfied his distrust of the ecclesiastical administration of property, while the same was placed at the service of the heavily encumbered state treasury.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08508b.htm (3013 words)

	Joseph II
		Holy Roman emperor, eldest son of the empress Maria Theresa and her husband Francis I, was born on the 13th of March 1741, in the first stress of the War of the Austrian Succession.
		Joseph II was twice married, first to Isabella, daughter of Philip, duke of Parma, to whom he was attached.
		After her death on the 27th of November 1763, a political marriage was arranged with Josepha, daughter of Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria (the emperor Charles VII).
	www.nndb.com /people/636/000101333 (1206 words)

	Joseph II — FactMonster.com
		Joseph II Joseph II, 1741–90, Holy Roman emperor (1765–90), king of Bohemia and Hungary (1780–90), son of
		Joseph II: Foreign Problems - Foreign Problems Joseph's plan to annex Bavaria to Austria and thus to consolidate his state...
		Joseph II: Early Reign - Early Reign From the death of his father (1765) to the death of his mother (1780) Joseph ruled the...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0826616.html (139 words)

	Amazon.ca: Suk, Joseph (ii) - Classical: Music
		Joseph, Head of the Holy Family: A list by Heartland Catholic "Laura"
		Unaccompanied Vln Sons And Par by Joseph (ii) Suk (Performer) and Johann Sebastian Bach (Composer) by EMI (Audio CD - 2003)
		V1 Sons For Harps/Viola by Joseph (ii) Suk (Performer) and Johann Sebastian Bach (Composer) by Praga (Audio CD - 1998)
	www.amazon.ca /s/ref=dp_mu_cd_12/702-5499521-6620012?ie=UTF8&search-alias=classical&keywords=Suk%2C%20Joseph%20%28ii%29 (339 words)

	VGo Recordings - CD Store
		As the Director of Boston GuitarFest, I am more than proud to join Vicente Go of VGo Recordings in presenting our joint first prize winners, Steve Lin and Joseph Williams II, in their CD debuts featuring an unusual and varied program of virtuoso guitar music of 3 centuries.
		The disc was originally intended to feature the top prize classical guitar competitor from the 2006 Boston GuitarFest, however, come the time of the competition the festival unexpectedly found itself with an even number of adjudicators.
		These four jury members in turn could not agree whether Steve Lin or Joseph Williams II was more deserving of the award.
	www.vgorecordings.com /CDs/VG1013.HTM (672 words)

	Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession.
		Where Joseph differed from great contemporary rulers, and where he was very close akin to the Jacobins, was in the fanatical intensity of his belief in the power of the state when directed by reason, of his right to speak for the state uncontrolled by laws, and of the sensibility of his rule.
		Joseph was succeeded by his brother Leopold II because he had left no surviving children.
	www.search.com /reference/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (1773 words)

	ANTON VON MARON - EMPEROR JOSEPH II, ARCHDUKE OF AUSTRIA
		Joseph II was the first Emperor of the House of Habsburg-Lothringen, the eldest son of Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria (herself the elder daughter of the last Habsburg Emperor, Charles VI), who had married Francis Duke of Lorraine, elected Emperor in 1745.
		Joseph was twice married, first to Isabella-Maria of Bourbon-Parma daughter of Infant Philip of Spain, Duke of Parma, who died in childbirth after three years of marriage; in the following year he married for a second time, to Princess Maria Josefa of Bavaria, who survived only two years.
		Joseph himself died in 1790, of tuberculosis, and was succeeded by his brother Leopold, grand Duke of Tuscany, ancestor of the present Imperial House.
	www.europeanpaintings.com /exhibits/xviiicent/maronjos.htm (606 words)

	Joseph II (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Joseph II Joseph II Joseph II was born on 13 March 1741 to Maria Theresia and Francis Stephen of Lorraine.
		Joseph married the Bourbon princess Isabella of Parma.
		Joseph married Maria Josepha (it is said by some sources, she was very homely) and became emperor when his father died in 1765.
	m.wjms.jordan.k12.ut.us /HAPSBURG/Joseph%20II (1086 words)

	Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor Summary
		Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession.
		Where Joseph differed from great contemporary rulers, and where he was very close akin to the Jacobins, was in the fanatical intensity of his belief in the power of the state when directed by reason, of his right to speak for the state uncontrolled by laws, and of the sensibility of his rule.
		Joseph was succeeded by his brother Leopold II because he had left no surviving children.
	www.bookrags.com /Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (2927 words)

	The Stennetts of England
		Joseph II is very concerned because some people do not believe in "the proper priesthood of our Lord Jesus Christ" and His atonement for sin.
		Joseph I urged a humble search for truth; Joseph II is more interested in theological orthodoxy and, in materials available to me, he has nothing to say about humility.
		Joseph II had witnessed both the battle against Deists and the rise of the Evangelical Revival which had indirectly but effectually contributed to the downfall of Deism.
	www.blue-hare.com /stennett/joseph2/j2t.html (984 words)

	Romania The Reign of Joseph II - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Joseph ordered the revolt repressed but granted amnesty to all participants except Ursu and other leaders, whom the nobles tortured and put to death before peasants brought to witness the execution.
		Joseph, aiming to strike at the rebellion's root causes, emancipated the serfs, annulled Transylvania's constitution, dissolved the Union of Three Nations, and decreed German the official language of the empire.
		Joseph II's Germanization decree triggered a chain reaction of national movements throughout the empire.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/romania/romania_history_the_reign_of_joseph_ii.html (421 words)

	Joseph, II Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Joseph II (1741-1790) was Holy Roman emperor from 1765 to 1790.
		Her succession, challenged by Frederick II of Prussia, had unleashed a general European war (War of the Austrian Succession), and the fact that Maria Theresa had previously given birth to three daughters had raised further questions about the succession.
		The reforms that Joseph now introduced had, with few exceptions, been under consideration in his mother's reign and were organically related to policies formulated under her.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/joseph-ii (1202 words)

	Austria THE REFORMS OF MARIA THERESA AND JOSEPH II - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, ...
		Joseph, in contrast, gave the reforms an ideological edge reflecting the utilitarian theories of the Enlightenment.
		Joseph's utilitarianism, however, contributed to two important divergences from Maria Theresa's policy: greater religious toleration and suppression of religious institutions and customs deemed contrary to utilitarian principles.
		The utilitarian principles behind religious toleration, however, also inspired Joseph to dissolve Catholic monasteries that were dedicated solely to contemplative religious life and to suppress various traditional Jewish customs he viewed as detrimental to society and a hinderance to the Germanization of the Jewish population.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/austria/austria_history_the_reforms_of_maria_theresa_and_joseph_ii.html (498 words)

	Prague.st - Joseph II
		Joseph II The eldest son of Mary Theresa was very ambitious from an early age.
		Joseph initiated the use of German language in operas and had Mozart compose the scandalous “Escape from Serail” for this purpose.
		Joseph died in 1790 and was succeeded by his younger brother Leopold.
	www.prague.st /city-info/static/eng/czech-history/important-czech-personalities/joseph-ii.php (587 words)

	Joseph, Part II (Site not responding. Last check: )
		And to Joseph in the land of Egypt were born Manasseh and Ephraim, whom Asenath, the daughter of Poti-Pherah priest of On, bore to him.
		Joseph was married to the daughter of Poti-Pherah, an Egyptian.
		So they brought their livestock to Joseph, and Joseph gave them bread in exchange for the horses, the flocks, the cattle of the herds, and for the donkeys.
	www.talentsministries.org /Sermons/joseph2.html (5107 words)

	JOSEPH SEFTON DUNCAN, II
		Joseph Sefton Duncan,II is a voluntary deadbeat biological father who was raised in the New York/Pennsylvania areas.
		Joseph Duncan is now the father of 6 children by many different mothers-emotionally and financially abandoning all of them except for the youngest.
		Joseph Sefton Duncan, II is 34 years old and was born on January 4, 1967.
	mrsdjl.tripod.com /josephseftonduncan (397 words)

	Romania - The Reign of Joseph II (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Joseph ordered the revolt repressed but granted amnesty to all participants except Ursu and other leaders, whom the nobles tortured and put to death before peasants brought to witness the execution.
		Joseph, aiming to strike at the rebellion's root causes, emancipated the serfs, annulled Transylvania's constitution, dissolved the Union of Three Nations, and decreed German the official language of the empire.
		Joseph II's Germanization decree triggered a chain reaction of national movements throughout the empire.
	www.countrystudies.us /romania/10.htm (394 words)

	The Mass of Vatican II
		Joseph Fessio, S.J. This essay is based on a lecture on the liturgy given by Father Fessio in May, 1999.
		Mass facing the people is a not requirement of Vatican II; it is not in the spirit of Vatican II; it is definitely not in the letter of Vatican II.
		Father Joseph Fessio, S.J. is the publisher of Ignatius Press and chancellor of Ave Maria University in Venice Florida.
	www.catholiceducation.org /articles/religion/re0540.html (5963 words)

	The Stennetts of England, Chapter III
		Joseph Stennett II was born in London on November 6, 1692.
		Likewise, Joseph Stennett II received his honorary Doctor of Divinity degree from the University of Edinburgh, the degree being conferred on him in 1754.
		Joseph II, by that time, was getting up in years, and his wife had died some years previous, but as he left a widow when he died, apparently he had remarried.
	www.blue-hare.com /stennett/joseph2/j2l.html (4550 words)

	Joseph II - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Joseph II Volume 1, In the Shadow of Maria Theresa, 1741—1780
		The emperor Joseph II (1741-90) tried to carry through something like a 'revolution from above' in the vast, varied, and mainly backward provinces of the Austrian Monarchy.
		It describes the claustrophobic atmosphere, in which Joseph was trained to rule, his tragic marriages, and his attempts after 1765 as co-regent with his formidable mother, empress Maria Theresa, to dictate the domestic and foreign policy of the Monarchy.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521242401 (260 words)

	Sgt-Joseph-Minucci-Hero (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As is the tradition at these memorials someone, a close friend, talks for a few moments about their fallen comrade.
		Joseph Minucci II, 23, of Richeyville, Pa, was killed on Nov. 13 in Samara, Iraq.
		Joseph Minucci II never voiced regrets about serving his country.
	www.brandonblog.com /Sgt-Joseph-Minucci-Hero.html (1150 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Austrian Netherlands : Joseph II., 1780-1790
		In 1781 Joseph II., by ordering the Barrier fortresses (still occupied by Dutch forces) to be razed, in all effect cancelled the Barrier Treaty; Dutch troops were withdrawn.
		Actually, Emperor Joseph now again considered the plan exchanging the (rich) Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria (1784), in order to consolidate their possessions, a plan which never materialized, but indicated the Viennese administration's attitude toward the Austrian Netherlands.
		Joseph made, incognito, an inspection tour of the Southern Netherlands (1781); he granted religious toleration to protestants (1781) and declared them qualified for public office, to enjoy civic rights, to attend universities, to construct their 'temples'.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/lowcountries/austneth3.html (1113 words)

	Austria - The THE REFORMS OF MARIA THERESA AND JOSEPH II (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Joseph, in contrast, gave the reforms an ideological edge reflecting the utilitarian theories of the Enlightenment.
		Joseph's utilitarianism, however, contributed to two important divergences from Maria Theresa's policy: greater religious toleration and suppression of religious institutions and customs deemed contrary to utilitarian principles.
		The utilitarian principles behind religious toleration, however, also inspired Joseph to dissolve Catholic monasteries that were dedicated solely to contemplative religious life and to suppress various traditional Jewish customs he viewed as detrimental to society and a hinderance to the Germanization of the Jewish population.
	countrystudies.us /austria/17.htm (466 words)

	Joseph Read, II
		Joseph Read II was the seventh child and fourth son of Joseph and Sarah Read.
		Joseph and Mary Read are buried next to one another in Union Brick Cemetery on Heller Hill Road in Blairstown Township, Warren County, New Jersey near the intersection of Heller Hill and Union Brick Roads.
		Joseph Read IV, the youngest son of Joseph and Mary Read is buried at the foot of their graves.
	www.charm.net /~edrtjd/readgen/9fam.htm (1565 words)

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