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	Proust, Joseph Louis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		He was the first to state the principle of constant composition of compounds - that compounds consist of the same proportions of elements wherever found.
		Proust was born in Angers and trained as an apothecary.
		In 1799 Proust prepared and analysed copper carbonate produced in various ways and compared the results with those obtained by analysing mineral deposits of the same substance; he found that they all had the same composition.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/P/Proust/1.html (162 words)

	Joseph Louis Proust (1754-1826) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Proust played a major role as chemical annalist, establishing the steadiness of the composition of chemical compounds.
		For this contributed the prestige of Berthellot, who admitted that the composition of different substances depended on the concentration of reagents used in the reactions.
		Proust based his work on the study of copper carbonate reactions performed in the laboratory.
	nautilus.fis.uc.pt /st2.5/scenes-e/biog/b0059.html (218 words)

	Atoms
		Opposed to Berthollet's view was the opinion of Joseph Louis Proust (1754-1826), who did his work in Spain, safe (for a time) from the upheavals of the French Revolution.
		Using painstakingly careful analysis, Proust showed, in 1799, that copper carbonate, for instance, contained definite proportions by weight of copper, carbon, and oxygen, no matter how it was prepared in the laboratory or how it was isolated from natural sources.
		Proust went on to show that a similar situation was true for a number of other compounds, and formulated the generalization that all compounds contained elements in certain definite proportions and in no other combinations, regardless of the conditions under which they were produces.
	www.3rd1000.com /history/atoms.htm (5553 words)

	Quantitative experimental evidence available to Dalton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		He was influenced by the experiments of two Frenchmen, Antoine Lavoisier and Joseph Louis Proust.
		Joseph Louis Proust (1754-1826) - Formulated the Law of Constant Porportions: "In a compound, the contsitutne elements are always present in a definite proportion by weight." Like Lavoisier, Proust also conducted quantitative experiments.
		Proust's research on copper in his own words.
	members.optushome.com.au /scottsofta/P03DaltEvid.htm (295 words)

	history_proust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In most of these experiments, Proust reacted several of the elements with oxygen and observed that the oxygen content of the product of these reactions was always fixed at one or two values, rather than displaying a broad range of possible values.
		For example, Proust measured that the product of iron and oxygen might contain 27% oxygen or 48% oxygen, but not an intermediate composition, or that the product of copper and oxygen might contain 18% oxygen or 25% oxygen, but not an intermediate composition.
		While the law of definite proportions might seem trivially true to the modern chemist, inherent in the very definition of a chemical compound, this was not so at the end of the 18th century, when the concept of a chemical compound had not yet been fully developed.
	www.ucdsb.on.ca /tiss/stretton/chem1/history_Proust.html (542 words)

	General Chemistry Online: FAQ: Matter: Who was the first to classify materials as "compounds"?
		French chemist Joseph Louis Proust painstakingly determined the elemental composition of a series of metal oxides, hydroxides, and sulfides.
		Proust's "invisible hand" was evident in many quantitative analyses and syntheses of compounds made by other 18th century chemists.
		Proust's new law was immediately challenged by contemporary Claude Berthollet.
	antoine.frostburg.edu /chem/senese/101/matter/faq/who-defined-compounds.shtml (658 words)

	A History of Science Volume IV - Chapter III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		But this contention of the master was most actively disputed, in particular by Louis Joseph Proust, and all chemists of repute were obliged to take sides with one or the other.
		For a time the authority of Berthollet held out against the facts, but at last accumulated evidence told for Proust and his followers, and towards the close of the first decade of our century it came to be generally conceded that chemical elements combine with one another in fixed and definite proportions.
		During these same years the rising authority of the French chemical world, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, was conducting experiments with gases, which he had undertaken at first in conjunction with Humboldt, but which later on were conducted independently.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/sci/history/AHistoryofScienceVolumeIV/chap9.html (2186 words)

	Grace 7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Proust taught chemistry in several universities and experimented in many areas of chemistry.
		Proust obtained sugar from grapes and did other research on foods, I thought it particularly interesting since there was information in my messages that discussed the chemical break down of foods in the body, illnesses that could occur if the body was affected by negative emotions and attitudes.
		Proust was part of the source giving me this information, then it would be safe to say that he was still interested in chemistry and trying to pass on ideas for new research.
	www.cosmicconnections.com /grace_7.htm (1905 words)

	Chemistry 103 Notes
		One of the scientist, Berthollet's believed it was the latter but Joseph Louis Proust (1754 - 1826), who fled to Spain to avoid the revolution believed Berthollet was wrong and that the elements did combine in fixed and definite proportions, independent of the method of preparation.
		It was the English Chemist and school teacher, John Dalton (1766 - 1844) who looked at many of these earlier ideas and prompted by his own discovery that two elements could combine in different proportions under different conditions, but the resulting compounds were different.
		French chemist, Joseph louis Gay-Lussac (1778 - 1850), expanded this work and in 1808 announced the "Law of combining volumes" In this he said that when gases combined, they did so in small whole number ratios.
	chemistry.mtu.edu /~pcharles/SCIHISTORY/05atoms.html (1614 words)

	Dalton and atoms
		Joseph Louis Proust (1754 to 1826), teaching at Madrid in 1799 showed that the composition of copper carbonate is fixed, no matter where it is obtained or how it is synthesized.
		Believing that there is no difference between solutions and compounds, he argued that Proust's law of constant proportions was an accidental effect of saturated solutions.
		However, by 1808 Proust's Law of Constant Composition was accepted by nearly all chemists.
	homepage.mac.com /dtrapp/periodic.f/dalton.html (604 words)

	Science 122 Program 25 Atomic Theory
		Proust was able to show that Berthollet was analyzing impure compounds
		Proust demonstrated that Berthollet was seeing various mixtures of two separate compounds of copper and two of tin
		One of these is the Law of Combining Volumes, stated by Joseph Guy- Lussac, which notes that the volumes of products and reactants of reacting gases always occur in small integer ratios.
	honolulu.hawaii.edu /distance/sci122/Programs/p25/p25.html (2283 words)

	November 6 - Today in Science History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In 1758 Louis XV made de Jussieu superintendent of the royal garden at Trianon near Paris, in which all plants cultivated in France were to be reared.
		The genera are not arranged systematically in groups according to a single characteristic, but after consideration of all the characteristics, which, however, are not regarded as of equal value.
		Though he incorrectly concluded that elements unite in all proportions, his resulting controversy with the chemist Joseph-Louis Proust led to the establishment of the law of definite proportions.
	www.todayinsci.com /11/11_06.htm (1846 words)

	JOSEPH LOUIS PROUST - LoveToKnow Article on JOSEPH LOUIS PROUST (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		JOSEPH LOUIS PROUST - LoveToKnow Article on JOSEPH LOUIS PROUST
		In 1799 he proved that carbonate of copper, whether natural or artificial, always has the same composition, and later he showed that the two oxides of tin and the two sulphides of iron always contain the same relative weights of their components and that no intermediate indeterminate compounds exist.
		Proust also investigated the varieties of sugar that occur in sweet vegetable juices, distinguishing three kinds, and he showed that the sugar in grapes, of which he announced the existence to his classes at Madrid in 1799, is identical with that obtained from honey by the Russian chemist J. Lowitz (1757-1804).
	55.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PR/PROUST_JOSEPH_LOUIS.htm (332 words)

	EXplorations in Medicine
		(Link to a biographical paragraph on Proust or a picture of him.) * William Prout, noting that densities of gases are multiples of the density of hydrogen, speculates that hydrogen may be the primary material from which all other materials are made (1815-16).
		Link to a biographical sketch of Davy.) * Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Thenard (1809): attempts to decompose "oxygenated muriatic acid" (the gas which we know as chlorine) prove difficult; the authors consider the possibility that it is an element, but are not convinced.
		(Link to biographical information on Paracelsus.) * Joseph Priestley: a report describing the discovery of oxygen in terms which continue to embrace the phlogiston theory; it is refreshing in Priestley's frank admission of astonishment at the results he describes.
	interzone.com /~cheung/SUM.dir/med77.html (2537 words)

	AllRefer.com - Joseph Louis Proust (Chemistry, Biography) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Joseph Louis Proust[zhOzef´ lwE prOOst] Pronunciation Key, 1754–1826, French chemist.
		He discovered grape sugar and established the law of definite proportions (sometimes known as Proust's law), which states that in any compound the elements are present in a fixed proportion by weight.
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on Joseph Louis Proust
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/Proust-J.html (171 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Joseph Proust
		Joseph, Saint, in the New Testament, husband of the Virgin Mary.
		Most of what is known about him is contained in the first two chapters of the books...
		Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers--quickly search thousands of articles from magazines such as Time, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly, and Smithsonian.
	encarta.msn.com /Joseph_Proust.html (115 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Proust
		Proust, Marcel (1871-1922), French writer, creator of the 16-volume À la recherche du temps perdu (1913-27), the lengthy cyclic novel known in...
		Joseph Louis Proust was born in Angers and educated in Paris.
		When the Zulus have a Tolstoy, we will read him.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Proust.html (72 words)

	The Mark Discordia Singles Tournament (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		First put forth by Joseph Louis Proust in a paper published in 1794, it forms the basis for the fourth postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory, which holds that a given compounds always has the same relative number and kind of atoms.
		Named for a phrase in the Brabantian law invoked as justification, this war’s roots were a dowry agreement which provided for money instead of land to accompany the marriage of Marie Thérèse of Spain.
		When neither land nor money was transferred, and Phillip IV of Spain died, Louis XIV nullified the agreement and invaded the Netherlands.
	quizbowl.stanford.edu /archive/discord01/DP4.htm (1433 words)

	Matter & Molecules: Faces—The Human Dimension
		Once Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier had revolutionized chemistry, the stage was set for Dalton to provide the theory that has underlain practical chemistry for nearly 200 years.
		Drawing on Lavoisier’s observation that matter is never created or destroyed in chemical reactions, and Joseph-Louis Proust’s observation that compounds always contain the same ratios of their component elements, Dalton thought the only reasonable conclusion was that matter was made of small indivisible particles, called atoms.
		Elements were made of identical atoms, while compounds were made of different kinds of atoms joined together to form tiny assemblies that would later be called molecules.
	www.chemheritage.org /explore/matter-dalton.html (274 words)

	Proust copper carbonate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Joseph-Louis Proust reported preparing a copper carbonate compound.
		He analyzed the compound by heating it, driving off first water and then "carbonic acid"; what was left was a copper oxide.
		He said that from 180 pounds[1] of copper carbonate he drove off 10 pounds of water and 46 of "carbonic acid" (carbon dioxide); the residual copper oxide contained 100 pounds copper and 25 oxygen.
	webserver.lemoyne.edu /~GIUNTA/classicalcs/proust.html (235 words)

	Berthollet, Claude-Louis, Comte -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Though he incorrectly concluded that elements unite in all proportions, his resulting controversy with the chemist Joseph-Louis Proust led to the establishment of...
		Includes a selection of the artist's photographic work along with a discussion of her androgyny and use of disguises.
		Provides interactive maps; details about cities covering cultural attractions and outdoor activities; searchable listings of hotels, campgrounds, restaurants, and tourist offices; materials on ski resorts, gastronomy, and the arts; suggested itineraries; and a calendar of events.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9078896?tocId=9078896 (701 words)

	Time Line for Thermodynamics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Joseph Black begins to report results from his experiments aimed at understanding heat.
		Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford) read before the Royal Society (London) "An Experimental Inquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction." The experiments show that heat is not conserved, contradicting the caloric theory of heat.
		By careful experimental analysis, Joseph Louis Proust establishes the law of definite proportions, which will have a deep influence on John Dalton.
	www.macatea.com /workshop/timeline.shtml (1540 words)

	ANTONIN PROUST - LoveToKnow Article on ANTONIN PROUST
		ANTONIN PROUST - LoveToKnow Article on ANTONIN PROUST
		On the 20th of March 1905 he shot himself in the head, dying of the wound two days later.
		To properly cite this ANTONIN PROUST article in your work, copy the complete reference below:
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PR/PROUST_ANTONIN.htm (182 words)

	Atoms of Definite Weight: Dalton
		The laws of definite and multiple proportions are also associated with Dalton, for they can be explained by his atomic hypothesis.
		The law of multiple proportions came to be regarded as an empirical law quite independent of its relation to the atomic hypothesis or perhaps as an empirical law that inspired the atomic hypothesis; however, Roscoe and Harden have shown that in Dalton's mind it was a testable prediction which followed from the atomic hypothesis.
		Dalton refers to Claude Louis Berthollet's ideas on the proportions by mass of elements in compound bodies.
	webserver.lemoyne.edu /~GIUNTA/EA/DALTONann.HTML (4684 words)

	Lesson 9
		The law of constant proportions states that a given pure compound always contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by mass.
		, an English chemist and school teacher, using Proust's law, argued for the existence of atoms.
		He said that atoms belonging to a given element were exactly the same throughout the sample of that element.
	www.dis.dpi.state.nd.us /ISC/classes/example/PHYS1/L9.html (2914 words)

	Evidence for Atoms - CHF Chemistry WebQuest #2
		Sur les mines de cobalt, nickel et autres
		—two papers by Joseph-Louis Proust, hosted by Carmen Giunta's Classic Chemistry from Le Moyne College.
		Your report should answer all the questions listed in the Process section.
	www.chemheritage.org /EducationalServices/webquest/dalton.htm (746 words)

	Proust, Joseph Louis on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Genius of Language: Fifteen Writers Reflect on Their Mother Tongues.(Book Review)
		Publication: National Catholic Reporter; Author: CUNNEEN, JOSEPH ; Source: MAGAZINES
		Publication: St. Louis Post-Dispatch; Author: Esther Talbot Fenning Special To The St. Charles Post ; Source: NEWSPAPERS
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/P/Proust-J1.asp (194 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		- John Dalton (1766-1844) was able to supply experimental results to forcefully revive the idea of the atom; influenced by the experiments of two Frenchmen, Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) and Joseph Louis Proust (1754-1826)
		Joseph Louis Proust: the Law of Definite Porportions
		- theory modified and extended by Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg, Louis de Broglie, and others in 1926 --> referred to as the quantum theory (or wave mechanical theory or Schrödinger's theory)
	www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu /~rfietkau/SCI_CH03_99F.htm (2449 words)

	Proust, Joseph Louis - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK
		Proust, Joseph Louis - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK or LOGIN
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	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/search/search.php?searchtext=alaska&enc=38887 (203 words)

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