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Topic: Joseph Mobutu

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	Mobutu Sese Seko - MSN Encarta
		After Mobutu was overthrown in 1997, Zaire was renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
		Born Joseph Désiré Mobutu in Lisala in the north of the former Belgian colony of Belgian Congo, Mobutu was educated in missionary schools.
		Mobutu consolidated his power by sharing the country’s wealth with political allies, a system often described as a kleptocracy.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761578969/Mobutu_Sese_Seko.html (1083 words)

	Mobutu Sese Seko Summary
		Mobutu Sese Seko was born Joseph Désiré Mobutu on Oct. 14, 1930, at Lisala.
		Mobutu also might be considered as the influence to some of the characters in the works of writers such as Wole Soyinka in his poetry, V.S. Naipaul in A Bend in the River or Chinua Achebe in Anthills of the Savannah.
		Mobutu appointed Kengo Wa Dondo, an advocate of austerity and free-market reforms, as prime minister.
	www.bookrags.com /Mobutu_Sese_Seko (3339 words)

	Mobutu
		Mobutu, whose speech was given on the rear terrace of the presidential bungalow, pledged to pursue a transition toward democracy that has been stalled for six years.
		Mobutu, who seized power in a military coup in 1965, has never been elected to the presidency, and Zaire is the only country in Central Africa not to have organized national elections since a wave of democratization swept much of Africa in the early 1990s.
		Mobutu's deep unpopularity forced him to move to a riverboat at the turn of the decade, and finally, in 1991, to his village in northern Zaire, where his grip on day-to-day affairs slowly but inevitably declined.
	www.edlis.org /twice/threads/mobutu.html (3053 words)

	Mobutu Sese Seko, Dictator of the Month July, 2006
		Born Joseph-Désiré Mobutu on October 14, 1930 in the Belgian Congo (as it was then known), Mobutu was the son of Albéric Gbemani, a cook.
		Mobutu's former education minister, Pierre Mulele, who had fought a guerrilla war in 1964, was lured back to the country from exile by an amnesty promise, only to be tortured and executed by Mobutu's soldiers.
		In 1974, after a visit to China and North Korea, Mobutu's views took a radical shift, and he proclaimed a "radicalization of the revolution." All foreign-owned businesses, plantations, and estates were confiscated, allegedly to be given to "sons of the country," but in reality to cronies of the regime.
	www.dictatorofthemonth.com /Mobutu/Jul2006MobutuEN.htm (1650 words)

	Zaire 1975-1978 KH
		By 1975, President Mobutu Sese Seko (nee Joseph Mobutu), the Zairian strongman regarded by the CIA as one of its "successes" in Africa, had ruled over his hapless impoverished subjects for 10 long years.
		Mobutu, One observer of Zaire has written, rules by decree with a grotesque impulsiveness that seems to shock even his former [CIA] case officers.
		Mobutu urgently requested help from Zaire's traditional arms suppliers, Belgium, France and the United States, to put down this threat to his control of the mineral-rich Shaba province which accounted for about 70 percent of Zaire's foreign exchange.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Blum/Zaire_KH.html (1528 words)

	BBC News \| AFRICA \| DR Congo's troubled history
		As Mobutu stashed much of the country's economic output in European banks, Zaire became the most notorious example of a country where state institutions came to be little more than a way of delivering money to the ruling elite.
		When Mobutu's soldiers threatened to rebel over unpaid wages, he would either order the printing of more banknotes to pay off the troops in a downward-spiralling currency - or simply give the soldiers to pillage to their own satisfaction.
		Mobutu's siphoning of the country's wealth gave way to large-scale looting as the ageing dictator lost his grip on power in the early 1990s - and the mining industry has scarcely functioned since then.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/1120825.stm (809 words)

	Timeline of Events
		September 14, 1960--Colonel Joseph Desire Mobutu, the army's 29-year-old chief of staff, intercedes militarily in a power struggle between President Joseph Kasavubu and Premier Patrice Lumumba, and arrests Lumumba.
		Mobutu is elected president in a one-candidate poll November 1.
		Mobutu suppresses the rebellion with the help of troops from Morocco and military assistance from his Western allies, including the U.S. and France.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~ajavoryi/timeline.html (660 words)

	Official Web Site of the Permanent Mission of the Democratic Republic of The Congo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Power was concentrated in Mobutu, who, backed by Western intelligence agencies that saw in him a foil to such leftist states as Angola, established a one-party state and a cult of personality.
		The revolt was suppressed in 1965 by the Congolese army, led by Mobutu.
		Joseph Kabila was born on December 4 1971, at Hewa Bora, South Kivu.
	www.un.int /drcongo/history (1054 words)

	Mobutu Sese Seko - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mobutu Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu wa za Banga (October 14, 1930 – September 7, 1997), known commonly as Mobutu, or Joseph Mobutu-Sese Seko, born Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, was the President of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) for 32 years (1965–1997).
		Mobutu was born in Lisala, Belgian Congo, a member of the Ngbandi ethnic group.
		Mobutu also might be considered as the inspiration behind some of the characters in the works of the poetry of Wole Soyinka, the novel A Bend in the River by V.S. Naipaul, and Anthills of the Savannah by Chinua Achebe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Joseph_Mobutu (5982 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Mobutu
		Mobutu at Amazon.com Qualified orders over $25 ship free Millions of titles, new and used.
		Born Joseph Désiré Mobutu, he returned from study in Brussels to the then Belgian Congo, joining the nationalist movement in 1956.
		Kasavubu, Joseph, 1917?-1969, African political leader, president of the Republic of the Congo (1960-65, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo).
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Mobutu (637 words)

	GLOBAL VILLAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Joseph MOBUTU seized power and declared himself president in a November 1965 coup.
		MOBUTU retained his position for 32 years through several subsequent sham elections as well as through the use of brutal force.
		A transitional government was set up in July 2003; Joseph KABILA remains as president and is joined by four vice presidents representing the former government, former rebel groups, and the political opposition.
	www.globalvillagemediagroup.com /cg.html (319 words)

	TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents
		Parliamentary elections in 1960 produced Patrice Lumumba as prime minister and Joseph Kasavubu as president of the renamed Democratic Republic of the Congo.
		Mobutu quickly centralized power into his own hands and was elected unopposed as president in 1970.
		In late 1989 and early 1990, Mobutu was weakened by a series of domestic protests, by heightened international criticism of his regime's human rights practices, and by a faltering economy.
	www.traveldocs.com /zr/history.htm (692 words)

	Catholic World News : Death Throes of a Regime
		That was the beginning of a long story--covering 31 years, at this writing--of continuous rule, dominated by corruption in high places, multiple human-rights violations, contempt for genuine democracy, and finally a total breakdown of the rule of law.
		Zaire's 784-member parliament was born of a political crisis in 1990, and the newly installed legislators, responded decisively to their new responsibility, managed to strip Mobutu of much of his legal authority.
		The rebels are now determined to topple the Mobutu government within a matter of days; at the time of this writing they are making what appears to be the final military approach on the capital city of Kinshasa.
	www.cwnews.com /news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=21003 (1611 words)

	234. Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, ...
		Mobutu is seriously worried with what he considers the dangerous penetration of neighboring countries by the Chinese Communists, particularly in Congo (Brazzaville).
		Mobutu wants to establish a naval force of about 50 patrol craft to operate on the Atlantic Coast, the Congo River and his extensive eastern lakes.
		Mobutu's plan is extremely ambitious and beyond U.S. capabilities to support, especially since we will no longer provide grant military aid to the Congo in view of their own increasing economic viability.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e5/54755.htm (1488 words)

	'Mobutu, King of Zaire': How a Soldier Grew Into a Monster
		Here, once more, is Joseph Mobutu the young soldier, Mobutu the young journalist, Mobutu the young private secretary to the African nationalist Patrice Lumumba at the negotiations in Brussels that led to the Congo's independence from Belgian colonialism in 1960.
		And here, too, is Mobutu betraying Prime Minister Lumumba, who appointed him secretary of state and commander of the armed forces; Mobutu ascending through military ranks, accumulating titles, donning his familiar leopard-skin hat, giving himself and his country a new name, Zaire, and imposing his tyranny.
		Well into the film, after Mobutu's treachery, murders and manipulations are well established, President George Bush is seen in a White House ceremony, expressing profuse admiration and friendship for the dictator beside him.
	partners.nytimes.com /library/film/100999mobutu-film-review.html (360 words)

	Africa'sHope.com - History: Mobutu
		President Kasavubu and Prime Minister Tshombe were ousted in a 1965 coup led by former army commander Joseph Mobutu.
		Nationalism, in Mobutu's fiscal terms, meant taking foreign-owned firms and giving them to less-experienced, often corrupt political cronies, who drove their firms into the ground.
		Mobutu fled and died in exile in September of that year.
	www.africashope.com /history_Mobutu.htm (187 words)

	Strengthening the U.S. -Zaire Relationship
		This began the third economic period under Mobutu To fulfill the IMF program, Zaire in September 1983 devalued its As a result, convertibility of the currency was restored in currency 80 percent and extensively reformed its exchange rate system.
		On October 29 1986, Mobutu responded by declaring that beginning with the 1987 budget, external debt service would be limited to a maximum of 20 percent of the state budget and to 10 percent of Zaire's export earnings.
		Mobutu also has played an increasing role in the affairs of the so-called Frontline States of Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Tanzania Zambia, and Zimbabwe as they seek to reduce their economic dependence on South Africa.
	www.heritage.org /Research/InternationalOrganizations/bg551.cfm (3460 words)

	DRC Congo
		Joseph Kabila was a 29-year-old army officer when he took over as president, and outside of the military circles he commanded virtually unknown in the country.
		Joseph spent most of his life in exile in Uganda and Tanzania and speaks good English and Swahili, as well as French, the DRC's official and Lingala.
		Lumumba was deposed and an unknown colonel called Joseph-Desire Mobutu took control of country, which he renamed Zaire, and remained a faithful friend of the west until his overthrow in May 1997.
	us-africa.tripod.com /zaire.html (3201 words)

	TIME.com: A New, Five-Year (?) Government -- Dec. 3, 1965 -- Page 1
		All the while, there was a third man in the ring —Major General Joseph Mobutu, 35, who as army commander was the only Congolese powerful enough to referee.
		Mobutu simply ordered the government radio station in Leopoldville to broadcast his proclamation, then sent a delegation of staff officers over to the presidential palace to ask Kasavubu to start packing, followed that up with a formal letter offering him a permanent seat in the Congolese Senate.
		What bothered Mobutu was the dangerous direction in which the struggle had been leading the nation.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,842249,00.html (671 words)

	Winne.com - Report on Congo DRC, Paving the reconstruction
		Prime Minister Lumumba died under mysterious circumstances; and Colonel Joseph Mobutu (later Mobutu Sese Seko), who emerged as the main Western-backed military candidate able to guarantee stability in the country, took over the government and ceded it again to President Kasavubu.
		The regime, under its self-styled philosophy of 'Mobutuisme', was remarkable for the blatant nepotism and gargantuan larceny in which Mobutu, his family and principal supporters engaged; one of the more destructive dictatorship of Africa.
		The campaign which brought about Mobutu's demise began in the remote north-eastern part of the country: it was spearheaded by the Rwandan military whose main objective was the destruction of Hutu rebel bases.
	www.winne.com /congo/bf04.html (1237 words)

	USATODAY.com - Polls in central Congo open for second day (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Bemba was one of the front-runners in the campaign, portraying himself as the true son of Congo while his main rival and current president, Joseph Kabila, was born in exile in neighboring Rwanda.
		Military strongman Mobutu Sese Seko took power and reunited the nation after democratically elected Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba was assassinated in 1961.
		Mobutu led the nation he called Zaire as a personal fiefdom for 32 years, using its mineral riches to fatten foreign bank accounts said to hold $4 billion when he died after being ousted by armed rebellions in 1997.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2006-07-31-congo-elections_x.htm (1074 words)

	Mobutu Sese Seko. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In 1960 he led an army coup against the nationalist government of Patrice Lumumba; Mobutu soon became the army chief of staff.
		In a second coup (1965), he assumed the office of prime minister (1966), then established (1967) a presidential form of government headed by himself; the constitution did not come into force until 1970, when Mobutu was old enough to become president.
		He suppressed tribal conflicts and encouraged a sense of nationhood, but at the same time amassed a huge personal fortune through economic exploitation and corruption, leading some to call his rule kleptocracy.”; The nation suffered from uncontrolled inflation, a large debt, and massive currency devaluations.
	www.bartleby.com /65/mo/Mobutu.html (303 words)

	MC Journal: the Journal of Academic Media Librarianship. Audiovisual Reviews.
		Joseph Mobutu served as the head of the Congo now known as Zaire for thirty years.
		Mobutu stops the transition process to try and stop the violence but at the same time is stricken with cancer and leaves the country for treatment.
		Also included are interviews with CIA operatives, some who opposed Mobutu and lived to tell the story, and some from around the world that got to know Mobutu as leader and as friend.
	wings.buffalo.edu /mcjreview/971286638.html (721 words)

	"); NewWindow.document.write("IRINnews"); NewWindow.document.write(" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		François Mobutu, leader of the Union des démocrates Mobutistes political party, with whom President Joseph Kabila has formed an alliance in the second round presidential poll due 29 October.
		Mobutu said he was happy to join Kabila's electoral platform, known as l’Alliance de la majorite presidentielle (AMP), which incorporates politicians who have been former rulers.
		Mobutu was one of 31 candidates who contested the first round of the presidential polls; he came fourth with 4 percent of the vote.
	www.irinnews.org /report.asp?ReportID=55992 (616 words)

	MCC - Washington Office Hotline - Congo
		Lumumba was overthrown by Joseph Mobutu, who was the chief of staff of the new Congo Army.
		Mobutu declared himself head of state in 1965, and a one party system was established.
		Mobutu stayed in power for 32 years during which his government was accused of human rights violations and excessive corruption.
	www.mcc.org /us/washington/hotlines/congo.html (743 words)

	Congo 1960-1964 KH
		In the midst of it, on 5 September, president Joseph Kasavubu suddenly dismissed Lumumba as prime minister-a step of very debatable legality, taken with much American encouragement and assistance, as Kasavubu "sat at the feet of the CIA men".
		For a while he was protected from Mobutu by the United Nations, which, under considerable international pressure, had been forced to put some distance between itself and Washington.
		Mobutu, however, is reputed to be one of the richest heads of state in the world.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Blum/Congo_KH.html (1824 words)

	Lumumba
		It was agreed, however, that the more conciliatory Joseph Kasavubu (Maka Kotto), leader of the Abako party, would assume the presidency and Lumumba would serve as Prime Minister and Minister of Defense.
		Lumumba's fiery speech at the swearing in ceremonies left no doubt that Congolese independence was due strictly to the desire and perseverance of free-minded citizens, ready to govern themselves, and not due to the benevolence of the white Belgians relinquishing control.
		One of those in controlJoseph Mobutu (Alex Descas), who was appointed Secretary of State for National Defense by the newly formed regime.
	www.reelmoviecritic.com /2002/id1735.htm (710 words)

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