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	Joseph Swan
		Joseph Wilson Swan (1828-1914) was a physicist and chemist born in Sunderland, England[?] who is famous for his development of the light bulb.
		Swan reported success to the Newcastle Chemical Society and at a lecture in Newcastle in February 1879 he demonstrated a working lamp that utilized a carbon fibre filament.
		The most significant feature of Swan's lamp was that there was little residual oxygen in the vacuum tube to ignite the filament, thus allowing the filament was able to glow almost white-hot without catching fire.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/jo/Joseph_Wilson_Swan.html (182 words)

	Sir Joseph Wilson Swan - LoveToKnow 1911
		SWAN,' 'SIR JOSEPH WILSON (1828-), English physicist and electrician, was born at Sunderland on the 31st of October 1828.
		So far back as 1860 he constructed an electric lamp with a carbon filament, which was formed by packing pieces of paper or card with charcoal powder in a crucible and subjecting the whole to a high temperature.
		The carbonized paper thus obtained he mounted in the form of a fine strip in a vacuous glass vessel and connected it with a battery of Grove's cells, which though not strong enough to raise it to complete incandescence, were sufficient to make it red-hot.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Sir_Joseph_Wilson_Swan (422 words)

	Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You - Timeline - Joseph Swan
		Joseph Swan was a chemist, physicist, and inventor, who is most famous for his important role in the development of electric lighting.
		It was not until 1860, however, that Swan received a patent for a carbon filament incandescent lamp, which operated in a partial vacuum.
		Swan was elected to the Royal Society in 1894 and was president of the Institution of Electrical Engineers from 1898 to 1899.
	micro.magnet.fsu.edu /optics/timeline/people/swan.html (496 words)

	Swan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Joseph Swan was a chemist, physicist, and inventor, who is most famous for his important role in the development of electric lighting.
		Joseph Swan was born in Sunderland, England on October 31, 1828 to John and Isabella Swan.
		Swan was elected to the Royal Society in 1894 and was president of the Institution of Electrical Engineers from 1898 to 1899.
	chem.ch.huji.ac.il /~eugeniik/history/swan.html (1272 words)

	Joseph Swan Summary
		By 1860, Swan succeeded in making filaments with strips of carbonized paper, but his lamps remained impractical for two reasons: vacuum pumps at the time were unable to create a high enough vacuum to protect the carbon filament and electricity supplied by batteries was expensive and unstable.
		Swan continued to improve incandescent filaments and, as an offshoot of his research, created what was to become the first synthetic fiber when he developed a method for making fine threads out of nitrocellulose, which could be converted to less flammable cellulosefibers.
		Swan was born on October 31, 1828, at Pallion Hall in Bishopwearmouth (now Sunderland), and he served an apprenticeship with a pharmacist there.
	www.bookrags.com /Joseph_Swan (1012 words)

	Joseph Swan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Joseph Swan was born in England on October 31, 1828.
		In 1850, Swan began working with carbonized paper fibres in an empty glass bulb and by 1860 he received a patent for his accomplishment of a carbon filament incandescent lamp which was operated by a partial vacuum.
		Swan’s invention of the incandescent light bulb led to improvements and new interests in the photographic process, pushing society closer towards the development of contemporary photographic film.
	dragon.zoo.utoronto.ca /~inx409/Joseph_Swan.html (318 words)

	Joseph Swan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sir Joseph Wilson Swan (October 31, 1828 - May 27, 1914) was an English physicist and chemist, most famous for the development of the light bulb.
		Swan was born on October 31, 1828, at Pallion Hall in Bishopwearmouth (now Sunderland), and he served an apprenticeship with a pharmacist there.
		The most significant feature of Swan's improved lamp was that there was little residual oxygen in the vacuum tube to ignite the filament, thus allowing the filament to glow almost white-hot without catching fire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Joseph_Wilson_Swan (523 words)

	Joseph Wilson SWAN
		Joseph Swan was born in Sunderland, England on October 31, 1828 to John and Isabella Swan.
		Indeed Swan's patent position in England was strong enough that in mid-1882 a merger was arranged and the Edison and Swan United Company was formed.
		Swan went on to develop another 70 inventions in this field, including, in 1877, the invention of a dry plate photographic process based on gelatine and the use of silver bromide.
	freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com /~maxineweddell/1921.htm (1273 words)

	The Swan - Lostpedia
		The Swan station (referred to as station number 3) was once one of several DHARMA Initiative research stations, funded by the mysterious Hanso Foundation.
		The Swan Orientation Film indicates that the original purpose of the Swan was to study or regulate these magnetic properties.
		Swans are mentioned several times in the Vedic literature, and some swans have also been said to have the knowledge of the Supreme Being Brahman.
	lostpedia.com /wiki/Swan (2189 words)

	Joseph Swan - Japan
		Swan was born in 1828 at Pallion Hall in Bishopwearmouth (now Sunderland), and he served an apprenticeship with a pharmacist there.
		The most significant feature of Swan's improved lamp was that there was little residual oxygen in the; vacuum tube to ignite the filament, thus allowing the filament to glow almost white-hot without catching fire.
		Swan had reported success to the Newcastle Chemical Society and at a lecture in Newcastle in February 1879 he demonstrated a working lamp.
	joseph-swan.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Joseph_Swan (1134 words)

	Joseph Swan
		Joseph Wilson Swan was born on Oct. 31, 1828, in Sunderland, and he served an apprenticeship with a pharmacist there.
		In 1860 Swan developed a primitive electric light bulb that used a filament of carbonised paper in an evacuated glass bulb.
		Swan's light bulb design was substantially that used by Thomas Alva Edison in America nearly 20 years later.
	www.timmonet.co.uk /html/body_joseph_swan.htm (300 words)

	Joseph Wilson Swan
		Joseph Wilson Swan was born in Sunderland on October 31st 1828.
		Swan is famous for his development of the incandescent filament electric lamp.
		By 1881 Swan's light bulbs were being used in London where 1,200 of them were used to illuminate the Savoy Theatre.
	www.afundit.co.uk /jwswan.htm (120 words)

	Today in Technology History - Oct 31
		Sir Joseph Wilson Swan was born on October 31, 1828.
		Swan's home was the first house in that country to have electric lighting.
		Swan founded a company to make light bulbs, and his brother Alfred played a key role in designing bases and sockets.
	www.tecsoc.org /pubs/history/2001/oct31.htm (252 words)

	Joseph Wilson, 2003 People in the News — Infoplease.com
		Wilson visited Niger in February 2002 to investigate the accusation, and he reported back that it was unsubstantiated.
		Joseph Wilson, 2004 People in the News - Joseph Wilson, Joseph Wilson, former ambassador, was partially discredited in July with the release...
		Riley Joseph WILSON - WILSON, Riley Joseph (1871—1946) WILSON, Riley Joseph, a Representative from Louisiana; born...
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0909451.html (224 words)

	Artifact #18 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Joseph Swan, the English inventor, chemist and electrician began his experiments on the electric incandescent carbon lamp in the 1860's.
		Swan's lamp contained most of the basic elements of the Edison lamp: enclosed glass bulb, a high vacuum, platinum lead-in wires, and a carbon light-emitting element.
		Swan had been granted British patents for certain other lamp features, which made Swan's patent position in England strong enough that in 1883 Edison and he decided to merge and form the the Edison and Swan United Electric Light Company Limited.
	www.edisonian.com /p012collart018sjsl.htm (545 words)

	SIR JOSEPH WILSON SWAN... - Online Information article about SIR JOSEPH WILSON SWAN...
		Swan was led to one of the advances in See also:
		South America produces two very distinct birds commonly regarded as swans, Cygnus melanocoryphus, the fl-necked swan, and that which is called Coscoroba.
		Considered for so many centuries to be an impossibility, the knowledge of its existence seems to have impressed (more perhaps than anything else) the popular mind with the notion of the extreme divergence—not to say the contrariety—of the organic products of that country.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SUS_TAV/SWAN_SIR_JOSEPH_WILSON_1828_.html (2552 words)

	Swan, Joseph Wilson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Swan was born in Sunderland and went to work in a chemical firm.
		Only after the invention of the vacuum pump 1865 was Swan able to produce a fairly durable incandescent lamp.
		In 1882 US inventor Thomas Edison initiated litigation for patent infringement against Swan, but this was dismissed and the joint company Edison and Swan United Electric Light Company came into being in 1883.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/biographies/MainBiographies/S/Swan/1.html (274 words)

	Justin Hill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Swan took Edison to court and sued him in order to claim rights to the electric light bulb.
		1878, Sir Joseph Wilson, an English physicist, was the first person to invent and Patent a practical and longer-lasting electric light bulb in Europe (13.5 hours).
		Swan used a carbon fiber filament derived from cotton.
	academic.evergreen.edu /h/hiljus01/History1.htm (660 words)

	Light bulbs - The Incandescent Lamp, 1800 to 1900
		Sir Joseph Wilson Swan attended a demonstration of Electric Lighting by William Edward Staite in Durham in October 1847 at which a Platinum-Iridium filament lamp was demonstrated.
		After seeing a Swan lamp he realised that he had to reduce the surface area of his filament but due to the impurities present found this to be unsuccessful.
		Swan lightbulbs were installed at the House of Commons in June 1881 and in the same year on the Inman Line ship ‘City of Richmond’ and on HMS Inflexible.
	www.debook.com /Bulbs/LB06inc1800.htm (4053 words)

	Swan, Joseph Wilson - Encyclopedia of Earth
		Joseph Wilson Swan (1828 - 1914), an English physicist and chemist noted for his development of the light bulb.
		The most significant feature of Swan's lamp was that there was little residual oxygen in the vacuum tube to ignite the filament, and the filament was thus able to glow almost white-hot without catching fire.
		Swan eventually collaborated with Edison in the commercial development of electricity and the light bulb, using the trademark "Edi-Swan.” Swan also made notable contributions to the field of photography included bromide paper, the paper commonly used in modern photographic prints, and the carbon process for printing.
	www.eoearth.org /article/Swan,_Joseph_Wilson (238 words)

	Joseph Swan ( - ) Artwork Images, Exhibitions, Reviews
		Joseph Swan, Cartlane Craig and Bridge and Corra Lyn and Castle, two images on second page of plates in the book Strath-Clutha or the Beauties of Clyde by John M. Leighton (Glasgow: Joseph Swan, [ca.
		Joseph Swan, Archiepiscopal Palce and Cathedral, and Crypt under the Cathedral, two images on ninth page of plates in the book Strath-Clutha or the Beauties of Clyde by John M. Leighton (Glasgow: Joseph Swan, [ca.
		Joseph Swan, Lee House and Craignethan Castle and the River Nethan, two images on fourth page of plates in the book Strath-Clutha or the Beauties of Clyde by John M. Leighton (Glasgow: Joseph Swan, [ca.
	www.wwar.com /masters/s/swan-joseph.html (1640 words)

	Adventures in CyberSound: Swan, Joseph Wilson
		Joseph Wilson Swan, physicist and chemist, born in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear.
		After serving his apprenticeship with a druggist in his native town, Swan became first assistant and later partner in a firm of manufacturing chemists in Newcastle.
		Some years earlier, in 1860, Swan developed a primitive electric light, one that utilized a filament of carbonized paper in an evacuated glass bulb.
	www.acmi.net.au /AIC/SWAN_BIO.html (767 words)

	The Open Door Web Site : History : The Second Industrial Revolution : Sir Joseph Wilson Swan
		Joseph Swan started his working life as an assistant to a Sunderland pharmacist.
		Swan went on to improve vacuum technology and develop the first practical light bulb.
		In 1904, Joseph Swan received a knighthood for his contribution to science and technology.
	www.saburchill.com /history/chapters/IR/058.html (207 words)

	The John Hutton Screen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Some of Swan's earliest developments were in the field of photography, where he perfected the carbon process of photographic printing and developed the rapid photographic plate.
		Swan is better known for his development of the incandescent filament electric lamp, the first practical electric light bulb, first demonstrated by its inventor at Literary and Philosophical Society on February 3rd, 1879.
		Later Swan went on to light up Mosley Street in Newcastle City Centre, the first street in the world to be lit be electric light.
	www.newcastle.gov.uk /core.nsf/a/cchuttonscreen (823 words)

	Swan Sir Joseph Wilson - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson (1828-1914), British chemist and inventor, who pioneered important developments in photography and electric lighting.
		The collodion on glass negative was eventually superseded by the dry glass negative processes which went into widespread production in the 1870s....
		Banks, Sir Joseph (1743-1820), British naturalist and collector, who famously accompanied Captain James Cook on the Endeavour as a gentleman...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Swan_Sir_Joseph_Wilson.html (110 words)

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