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	Joseph von Fraunhofer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Joseph von Fraunhofer (March 6, 1787 – June 7, 1826) was a German physicist.
		The rescue operation was led by Maximilian IV Joseph, Prince Elector of Bavaria (the future Maximilian I Joseph).
		In 1814 Fraunhofer was the first to investigate seriously the absorption lines in the solar spectrum that were ultimately explained by Kirchhoff and Bunsen in 1859, who also invented the spectroscope.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer (431 words)

	Fraunhofer Society - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Fraunhofer Society (German Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) is a German research organization named after the German physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer, with 58 institutes spread throughout Germany, each focusing on different fields of applied science (as opposed to the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, which works primarily on basic science).
		It is named after Joseph von Fraunhofer who, as a scientist, an engineer, and an entrepreneur, superbly exemplified the goals of the society.
		The Fraunhofer Society was founded in Munich on 26 March 1949 by representatives of industry and academia, the government of Bavaria and the nascent Federal Republic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fraunhofer_Society (1114 words)

	Joseph Von Fraunhofer
		Joseph von Fraunhofer was born March 6, 1787 in Straubing, Bavaria.
		Fraunhofer, now an orphan, left his hometown in 1799 to move in with Philipp Anton Weichselberger, court mirror maker and decorative glass cutter, to be his apprentice [4].
		Fraunhofer investigated the properties of diffraction in the “far field” using a diffraction grating (instead of a prism, which adds complications due to varying index of refraction with wavelength).
	www.u.arizona.edu /~kennelly/finaldraft.htm (1224 words)

	JOSEPH VON FRAUNHOFER - LoveToKnow Article on JOSEPH VON FRAUNHOFER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In 1806 he obtained the place of optician in the mathematical institute which in 1804 had been founded at Munich by Joseph von Utzschneider, G. Reichenbach and J. Licbherr; and in i8o7 arrangements were made by Utzschneider for his instruction by Pierre Louis Guinand, a skilled optician, in the fabrication of flint and crown.
		He was the inventor of the stage-micrometer, and of a form of heliometer; and in 1816 he succeeded in constructing for the microscope achromatic glasses of long focus, consisting of a single lens, the constituent glasses of which were in juxtaposition, but not cemented together.
		Fraunhofer is especially known for the researches, published in the Denkschriften der Mnchener A kademie for 1814-1815, by which he laid the foundation of solar and stellar chemistry.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /F/FR/FRAUNHOFER_JOSEPH_VON.htm (667 words)

	Joseph von Fraunhofer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In 1812-1814 Fraunhofer was fully engaged in the design of achromatic objective lenses for telescopes, which required the accurate determination of refractive indices of optical glasses.
		Well versed in the mathematical wave theory of light, Fraunhofer used his diffraction grating to actually measure wavelength of specific colors and dark lines in the solar spectrum.
		Fraunhofer did succeed, in 1817, in designing an achromatic objective lense; with minor modifications, his design is still in use today.
	web.hao.ucar.edu /public/education/sp/images/fraunhofer.html (373 words)

	Joseph von Fraunhofer
		Fraunhofer, now an orphan, left his hometown in 1799 to move in with Philipp Anton Weichselberger, court mirror maker and decorative glass cutter, to be his apprentice.
		Prince Elector Maximilian Joseph IV surveyed the scene of the accident and was moved by Fraunhofer’s plight that he gave him another chance in life.
		The lines Fraunhofer observed from stars are a result of absorption of light by the elements in the atmosphere of those planets.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~kennelly/draft2.htm (1084 words)

	frauenhofer
		Josef Von Fraunhofer was the eleventh and last child born to Franz Xaver Fraunhofer, a glass master worker, on March 6, 1787.
		Weichselberger was extremely demanding of the youth and Fraunhofer was forbidden by the glass master to attend the vacation schools (50 days of vacation per year in Bavaria at the time).
		Among Fraunhofer's achievements were the invention of the diffraction grating, a detailed study of the solar spectrum, and production of the finest telescopes available in his day.
	www.calstatela.edu /faculty/kaniol/a360/fraunhofer.htm (392 words)

	Joseph von Fraunhofer Biography / Biography of Joseph von Fraunhofer Main Biography
		The German physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826) was the first to solve the problem of constructing achromatic lenses of high magnitude.
		Joseph von Fraunhofer, the son of a poor glazier, was born on March 6, 1787, in Straubing, Bavaria.
		Fraunhofer's communication on the results of his research appeared in the Denkschriften (Memoirs) for 1814-1815 of the Academy of Sciences in Munich.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-joseph-von-fraunhofer (513 words)

	Joseph von Fraunhofer Biography / Biography of Joseph von Fraunhofer World of Physics Biography
		From humble beginnings as the son of a poor glass grinder, Joseph von Fraunhofer pursued a successful business career in optics and, in the process, made important contributions to physics and the theory of light through his study of the dark lines in the solar spectrum.
		Fraunhofer received little formal education during his childhood, and he possibly would have remained a glassmaker if not for an accident that nearly took his life.
		Fraunhofer, however, was interested in the spectral lines because they could be used as wavelength standards to determine the index of refraction of optical glasses.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-joseph-von-fraunhofer-wop (621 words)

	fraunhofer_bio_english
		Joseph was not sent to school regularly but had to help his father in the workshop.
		Joseph started an apprenticeship with a wood turner, but changed to a glazier soon since he was not strong enough for the hard work.
		Joseph Fraunhofer left the workshop of Weichselberger, who had moved to a different place in Munich (Kaufinger-Gasse), on the 30.
	www.calstatela.edu /faculty/kaniol/a360/fraunhofer_bio_english.htm (1924 words)

	Joseph von Fraunhofer
		This fortunate accident brought him to the notice of court-councillor von Utzschneider, who gave him books on mathematics and optics, and also interested King Max Joseph in him, who made him a present of eighteen ducats.
		The optical institute was moved to Munich in 1819 and Fraunhofer was appointed professor royal.
		He also accomplished an important theoretical work on diffraction and established its laws; he placed the diffraction slit in front of the objective of a measuring telescope and later made and used diffraction gratings with up to 10,000 parallel lines to the inch, ruled by a specially constructed dividing engine.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/f/fraunhofer,joseph_von.html (608 words)

	Deutsches Museum - Masterpieces - The refractor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Before Fraunhofer, nobody had succeeded in moving the heavy mass of a large telescope with the necessary precision.
		Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826) initiated a development that was to produce large, powerful refractors mounted parallactically.
		From the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III he obtained permission to order a large refractor from the Fraunhofersche Werkstätte (Fraunhofer Workshops), and a new Royal Observatory was built at the Hallesches Tor (Halle Gate) by Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781-1841).
	www.deutsches-museum.de /ausstell/meister/e_fraun.htm (938 words)

	Fraunhofer, Joseph von (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The dark lines in the solar spectrum (Fraunhofer lines), which reveal the chemical composition of the Sun's atmosphere, were accurately mapped by him.
		Fraunhofer determined the dispersion powers and refractive indices of different kinds of optical glass.
		Fraunhofer was born in Bavaria and started work in his father's glazing workshop at the age of ten.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/F/Fraunhofer/1.html (213 words)

	Deutsches Museum Bonn: Meisterwerke (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It was Fraunhofer's improvements in glassmaking which allowed him to produce lenses of a suitable size and optical quality for large refractors.
		In 1824, Joseph von Fraunhofer ushered in the age of the large refractors with his telescope built for the Dorpat observatory.
		The 1828/29 refractor was supplied by the Joseph von Fraunhofer Institute to the Royal Observatory in Berlin, which was built between 1832 and 1835 to plans by Karl Friedrich Schinkel.
	www.deutsches-museum-bonn.de /ausstellungen/meisterwerke/2_2refraktor/refraktor_e.html (373 words)

	Fraunhofer IAO - The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
		The Fraunhofer Society is the leading organisation of applied research in Germany.
		The remaining one third is contributed by the German federal and Länder governments, partly as a means of enabling the institutes to pursue more fundamental research in areas that are likely to become relevant to industry and society in five or ten years’ time.
		The name Fraunhofer Gesellschaft was chosen in reference to the researcher, inventor, and entrepreneur Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787 - 1826), who won high acclaim for his scientific and commercial achievements.
	www.iao.fraunhofer.de /e/profil/fhgesellschaft.hbs (160 words)

	Document: Instruments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In 1813 Fraunhofer built the first spectrograph which could be used to separate sunlight into its various colors for measuring purposes.
		Fraunhofer discovered approximately 1500 absorption lines and used them to measure monochromatic radiation and refractive indices.
		The Fraunhofer Society for the Promotion of Applied Research founded in 1949 is named after the famous physicist.
	www.zeiss.co.uk /de/home_e.nsf/78be232b5368b1b2c12566fe003b2602/41cb83ee56f8abbbc12568b0003579bf?OpenDocument (266 words)

	Research and development organization will consider opening a biotechnology center in Newark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The nonprofit Fraunhofer, which conducts cutting-edge research and development on a contract basis for government and private industry, is the American subsidiary of Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft of Munich, Germany.
		Fraunhofer currently has six centers in the United States, including the four-year-old Fraunhofer Center for Manufacturing and Advanced Materials on Wyoming Road in Newark.
		Currently, Fraunhofer doesn’t have biotechnology centers in the United States, although it has four institutes in Germany that are dedicated to developing products and technologies to improve the quality of life worldwide.
	www.udel.edu /PR/UDaily/fraunhofer071400.html (460 words)

	Museo della Specola, Bologna - Catalogue, transit telescopes 20
		One of the bases of the original columns still exists, built into the parapet of the balcony which provides access to the Meridian Room; on the south-east wall of the room is a cupboard with doors, designed to hold the main accessories of the instrument such as the level.
		Georg von Reichenbach, mechanic and optician in Munich, was one of the major instrument makers of the 1800s, especially for the precision and detail of his instruments, which owed much to his engineering studies in England and his experience as official engineer to the Bavarian army in cannon casting.
		In 1806 the young Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826) - who was to make an important contribution to the study of optics - started to collaborate with the workshop, thereby improving the optical quality of the instruments.
	www.bo.astro.it /dip/Museum/english/pas_20.html (704 words)

	Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Index Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Find out more about the spectrum of services provided by the Fraunhofer Institutes, and about the aims of Europe's leading organization for technical and organizational innovations.
		Fraunhofer researchers will be present at CeBIT (March 9-15) in Hall 9, Stand B36, to demonstrate how new IT technologies can improve safety.
		At CeBIT, on stand B36 in hall 9, scientists from the Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut HHI, are presenting a new 3D monitor that transforms the virtual outing into a unique experience - and not only for tourists.
	www.fraunhofer.de /fhg/EN/index.jsp (316 words)

	muenchen.de - Fraunhofer Society
		The Fraunhofer Society was founded in 1949 in Munich and has by now become the biggest establishment for applied research in Europe.
		Apart from the administration department three of the Fraunhofer research establishments are located in Munich: ESK (Communication Systems), IZM-M (Reliability and Microintegration) and PST (Patent Center for German Research).
		The Fraunhofer Society is very interested in making the results of its innovative research public.
	www.muenchen.de /print?depl=prod&oid=82964 (165 words)

	Spectrum of Belief - The MIT Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		He uses the career of the optician Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826) to probe the relationship between science and society, and between artisans and experimental natural philosophers, during this important transition.
		The response to the ensuing rise of German optical technology sheds light on crucial social, economic, and political issues of the period, such as mechanization, patent law reform, the role of skills in both physics and society, the rise of Mechanics' Institutes, and scientific patronage.
		After his death, Fraunhofer's example was used in the newly united Germany to argue for the merging of scientific research and technological innovation with industrial and state support.
	mitpress.mit.edu /catalog/item?tid=3502&ttype=2 (306 words)

	Fraunhofer USA
		The organization takes its name from Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826), the illustrious Munich researcher, inventor and entrepreneur.
		Born of a family of modest means, Joseph von Fraunhofer was a glass-grinding apprentice when discovered by the privy counsellor Joseph von Utzschneider.
		The optical instruments he himself developed, including the spectrometer and the diffraction grid, allowed Fraunhofer to conduct fundamental research in the fields of light and optics.
	www.fraunhofer.org /History/History.html (147 words)

	FRAUNHOFER, JOSEPH VON ... - Online Information article about FRAUNHOFER, JOSEPH VON ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		With Reichenbach and Utzschneider, Fraunhofer established in 1809 an optical institute at Benedictbeuern, near Munich, of which he in 1818 became See also:
		Fraunhofer is especially known for the researches, published in the Denkschriften der Miinchener Akademie for 1814-1815, by which he laid the See also:
		June 1826, and was buried near Reichenbach, whose decease had taken place eight years previously.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /FRA_GAE/FRAUNHOFER_JOSEPH_VON_1787_1826.html (1122 words)

	Search Results for Fraunhofer - Encyclopædia Britannica
		He also was the first to use extensively the diffraction grating, a device that dispenses light...
		Center in Germany engaged in applied research in the fields of environmental engineering and explosive materials like rocket fuels, detonators and fuses, and gas generators.
		Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology (IUCT)
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Fraunhofer&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (454 words)

	Plant Patents.
		Tobacco extract composition and method, invented by Joseph A. von Fraunhofer (Baltimore, MD), and assigned to University of Louisville (Louisville, KY).
		Chemical metallurgist Joseph von Fraunhofer has discovered and patented an unexpected property of minimally processed by-products of the tobacco processing industry.
		Von Fraunhofer observes that corrosion control costs the United States billions of dollars every year, some 4.5 percent of the U.S. gross national product.
	www.herbalgram.org /iherb/herbalgram/articleview.asp?a=483&p=Y (787 words)

	Part I: Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology (ICT) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Fraunhofer Institutes derive approximately 20-30% of their annual budgets from the German federal government through the Fraunhofer Society, 40-50% from industry, and 30% from other government sources.
		The Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology (ICT) was created in 1959 to provide research and expertise to the German military for chemically based explosives ("highly energetic materials").
		The Fraunhofer ICT is in close association with the IKP, especially in projects related to polymer engineering and rapid prototyping.
	www.wtec.org /loyola/rp/p1_ict.htm (2279 words)

	Document: Career (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In 1806, after spending some years as a journeyman, Joseph von Fraunhofer joined the opto-mechanical workshop of Georg F. Reichenbach and Joseph von Utzschneider, in which astronomical and surveying instruments were produced.
		He had taught himself the basics of physics and optics at a very early stage, and his activities in the workshop incited him to intensify his studies even further.
		In 1813 Fraunhofer became head of the Optical Department and was given the title of Professor by the state of Bavaria in 1819.
	www.zeiss.de /de/home_e.nsf/78be232b5368b1b2c12566fe003b2602/2014797de5f1516ec12568b0003579be (150 words)

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