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Josiah Willard Gibbs

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	Willard Gibbs - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Josiah Willard Gibbs (February 11, 1839 – April 28, 1903) was an American mathematical physicist who contributed much of the theoretical foundation that led to the development of chemical thermodynamics and was one of the founders of vector analysis.
		Gibbs was born in New Haven, Connecticut, where his father was a professor of sacred literature at Yale University's Divinity School, best known today for his involvement in the Amistad trial.
		Between 1876 and 1878 Gibbs wrote a series of papers collectively entitled "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances", considered one of the greatest achievements in physical science in the 19th century and the foundation of the science of physical chemistry.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Willard_Gibbs (1168 words)

	Gibbs, Josiah Willard - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Gibbs, Josiah Willard
		Gibbs showed how many thermodynamic laws could be interpreted in terms of the results of the movements of enormous numbers of bodies such as molecules.
		Gibbs was born in New Haven, Connecticut, and studied at Yale and in Europe1866–69.
		The Gibbs adsorption isotherm showed that changes in the concentration of a component of a solution in contact with a surface occur if there is an alteration in the surface tension.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Gibbs,%20Josiah%20Willard (324 words)

	Josiah Willard Gibbs 1839-1903
		Gibbs, son of a Yale professor of sacred literature, descended from a long line of New England college graduates.
		In these papers Gibbs' starting point for analyzing a system was the state of equilibrium, which (as he pointed out) is characterized by a maximum in the system's entropy.
		By the turn of the century Gibbs was becoming fairly well known, as much for his vigorous and partisan defense of the form of vector notation which is now standard as for his more basic work.
	www.aip.org /history/gap/Gibbs/Gibbs.html (702 words)

	Gibbs, Josiah Willard. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Gibbs also contributed to crystallography, the determination of planetary and comet orbits, and electromagnetic theory.
		James Clerk Maxwell was one of the first European scientists to recognize Gibbs as a theoretical physicist of international stature.
		Gibbs was also interested in the practical side of science; his doctorate was the first granted by Yale for an engineering thesis, and he received a patent (1866) for an improved type of railroad brake.
	www.bartleby.com /65/gi/Gibbs-Jo.html (179 words)

	Willard Gibbs -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Josiah Willard Gibbs (February 11, 1839 – April 28, 1903) was an (A native or inhabitant of the United States) American (additional info and facts about physical chemist) physical chemist.
		Gibbs then started work on the development and presentation of his theory of (The branch of physics concerned with the conversion of different forms of energy) thermodynamics.
		After 1889, Gibbs produced textbooks on (The branch of physics that makes theoretical predictions about the behavior of macroscopic systems on the basis of statistical laws governing its component particles) statistical mechanics, which was published by Yale in 1902.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/w/wi/willard_gibbs.htm (1092 words)

	Josiah Willard Gibbs - Wikipedia
		Gibbs studierte Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften der Universität von New Haven.
		On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances wurde 1891 ins Deutsche und 1899 ins Französische übersetzt; die enthaltenen Lehrsätze wurden in Europa bekannt und angewandt.
		Gibbs erbrachte auch hervorragende Leistungen für die statistische Mechanik, die Vektoranalysis und die elektromagnetische Theorie des Lichtes.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs (223 words)

	The Science Show: 30 April 2005 - Josiah Willard Gibbs Profile
		Josiah Willard Gibbs was a 19th century scientist who studied thermodynamics and in Bill Hammacks words, 'taught the world how to think about chemical reactions'.
		Gibbs showed that chemicals behave in the same way: Either they'll react - that is go down hill together naturally - or, figuratively speaking, they're stuck at the bottom of a valley and won't react at all.
		Gibbs great genius showed chemists exactly how to calculate which reactions are poised on a hilltop, and which are stuck forever in a valley.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/science/ss/stories/s1347306.htm (538 words)

	Willard Gibbs : Josiah Gibbs
		Josiah Willard Gibbs (February 11, 1839-April 28, 1903) was an American physical chemist, sometimes classed as a physicist and sometimes as a chemist, but better thought of as the founder of the science of physical chemistry.
		From 1880 to 1884, Gibbs was mainly engaged in combining the ideas of the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton on quaternions and the German Hermann Grassmann's Theory of Extension (Ausdehnungslehre) to produce the new mathematical field of vector analysis[?], especially designed by Gibbs to suit the purposes of mathematical physics.
		After 1889, Gibbs published little of importance, devoting his time to producing his textbook on statistical mechanics, which was published by Yale in 1902.
	www.fastload.org /jo/Josiah_Gibbs.html (708 words)

	Josiah Willard Gibbs
		Gibbs' important 1873 papers were Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of Fluids and A Method of Geometrical Representation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Substances by Means of Surfaces.
		In 1876 Gibbs published the first part of the work for which he is most famous On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, publishing the second part of this work in 1878.
		Gibbs was highly esteemed by his friends, but U.S. science was too preoccupied with practical questions to make much use of his profound theoretical work during his lifetime.
	www.shsu.edu /~icc_cmf/bio/gibbs.html (1201 words)

	Kelsie Betsch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The fact that Gibbs attended Yale is not surprising in the least, as he was a descendent of a long line of college graduates.
		That is, perhaps Gibbs did not need to devote vast amounts of time to Latin, but could devote it to the issues of interest to him: mathematics, physics, and chemistry.
		In this second paper, Gibbs noted that the thermodynamic properties of a fluid are determined by the relationships between volume, pressure, temperature, energy, and entropy of the fluid in an equilibrium state.
	faculty.augie.edu /~kjbetsch/gibbs.html (1825 words)

	Gibbs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Gibbs returned to Yale in June 1869 and, two years later in 1871, he was appointed professor of mathematical physics at Yale.
		Gibbs' work on vector analysis was also of major importance in pure mathematics.
		Except for his early years and the three years in Europe, Gibbs spent his whole life living in the same house which his father had built only a short distance from the school Gibbs had attended, the College at which he had studied and the University where he worked the whole of his life.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Gibbs.html (1074 words)

	energy and matter aim 1
		Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839-1903) was a US scientist who laid the foundation of modern chemical thermodynamics.
		From this Gibbs developed the notion of chemical potential, which is a measure of how the free energy of a particular phase depends on changes in composition (expressed mathematically as the differential coefficient of the free energy with respect to the number of moles of the chemical).
		It was left to one of Gibb's students, E.B. Wilson, to write a textbook on the subject, which was largely responsible for the popularization of vector analysis.
	www.chemcool.com /biography/gibbs.htm (692 words)

	Josiah Willard Gibbs Biography / Biography of Josiah Willard Gibbs Main Biography
		Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903) was an American mathematical physicist whose pioneer work in statistical mechanics laid the basis for the development of physical chemistry as a science.
		When Josiah Willard Gibbs began his work, thermodynamics had become a true science, firmly based on recently formulated laws of the conservation of energy.
		Gibbs began with the known thermodynamic theory of homogeneous substances and worked out the theory of the thermodynamic properties of heterogeneous substances.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-josiah-willard-gibbs (234 words)

	Biography of Professor Josiah Gibbs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Josiah W. Gibbs, a professor of linguistics at Yale, was the man most responsible for bringing the African's own story of the Amistad incident to the American people.
		Josiah Gibbs began his work by visiting the Africans in their New Haven cell.
		In the course of these efforts, Gibbs was also able to determine that at least three different African languages were represented in the group, although most were Mendi speakers.
	www.law.umkc.edu /faculty/projects/ftrials/amistad/AMI_BGIB.HTM (361 words)

	Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Gibbs J Willard
		In the Gibbs work, the reader is always aware of the approximations involved.
		Nevertheless, this is a must-read for anyone interested in thermodynamics, and the Gibbs treatment is usually clearer than that given in modern texts.
		As a former student of Gibbs, Wheeler is well-placed to provide a detailed biography of a man of whom he had first-hand experience.
	www.geometry.net /scientists_bk/gibbs_j_willard.html (769 words)

	Willard Gibbs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Lauren Gibbs of Brown got her 1,000th career kill, and Leigh Martin broke the record for career assists...
		David Andrew Gibbs and Mary L. Gibbs to Nita A. Leist and Steve Leist...
		After 1889, Gibbs published produced textbooks on statistical mechanics, which was published by Yale in 1902.
	www.wikiverse.org /willard-gibbs (1032 words)

	Yale Bulletin and Calendar
		John Willard Gibbs (left), a neurologist and distant cousin of Josiah Willard Gibbs, spoke at the stamp unveiling ceremony.
		Also on hand were relatives of the historic scientists: neurologist Dr. John Willard Gibbs, a distant cousin of Josiah Gibbs (who joined Fleury earlier that day at a ceremony to lay flowers at his ancestor's grave in Grove Street Cemetery); Feynman's daughter Michelle Feynman; McClintock's niece Marjorie M. Bhavanani; and von Neumann's daughter Marina Whitman.
		Gibbs made important contributions in vector analysis, electromagnetic theory and statistical mechanics, but he is best known for developing the modern method of thermodynamic analysis.
	www.yale.edu /opa/v33.n29/story3.html (1135 words)

	Josiah Willard Gibbs
		In diesen Artikeln wandte Gibbs Thermodynamik an um physikochemische Erscheinungen zu interpretieren.
		On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances wurde 1891 ins Deutsche und 1899 ins Französische übersetzt; die enthaltenen Lehrsätze in Europa bekannt und angewandt.
		Gibbs erbrachte auch hervorragende Leistungen für statistische Mechanik die Vektoranalysis und die elektromagnetische Theorie des Lichtes.
	www.uni-protokolle.de /Lexikon/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs.html (222 words)

	J. Willard Gibbs -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The classification and limitations of phase changes are described by the phase rule, as proposed by the American chemist J. Willard Gibbs in 1876 and based on a rigorous thermodynamic relationship.
		The canonical ensemble was introduced by J. Willard Gibbs, a U.S. physicist, to avoid the problems arising from incompleteness of the available...
		Gibbs was strongly influenced by the work of architect Christopher Wren.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9036747?tocId=9036747 (797 words)

	Celebrating More Than a Century of Science on U.S. Postage Stamps
		Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903) Historians and scientists alike have called Josiah Willard Gibbs one of the greatest scientists of the 19th century.
		Over the course of his career, Gibbs made important contributions in vector analysis, electromagnetic theory and statistical mechanics, but he is best known for developing the modern method of thermodynamic analysis.
		Gibbs attended Yale, and earned the first doctorate in engineering to be conferred in the United States.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/05-04-2005/0003542652&EDATE= (1436 words)

	Josiah Gibbs
		Josiah Willard Gibbs was born in New Haven, Connecticut on February 11, 1839 the only son of Josiah Willard Gibbs.
		His father was a Yale University professor best known for finding translators for the mutineers of the Amistad slave ship.
		This has led to much speculation about his motivations, none of which completely explain all of his works.
	www.corrosion-doctors.org /Biographies/GibbsBio.htm (426 words)

	Office of Public Affairs at Yale - News Release
		Historians and scientists alike have called Josiah Willard Gibbs one of the greatest scientists of the 19th century; some have declared his discoveries to be as fundamental in nature as those of Galileo and Newton.
		Gibbs also wrote five papers on the electromagnetic theory of light, prepared classroom notes that eventually became the first English language work on modern vector analysis, and in 1902 published his Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics.
		For his extraordinary achievements, Gibbs received some of the most prestigious awards of his time, including the Rumford Prize of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1880 and the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1901.
	www.yale.edu /opa/newsr/05-04-27-01.all.html (970 words)

	USN Ships--USNS Josiah Willard Gibbs (T-AGOR-1)
		USNS Josiah Willard Gibbs, a 2,800-ton oceanographic research ship, was originally commissioned in March 1944 as the small seaplane tender San Carlos (AVP-51).
		She was dedicated primarily to research in the physics of the ocean, particularly the propogation of sound, as part of ONR's efforts to improve the Navy's submarine and anti-submarine warfare capabilities.
		In December 1971 Josiah Willard Gibbs was deactivated and transferred to Greece as the torpedo boat tender Hifaistos.
	www.history.navy.mil /photos/sh-usn/usnsh-j/agor1.htm (623 words)

	Josiah Willard Gibbs
		GIBBS, Josiah Willard, philologist, born in Salem, Massachusetts, 30 April, 1790; died in New Haven, Connecticut, 25 March, 1861.
		He was graduated at Yale in 1809, and from 1811 till 1815 was connected with the College as tutor.
		Professor Gibbs was a constant contributor of articles on points of biblical criticism, archaeology and philological science to the "Christian Spectator," "Biblical Repository," "New Englander," and the "American Journal of Science." He was particularly fond of grammatical and philological studies, and attained a high reputation for thoroughness and accuracy in them.
	www.famousamericans.net /josiahwillardgibbs (563 words)

	Josiah Willard Gibbs, Gibbs Models: computer-visualized thermodynamic surfaces
		Conventional Gibbs energy for the ternary system ethylene, normal butane, carbon dioxide plotted vs. mole fraction of the first two components, with temperature and pressure set to give the equimolar ternary critical composition.
		Gibbs rolling plane is shown marking off phase-equilibrium states (blue-yellow boundaries) with the following approximate compositions:
		This drawing extends only a small distance into the two-phase region (toward the viewer) so that the curvature change for the unstable states (concave upward instead of downward) is too small to be seen from the viewer’s angle, even in the full-size view.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~jolls/descriptions/gdn1n2tpn.html (100 words)

	The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography: Gibbs, (Josiah) Willard (1839-1903)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Gibbs was born on 11 February 1839 in New Haven, Connecticut, into an academic family.
		His father was professor of sacred literature at the divinity school of Yale University, and Gibbs excelled at classics at school.
		He attended Yale in 1854, winning prizes for Latin and mathematics before graduating in 1858 at the age of only 19.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:99916384&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (202 words)

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