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	Josiah Willard Gibbs - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Josiah Willard Gibbs (February 11, 1839 – April 28, 1903) was an American mathematical physicist who contributed much of the theoretical foundation for chemical thermodynamics.
		Gibbs attended the Hopkins School and Yale College, graduating in 1858 very high in his class and receiving prizes in mathematics and Latin.
		From 1880 to 1884, Gibbs combined the ideas of two mathematicians, the quaternions of William Rowan Hamilton and the exterior algebra of Hermann Grassmann to obtain vector analysis (independently formulated by the British mathematical physicist and engineer Oliver Heaviside).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Willard_Gibbs (1529 words)

	Gibbs, Josiah Willard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Gibbs showed how many thermodynamic laws could be interpreted in terms of the results of the movements of enormous numbers of bodies such as molecules.
		Gibbs was born in New Haven, Connecticut, and studied at Yale and 1866-69 in Europe.
		The Gibbs adsorption isotherm showed that changes in the concentration of a component of a solution in contact with a surface occur if there is an alteration in the surface tension.
	cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/G/Gibbs/1.html (207 words)

	The Science Show: 30 April 2005 - Josiah Willard Gibbs Profile
		Josiah Willard Gibbs was a 19th century scientist who studied thermodynamics and in Bill Hammacks words, 'taught the world how to think about chemical reactions'.
		Gibbs showed that chemicals behave in the same way: Either they'll react - that is go down hill together naturally - or, figuratively speaking, they're stuck at the bottom of a valley and won't react at all.
		Gibbs great genius showed chemists exactly how to calculate which reactions are poised on a hilltop, and which are stuck forever in a valley.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/science/ss/stories/s1347306.htm (538 words)

	Josiah Willard Gibbs 1839-1903 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The case of Willard Gibbs shows that this weakness was due to tradition and training, not to any lack of native talent.
		Gibbs, son of a Yale professor of sacred literature, descended from a long line of New England college graduates.
		By the turn of the century Gibbs was becoming fairly well known, as much for his vigorous and partisan defense of the form of vector notation which is now standard as for his more basic work.
	www.aip.org /history/gap/Gibbs/Gibbs.html (702 words)

	Josiah Willard Gibbs
		J Willard Gibbs' father, also called Josiah Willard Gibbs, was professor of sacred literature at Yale University.
		Gibbs was educated at the local Hopkins Grammar School where he was described as friendly but withdrawn.
		Gibbs was highly esteemed by his friends, but U.S. science was too preoccupied with practical questions to make much use of his profound theoretical work during his lifetime.
	www.shsu.edu /~icc_cmf/bio/gibbs.html (1201 words)

	Josiah Gibbs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Josiah Willard Gibbs was born in New Haven, Connecticut on February 11, 1839 the only son of Josiah Willard Gibbs.
		Gibbs also contributed to crystallography, the determination of planetary and comet orbits, and electromagnetic theory.
		James Clerk Maxwell was one of the first European scientists to recognize Gibbs as a theoretical physicist of international stature.
	www.corrosion-doctors.org /Biographies/GibbsBio.htm (426 words)

	Gibbs
		Gibbs returned to Yale in June 1869 and, two years later in 1871, he was appointed professor of mathematical physics at Yale.
		Gibbs' important 1873 papers were Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of Fluids and A Method of Geometrical Representation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Substances by Means of Surfaces.
		Except for his early years and the three years in Europe, Gibbs spent his whole life living in the same house which his father had built only a short distance from the school Gibbs had attended, the College at which he had studied and the University where he worked the whole of his life.
	physics.rug.ac.be /fysica/geschiedenis/mathematicians/gibbs.html (1021 words)

	Gibbs' phase rule: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It was deduced from thermodynamic principles by Josiah Willard Gibbs[For more info, click on this link] in the 1870s[For more, click on this link].
		The key thermodynamics result is that at equilibrium the Gibbs free energy change for small transfers of mass between phases is zero.
		Gibbs' rule related the number of phases to the number of degrees of freedom in the thermodynamic system, EHandler: no quick summary.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/gi/gibbs_phase_rule.htm (1236 words)

	The Willard Gibbs Award
		The medal was named for Professor Josiah Willard Gibbs [see here and here and here] (1839-1903) of Yale University.
		Gibbs, whose formulation of the Phase Rule founded a new science, is considered by many to be the only American born scientist whose discoveries are as fundamental in nature as those of Newton and Galileo.
		The award consists of an eighteen-carat gold medal having, on one side, the bust of J. Willard Gibbs, for whom the medal was named.
	membership.acs.org /c/chicago/Gibbs_history.html (388 words)

	ipedia.com: Willard Gibbs Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Josiah Willard Gibbs Scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs was an American physical chemist, sometimes classed as a physicist and sometimes as a chemist, but better thought of as the founder of the science o...
		Josiah Willard Gibbs (February 11, 1839-April 28, 1903) was an American physical chemist, sometimes classed as a physicist and sometimes as a chemist, but better thought of as the founder of the science of physical chemistry.
		After 1889, Gibbs published produced textbooks on statistical mechanics, which was published by Yale in 1902.
	www.ipedia.com /willard_gibbs.html (930 words)

	Josiah Willard Gibbs Biography / Biography of Josiah Willard Gibbs Main Biography
		Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903) was an American mathematical physicist whose pioneer work in statistical mechanics laid the basis for the development of physical chemistry as a science.
		When Josiah Willard Gibbs began his work, thermodynamics had become a true science, firmly based on recently formulated laws of the conservation of energy.
		Gibbs began with the known thermodynamic theory of homogeneous substances and worked out the theory of the thermodynamic properties of heterogeneous substances.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-josiah-willard-gibbs (234 words)

	energy and matter aim 1
		Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839-1903) was a US scientist who laid the foundation of modern chemical thermodynamics.
		From this Gibbs developed the notion of chemical potential, which is a measure of how the free energy of a particular phase depends on changes in composition (expressed mathematically as the differential coefficient of the free energy with respect to the number of moles of the chemical).
		It was left to one of Gibb's students, E.B. Wilson, to write a textbook on the subject, which was largely responsible for the popularization of vector analysis.
	www.chemcool.com /biography/gibbs.htm (692 words)

	Ox Bow Press - Books By Subject
		Gibbs is considered by many historians of science to be the most original and gifted scientist that the new world has produced to date.
		The Early Work of Willard Gibbs in Applied Mechanics was published in 1947, and went virtually uncirculated in spite of its obvious interest to a wide variety of scholars and historians.
		This biography places Gibbs in the context of the remarkable flowering of science and literature in the United States in the second half of the 19th century.
	www.oxbowpress.net /author/JosiahWillardGibbs.htm (373 words)

	Yale Bulletin and Calendar
		John Willard Gibbs (left), a neurologist and distant cousin of Josiah Willard Gibbs, spoke at the stamp unveiling ceremony.
		Historians and scientists alike have called Josiah Willard Gibbs one of the greatest scientists of the 19th century; some have declared his discoveries to be as fundamental in nature as those of Galileo and Newton.
		Gibbs made important contributions in vector analysis, electromagnetic theory and statistical mechanics, but he is best known for developing the modern method of thermodynamic analysis.
	www.yale.edu /opa/v33.n29/story3.html (1135 words)

	30 Decades of Distinguished Graduates
		"Gibbs unquestionably deserved to be awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on thermodynamics," wrote Arne Westgren, chair of the Swedish Royal Academy's Nobel committee on chemistry, in 1950.
		Papers Gibbs published in 1873 attracted favorable notice from the leading physicist of the day, James Clerk Maxwell, who used Gibbs's figures to construct models of the structure of water.
		In opposing Sir William Thomson's then-current theory of light as a wave transmitted through an elastic ether, in 1888, Gibbs anticipated Einstein's dismissal of the ether in his special theory of relativity of 1904.
	www.yalealumnimagazine.com /issues/01_03/popup/profiles/1858Gibbs.html (230 words)

	Josiah Willard Gibbs Biography / Biography of Josiah Willard Gibbs World of Physics Biography
		Gibbs was born in New Haven, Connecticut, to a family of well-known academics.
		Gibbs received his bachelor's degree in 1858, and in 1863 he became the first American to receive a Ph.D. in engineering.
		Gibbs realized that the opportunities for scientific advancement in the United States were slim, and after three years as a tutor at Yale, he traveled to Europe to continue his educati
	www.bookrags.com /biography-josiah-willard-gibbs-wop (256 words)

	Gibbs, J(osiah) Willard
		Gibbs was the fourth child and only son of Josiah Willard Gibbs, Sr., professor of sacred literature at Yale University.
		In 1863 Gibbs received the first doctorate of engineering to be conferred in the United States.
		Gibbs lost his parents rather early, and he and his two older sisters inherited the family home and a modest fortune.
	www1.ceit.es /Asignaturas/Termo/Gente/Gibbs.htm (583 words)

	Willard Room
		Gibbs was born in New Haven, Connecticut, where his father was a professor of sacred literature at Yale University's Divinity School, best known today for his involvement in the ''Amistad'' trial.
		Willard is located at 37°17'40" North, 93°25'24" West (37.294429, -93.423218).
		Willard (A.K.A. "The City of Blossoms") is a city located in Huron County, Ohio.
	www.artistbooking.com /trips/229/willard-room.html (2070 words)

	No. 1483: Gibbs and Visualization
		Gibbs writes the math that generates the shape of gear teeth, but he leaves the result to the mind's eye, his and ours.
		Gibbs leaves us with a nagging question: Could he have been what he was if he'd been raised in our world, with machines doing so much of his mental work for him?
		Gibbs, J. The Early Work of Willard Gibbs in Applied Mechanics: Comprising the Text of his Hitherto Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis and Accounts of his Mechanical Inventions (with commentary by Lynde P. Wheeler, Everett O. Waters, Samuel W. Dudley, and John F. Fulton).
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi1483.htm (662 words)

	No. 119: J. Willard Gibbs
		Gibbs was born in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1839.
		Gibbs studied at Yale, where he took one of the first doctorates offered in the United States -- America's very first PhD in mechanical engineering.
		A remarkably rich account of Gibbs' seemingly gray life was written by a noted American poet: Rukeyser, M., Willard Gibbs.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi119.htm (509 words)

	Josiah Willard Gibbs: Inroads in Thermodynamics - Albert E. Moyer
		Albert E. Moyer is an associate professor of the history of science at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia.
		Josiah Willard Gibbs played a role in the history of science similar to that played in literature by his countryman, Henry James.
		Gibbs and James, separated in age by only four years, share other biographical details as well.
	www.worldandi.com /specialreport/1988/june/Sa14441.htm (309 words)

	USN Ships--USNS Josiah Willard Gibbs (T-AGOR-1)
		USNS Josiah Willard Gibbs, a 2,800-ton oceanographic research ship, was originally commissioned in March 1944 as the small seaplane tender San Carlos (AVP-51).
		She was dedicated primarily to research in the physics of the ocean, particularly the propogation of sound, as part of ONR's efforts to improve the Navy's submarine and anti-submarine warfare capabilities.
		In December 1971 Josiah Willard Gibbs was deactivated and transferred to Greece as the torpedo boat tender Hifaistos.
	www.history.navy.mil /photos/sh-usn/usnsh-j/agor1.htm (623 words)

	Scientific Computing
		Thermodynamicist Josiah Willard Gibbs, geneticist Barbara McClintock, mathematician John von Neumann and physicist Richard P. Feynman were honored with postage stamps dedicated in a special ceremony at Henry R. Luce Hall, Yale University, New Haven, CT. The stamps became available at Post Offices and Philatelic Centers nationwide May 5.
		Over the course of his career, Gibbs made important contributions in vector analysis, electromagnetic theory and statistical mechanics, but he is best known for developing the modern method of thermodynamic analysis.
		Gibbs attended Yale, and earned the first doctorate in engineering to be conferred in the United States.
	www.scimag.com /ShowPR.aspx?PUBCODE=030&ACCT=3000000100&ISSUE=0505&RELTYPE=pr&origreltype=IW&pr&PRODCODE=00000000&PRODLETT=G (954 words)

	Yale University - Department of Geology and Geophysics
		Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903): Gibbs also was not a geologist or paleontologist but rather he thought of himself as a mathematical physicist.
		Indeed one can argue that one of the most important contributions of Yale scientists to the study of the earth was Josiah Willard Gibbs's insights.
		Gibbs: I have only just now learned that there is danger of your leaving us.
	www.geology.yale.edu /graduate/history.html (3102 words)

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