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	Joual - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Joual is the common name for the linguistic features from Quebec French that are associated with the working class, those receiving public assistance, and even some Quebec nationalists.
		Attitudes towards Joual range from stigma to exaltation depending on forms and components of human communication such as social setting (formal/informal; public/private), channel (spoken vs. written; broadcast) and so on.
		Joual is often termed a sociolect of Québec's French-speaking working class.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Joual (717 words)

	Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia
		The introduction of joual also enabled the introduction into theatre (at the time dangerously close to becoming a purely élitist form) of other dialects of the country from Michael Cook 's and Codco 's Newfoundland dialects to the Montreal anglo working class accents of David Fennario 's plays.
		Joual is considered by some to be a horrific bastardization of French but over and over again writers in Quebec have proven that any dialect can be rendered lyrical.
		From Michel Garneau 's joual Shakespeare to Jean Barbeau 's joual fantasies (loaded with puns; even the titles!), joual has found a place in the theatre and is no longer greeted with the dismay it once caused (indeed, Belles Soeurs was refused a subsidy to travel abroad because of its joual).
	www.canadiantheatre.com /dict.pl?term=Joual (698 words)

	Text in Joual - LiteraryTranslation.com
		The loss of swear words, for example, was compensated for generally by the fact that joual tends to require a doubling of such words.
		This incursion of English into both Scots and joual allows for the exact recreation in the translation of an aspect of the language of the original.
		(20) Joual form of 'bien.' All of these joual pronunciations can be seen as equivalent to the other similar aspects in Scots.
	www.literarytranslation.com /workshops/trainspotting/textinjoual (1358 words)

	The Impertinances of Brother Anonymous - Quebec History
		The word joual is a summary description of what it is like to talk joual, to say joual instead of cheval, horse.
		Joual, this absence of language is a symptom of our non-existence as French Canadians.
		Our pupils speak joual because they think joual, and they think joual because they live joual, like everybody around here.
	www2.marianopolis.edu /quebechistory/pictures/brother.htm (417 words)

	Michèle Martin \| Modulating Popular Culture: CulturalCritics on Tremblay's Les Belles-Soeurs \| Labour/Le Travail, ...
		The joual reproduced in Les Belles-Soeurs was the language spoken in Montréal's working-class areas.
		As for the language, he pointed out that the use of joual was inevitable since it was the language of "these" people, a brutal expression of their alienation.
		Joual was later described by Gilles Lefébvre as "the anglicised language of the urban proletariat." See Le Devoir, 30 October 1965.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/llt/52/martin.html (11026 words)

	Paul Laurendeau \| Département d'études françaises \| York University
		A pejorative epilinguistic concept known as JOUAL became the focal point which allowed the elite to expose the activities of the opponent class as well as the activities of those who defended or supported the vernacular spoken by the majority.
		Le mot joual est une espèce de description ramassée de ce que c'est que le parler joual: parler joual, c'est précisément dire joual au lieu de cheval.
		Le concept de JOUAL devient vite une pièce maîtresse sur cet échiquier idéologique, comme le révèlent l'extension et la diversité de ce concept, ainsi que l'ambiguïté qui sera plus tard maintenue entre ses dimensions de langue littéraire et de langue vernaculaire.
	www.yorku.ca /paull/articles/1992.html (5963 words)

	IJoST Peer Reviewed Article. Vol.1, no.1 : M.Bowman
		Joual is in a constant state of flux, and this fluidity of course has parallels with the nature of modern working-class Scots.
		Joual in fact surpasses the endless repetition of fuck and cunt and the occasional shite in Scots and English with a litany of words drawn mostly from the Roman Catholic Mass.
		In the joual version, reflecting the francophone speaker's delight in doubling words, there are eighty-nine such swear words with thirty uses each of 'câlisse' and 'tabarnac' and eight of 'hostie' with a total of seven other words making up the complement.
	www.arts.gla.ac.uk /ScotLit/ASLS/ijost/Volume1_no1/M_Bowman.htm (6878 words)

	The problem with joual - Michel Tremblay: L'enfant terrible of Canadian Theatre - CBC Archives
		But everyone speculates that the ministry is embarrassed of the low-class society portrayed in the play.
		While the playwright admits joual may not be the most beautiful sounding French, it's the language of his people and possesses beautiful raw elements.
		He says it's stupid to be ashamed of joual and Quebec must grow out of its inferiority complex.
	archives.cbc.ca /IDC-1-68-880-5112/arts_entertainment/michel_tremblay/clip3 (309 words)

	Québec - Uncyclopedia
		The province's primary language, Joual, is a curious mix of French and gibberish known to many as «franglais».
		The origin of the word Joual is the french word for horse, which is cheval.
		Joual is best known for phrases like «moé, j'chus icitte» (which would translate roughly into plain English as "Me, I'm here" or into proper French as «moi, je suis ici»).
	uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Quebec (3281 words)

	Joual or Patois by Juliana L'Heureux
		Another common difference in the Franco-American dialect is called "joual", which is a slang form of the French language with roots in the La Beauce region of Quebec, says Norman Beaupre, a Biddeford native and University of New England professor.
		He spoke the kind of language spoken by the French, who live around New England," writes Mary Sands, a writer who reports on Kerouac for the "Beat Generation News" in Lowell.
		Furthermore, joual is not a written language, says Sands.
	www.mainewriter.com /articles/Joual-or-Patois.htm (540 words)

	Category:User ju - Uncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Users that speak French with a hideous level of Québec argot.
		A L'utilisateur parle le français avec un accent joual ridicule quand il fait frette.
		Comme Jean Crétin, on n'en peut pas rien comprendre ni en anglais ni en français ni en joual en hostie.
	www.uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Category:User_ju (245 words)

	[No title]
		Le joual est une langue désossée : les consonnes sont toutes escamotées, un peu comme dans les langues que parlent (je suppose, d'après certains disques) les danseuses des Îles-sous-le-Vent : oula-oula-alao-alao.
		Le joual est devenu une appellation contrôlée de l'un des niveaux de langage, à la disposition de l'écrivain québécois comme tous les autres niveaux langagiers." (GODBOUT 1974: 27-28) Il y a donc débat scolastique, comme à chaque fois que l'ondoyance épilinguistique est en cause.
		Il y a donc le joual pour les uns, le joual pour les autres.
	www.tu-dresden.de /sulifr/downloads/W05FSV01-I.doc (7664 words)

	Cyberpresse \| Le Soleil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Le terme joual, d'abord utilisé par André Laurendeau, puis popularisé par Jean-Paul Desbiens, désignait, selon eux, une «langue désossée», à la prononciation négligée, à la syntaxe fautive et au vocabulaire anglicisé.
		Quand on leur demandait pourquoi ils ne voulaient pas parler un français correct, ils avançaient deux arguments, celui de la compréhension suffisante («Pourquoi se forcer pour parler autrement, on se comprend») et celui de la pression sociale et du conformisme («On fait rire de nous autres si on parle autrement que les autres»).
		Selon lui, l'existence du joual était symptomatique de l'état de la société canadienne-française : «Cette absence de langue qu'est le joual est un cas de notre inexistence, à nous, les Canadiens français.
	www.cyberpresse.ca /article/20060731/CPSOLEIL/60728092/0 (997 words)

	glbtq >> literature >> Tremblay, Michel
		Most remarkable of Tremblay's realist devices is his use of joual, idiomatic French as spoken by working-class Québécois.
		The status-signifying power of joual in Québec is akin to that of fl English in the United States.
		Tremblay's gesture is more than truthfulness to his roots, for his attention to language and class is paired with a focus on gender and human relations: mothers and their complexes, the antics of divas of either gender, gay male couples involved in parenting.
	www.glbtq.com /literature/tremblay_m.html (733 words)

	Ottawa XPress - News - Canadian French for better travel
		To call Joual 'beautiful' or 'complex' is like saying that tagging is high art (and I don't mean true graffiti, I mean fl tags on parking meters) or like saying that Avril Lavigne is a musician.
		There are MANY strong cultural characteristics in Quebec, and Joual is most certainly not one of them.
		Quebecers may not sound snotty when they speak and the dialect can sometimes be rough on the edges but it is a true testament that we are a product of our environment.
	www.ottawaxpress.ca /news/news.aspx?iIDArticle=887 (1291 words)

	Language Log: French in Maine: Louis XIV lives?
		I commend to you a useful resumé of the life and times of /joual/ at , and the wiki-lexicon at .
		From what I've read, "joual" is not terribly well-defined, but some do identify it with various Franco-American dialects including those spoken in Maine.
		This article delves deeper into the problematic usage of "joual" as applied to Franco-American French.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/003220.html (1312 words)

	Maîtrise en Traduction / MA in Translation
		The story of joual: translating from minor to minor
		Translation into joual: Trainspotting by Martin Bowman and Wajdi Mouawad.
		Translation of joual into Yiddish: Pierre Anctil and Goldie Morgenthaler.
	www.yorku.ca /trans/summercourses2005.htm (480 words)

	Heh sounds like "joual" in Quebec (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Some people (esp separatists at one point in the past) - think "joual" is more "authentic" than namby-pamby French.
		Thankfully joual appears to be on the decline and a sort of "mid atlantic" standard sort of French is accepted as every bit as "authentic" in Quebec (there's even immigrants who speak French now).
		As an Anglo who speaks French the number of times I got asked whether I was from Europe (because of my less slangy sounding accent) used to irritate me - now it makes me laugh.
	dot.kde.org /972035764/972053553/972069825/972172170 (218 words)

	Le « joual » à l'école
		N.B. Selon le dictionnaire HACHETTE, « joual : Variété de français québécois caractérisée par un ensemble de traits phonétiques et lexicaux considérés comme incorrects.
		Le « joual », c'est le français parlé par un groupe linguistique dont la langue maternelle est gravement ébranlée par la proximité et la pression d'une langue étrangère, l'anglais.
		(...) le « joual », c'est le français ébranlé non seulement dans son articulation et son vocabulaire mais aussi, mais surtout dans sa syntaxe.
	www.mef.qc.ca /joual_a_l_ecole.htm (407 words)

	Comments on 5069 \| MetaFilter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The second article mentions the occasional use of joual, but otherwise it's just referred to as Quebecois.
		I would imagine the translation uses Montreal-style, since that's where the translators and voice-actors are, but that's just a guess.
		I've seen it, and it's hard to say for sure - it's a very broad joual, for sure, very nasal and clipped.
	www.metafilter.com /comments.mefi/5069 (284 words)

	Log Cabin Chronicles Peter Black's Living Language Column
		The award is named for Felix Leclerc, the Quebec chansonnier who created a new genre of music, celebrating, in very poetic but refined Quebec French, the simple pleasures and sorrows of the French-Canadian experience.
		So was Charlebois, except that unlike Leclerc, Charlebois was compelled to tone down the joual in his lyrics so the French (and Belgians and Swiss) could understand what the heck he was singing about.
		Boucher, though, is determined to stay true to his joual, should the French come knocking in search of the next big thing from their long-abandoned colony.
	www.tomifobia.com /black/living_language.html (708 words)

	Author Profile: Jack Kerouac
		Jack Kerouac was born Jean-Louis Kerouac, in Lowell, Massachusetts on March 12, 1922.
		The youngest of three children, he spoke a local dialect of French called joual before he learned English.
		Kerouac published his first short story, "The Brothers," right out of high school, while attending a post graduate program at Horace Mann Prep School in New York City.
	www.teenreads.com /authors/au-kerouac-jack.asp (577 words)

	Gabrielle Saint-Yves, Lexicographic revolution in Quebec
		The defendants of joual — a colloquial and politically vested variant of French spoken in the Montreal area, characterized by a large use of vernacular expressions and Anglicisms — and their opponents, the more conservative wing of Quebec society led by a purist ideology defined as International French, brought to the surface heated debates.
		He included common informal words such as niaiseux (dumb), and cave (jerk), but felt that the public was not prepared to see slang expressions included in a Quebec dictionary before a general consensus on a Quebec norm could be reached.
		Joual is an important symbol of the Quiet Revolution: "Inscrit au coeur de la Révolution tranquille le mot joual aura donc marqué l'histoire récente du Québec." Poirier (
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~wulfric/articles/saint-yves2 (3431 words)

	Jack Kerouac
		Born Jean-Louis Kerouac on March 12, 1922 in the working class town of Lowell, Massachusetts.
		The son of French-Canadian parents and the youngest of three siblings, this American author spoke a French dialect called "Joual" before ever uttering a word of English.
		Jack attended Columbia University on a football scholarship, however, the coach refused him playing time and this, among other things, caused the budding author to drop out of the University.
	members.tripod.com /~Keynin/j_ker.html (324 words)

	Why? - LiteraryTranslation.com
		Martin Bowman had worked with Bill Findlay translating mainly the works of Michel Tremblay from working-class Montreal French, or joual, into the equivalent Scots.
		When they were working on the translation, Wajdi was also in the process of adapting Don Quixote for the stage.
		For Wajdi is perfectly placed to render both standard French as a suitable voice for Cervantes and to recreate into joual the language of Welsh's Scots speakers.'
	www.literarytranslation.com /workshops/trainspotting/why (208 words)

	joual definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		joual definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu)
		Canada nonstandard Canadian French: a mainly urban dialect of Canadian French containing many English words, also spoken in parts of Maine
		Everest: Beyond the Limit on the Discovery Channel
	encarta.msn.com.cob-web.org:8888 /dictionary_/joual.html (104 words)

	Enciclopedia :: 100cia.com
		Joual (Ê’ual) es el nombre que se la da al FrancÃ©s quebequense hablado por una parte de la poblaciÃ³n de Montreal.
		El Joual es normalmente asociado con la clase trabajadora.
		El nombre Joual deriva de la palabra francesa cheval, que significa caballo.
	www.100cia.com /enciclopedia/Joual (123 words)

	Wiki: le joual (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Le joual réprésente le manque de raffinement des jeunes qui ignorent le vocabulaire et la syntaxe française.
		La prononciation n'est pas compréhensible aux autres francophones, ce qui lui mérite le nom du "joual," qui veut dire "cheval".
		Le joual est devenu très important dans un sens culturel pour les Québécois, ce qu'on peut voir dans le succès de la première pièce de théâtre écrit en joual, Les Belles-soeurs par Michel Tremblay.
	www.skidmore.edu /cgi-bin/wikis/FF209_001_f04.cgi/le_joual (174 words)

	ArtandCulture Artist: Jack Kerouac (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Ultimately, the schism between who Kerouac was and who the world wanted him to be drove him into an escapist relationship with Thunderbird wine and an early grave.
		Raised speaking "joual" (a French-Canadian dialect), Kerouac was the youngest of three children in a poor, working-class household.
		Hoping to lift his family out of financial hardship, Kerouac worked hard to earn a football scholarship, eventually gaining admission to Columbia University.
	www.artandculture.com /cgi-bin/WebObjects/ACLive.woa/wa/artist?id=78 (518 words)

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