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	Judah Halevi
		Judah Halevi was the greatest Hebrew poet of his time.
		Born in Toledo, the capital of Castile, Judah studied with the famous rabbinic scholar, Isaac Alfasi.
		In addition to mastering biblical Hebrew, Arabic and the intricacies of the Talmud, Judah explored the physical sciences, philosophy and metaphysics.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/biography/Halevi.html (168 words)

	Yehuda Halevi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		That Judah felt them to be out of place, and that he opposed their use at the very time when they were in vogue, plainly shows his desire for a national Jewish art; independent in form, as well as in matter.
		Judah was recognized by his contemporaries as "the great Jewish national poet", and in succeeding generations, by all the great scholars and writers in Israel.
		The position of Judah ha-Levi in the domain of Jewish philosophy is parallel to that occupied in Islam by Ghazali, by whom he was influenced.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Judah_Halevi (2473 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - JUDAH HA-LEVI (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Judah strives to be free from subjection unto many, he rejoices that he is subject to the One, whose servant he gladly designates himself; for he may win the grace of God throughout eternity.
		Judah ha-Levi shows that there is no means of carrying out the precepts without having recourse to oral tradition; and that such tradition has always existed may be inferred from many passages of the Bible, the very reading of which is dependent upon it, since there were no vowels and accents in the original text.
		From the names of God and the essence of angels Judah passes to his favorite theme and shows that the views of the Prophets are a purer source for a knowledge of God than the teachings of the philosophers.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=643&letter=J&search=kuzari (4997 words)

	Yehuda Ben Shemuel Ha-Levi ZT"L (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Judah Ha-Levi was born in the town of Tudela in northern Spain.
		Judah Ha-Levi also spent a certain amount of time in Seville, where he was poorly received by some wealthy Jews, on whom he revenged himself by denouncing their greed and ignorance in biting satirical verses.
		Judah Ha-Levi's works contain a reference to Daniel in a prophetic poem, in which the poet said that he had learned in a dream of the impending collapse of the Muslim empire in 1130 CE.
	isfsp.org /sages/halevi.html (1494 words)

	Adventures in Philosophy: A Brief History of Jewish Philosophy
		As a "flaming pillar of song," Judah Halevi (or Jehudah Hallevi or Judah ha-Levi), the greatest Jewish poet of the Middle Ages, was exalted by Heinrich Heine, who, himself an undeniable expert, sensed through the medium of a translation of Halevi's mastership of versification and his fervent soul.
		Halevi was opposed to Aristotelianism which he reproached for subjecting the Deity to necessity and for being incompatible with the idea of a person God.
		Judah's biography is adorned with many legends which testify to the admiration of his contemporaries and succeeding generations.
	radicalacademy.com /adiphiljewish2.htm (1673 words)

	Rabbi Scheinerman's Home Page - Judah HaLevi
		Judah Halevi, known as the "Sweet Singer of Zion" was a poet and philosopher who lived from 1075 until 1141.
		Halevi distinguishes between Elohim, the God one discovers through the use of reason and logic (in the mode of the philosophers) while Adonai is the God people experience in their lives.
		Halevi used the Kuzari as a format to describe the unique characteristics of the Land of Israel and the Jewish people, the importance of Hebrew as a holy tongue, and the gift of prophecy which is intimately connected to both the Land of Israel and the Hebrew language.
	scheinerman.net /judaism/personalities/halevi.html (1247 words)

	Covenant and Conversation - Va'etchanan
		One of the most profound disagreements in Judaism is that between Moses Maimonides and Judah Halevi on the meaning of the first of the Ten Commandments.
		The Kuzari is Judah Halevi's philosophy of Judaism, cast in the form of the imagined conversation between the King and a rabbi that led to the King's conversion.
		Judah Halevi and Nachmanides, the one a poet, the other a mystic, were more sensitive to the particularistic and prophetic dimension of Judaism: the role of G-d in the historical drama of the covenant.
	www.chiefrabbi.org /thoughts/vaetchanan5765.htm (1186 words)

	- - Jewish Thought E-Lectures Glossary - -
		Halevi was born either in Toledo or Tudela, apparently to a wealthy and learned family and received a comprehensive education in both Hebrew and Arabic, apparently under Moslem rule.
		Halevi's poetry constitutes his most important biographical source: it tells of his journeys in Spain and in other countries, of his relations with his contemporaries, of his position in society, and of his spiritual development.
		Halevi in his view of history attempts to explain the paradox of a "chosen people" suffering exile and oppression, and to show that in spite of the suffering of the Jewish people, Judaism is the relition par excellence.
	hsf.bgu.ac.il /cjt/files/electures/gloss.htm (17803 words)

	JewishGates.Com - The Definitive Source for Talmudic Learning (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Judah HaLevi's religious attachment to the Land of Israel influenced Jews for almost a thousand years.
		Judah HaLevi describes, through the book's Jewish philosopher, the unique traits of the Land of Israel: just as some land is more fertile than other land, the Land of Israel is the only place in the world where prophecy can occur.
		In addition, according to Judah HaLevi, just as some beings are more naturally adept at physical prowess or intellectual pursuits, only the Jew has the elevated soul to allow him to achieve a special covenant with god.
	www.jewishgates.com /file.asp?File_ID=304 (484 words)

	Oriental Zionism of Arab-born Jews, One thousand years before Theodore Herzl
		Halevi was also a pragmatist who wrote serious treatises on the theme that became the foundation of modern Zionism -- rather than languish in exile, he stressed, the Jews themselves must take the first step and the Messiah would come later.
		Faithful to his enjoinder, Halevi left his thriving family and career as physician, and set out from Spain in the twelfth century on what was then the hazardous journey to Palestine.
		Halevi was warned by friends and compatriots when he broke journey in Egypt, according to his German biographies.
	www.eretzyisroel.org /~peters/oriental.html (4911 words)

	Literary Corner
		In fact, to judge by the Zionides (a series of some 35 "Songs of Zion") by Judah Halevi (before 1075-1141), the idea of ambivalent Zionism is at least 850 years old.
		To highlight the difficulty of joining his "heart," the poet emphasizes the distance between the two parallel worlds by placing his "self" at the sof, the metaphorical end, of the Western one.
		Not only does the word Ê evel mean "region," as it does in the poem, but it also alludes to the expression Ê evlei mashiaÊ (birth pangs of the Messiah), the bringer of redemption.
	www.ivrit.org /html/literary/ambivalence.htm (743 words)

	Judah Halevi : Poems and Biography
		Judah (or Yehuda) Halevi was a Jewish poet, philosopher and court physician who lived in sourthern Spain during the period when the region was a world center of science, philosophy, and mysticism under the Muslim Moors.
		Many of Halevi's poems were about the mystical yearning of the Jewish people and their memory of an ancient homeland in Palestine, earning him the epithet "Sweet Singer of Zion."
		A brief biography and discussion of the philosophy of Halevi (albeit, from a modern Zionizt political perspective).
	www.poetry-chaikhana.com /H/HaleviJudah (252 words)

	20th WCP: Jewish Philosophers on Reason and Revelation
		Judah Halevi deals at lenght with certain aspects of the Jewish law and through this we see his deep knowledge of the talmudic-rabbinic sources, which are very rational indeed.
		Since learning and understanding of the Talmud is an integral part of keeping the law, and since this is one of the prerequisites for reaching the level of the prophetic divine influence, it is clear that Judah Halevi, in spite of his antiphilosophical approach, cannot be called an 'irrationalist'.
		I would like to mention another two Jewish theologians in modern times who, like Judah Halevi, are of the opinion that the philosophical-dialectical thought process cannot lead to the recognition of theological or metaphysical truths: these theologians are Salomon Levi Steinheim (1789-1866) and Franz Rosenzweig (1886-1929).
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Reli/ReliShea.htm (3404 words)

	Scripture and Schism Online Exhibit at JTS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		By the twelfth century, it was left to the great Spanish rabbis Judah Halevi, Abraham ibn Daud, and Moses Maimonides to continue Saadiah's legacy.
		Halevi's philosophical treatise, The Kuzari, was aimed at defending Judaism against Christianity and Islam, but in it he also leveled arguments against the Karaite rejection of rabbinic authority through a defense of the Rabbis' exclusive claim to interpret the biblical revelation.
		As Halevi explained in a letter to his friend Halfon al-Dimyati, he wrote The Kuzari to answer various theological questions that a Karaite from Christian Spain had posed to him.
	www.jtsa.edu /library/exhib/scrips/07.shtml (295 words)

	Llewellyn Journal - Astrological Attributions of the Twelve Tribes of Israel
		Jacob's first wife was Leah, and she was the mother of Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun; these are called the "Leah tribes." Leah's handmaiden, Zilpah, was the mother of Gad and Asher.
		His other attributions, however, are based on rather liberal and strained interpretations of the descriptions given in Genesis 49 and Deuteronomy 33—that, and the standards or armorial bearings of the various tribes (which are said to have their origins in Freemasonry), as if the sons of Joseph had been English peers.
		This scheme accords with Deuteronomy by having Dan as the "lion's whelp." Judah is the ox, Reuben the man, and Ephraim the eagle.
	www.llewellynjournal.com /article/472 (2519 words)

	ADAM SHEAR
		“The Role of Judah Halevi’s Sefer ha-Kuzari in Ashkenaz: A Case Study in the Transmission of Cultural Knowledge,” submitted for publication in volume of proceedings of Amsterdam 2002 conference (volume in the process of being edited for submission to the Royal Netherlands Academy).
		“The Role of Judah Halevi’s Sefer ha-Kuzari in the Early Haskalah: A Case Study in the Transmission of Cultural Knowledge,” presented to the conference on “Sepharad in Ashkenaz: Medieval Knowledge and Eighteenth-Century Enlightened Jewish Discourse,” Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, February 19, 2002 (invited lecture).
		“Judah Moscato: A Jewish Humanist?” presented to the conference on Jewish Scholarship and Philosophy in the Renaissance, Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel, Germany, September 18, 2000.
	www.pitt.edu /~ashear/aswebcv.html (1526 words)

	PART II
		Judah Halevi, 12th century CE The irony is oft noted -- the great world religions offer visions of peace yet especially in the Abrahamic traditions have often times been embroiled in war.
		The above quotation from Judah Halevi refers to an imaginary eighth century conversation between a Rabbi and a Khazar king (a presumably Turkic people in the Caucasus region who converted to Judaism in the early 9th century).
		The king was baffled by the gap between intention and act, between "talking the talk" and "walking the walk," to use the contemporary lingo.
	www.crvp.org /book/Series01/I-7/part_ii.htm (964 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Cedars of Lebanon: Testament of a Jewish Intellectual: II (Site not responding. Last check: )
		...Judah Halevi is the prime example of a Jewish poet writing in a milieu of a thoroughgoing secular culture...
		...Halevi, in the content and the form of his writings, made his due obeisance to secularism...
		...It was not until this group of direct in527528 COMMENTARY heritors of Judah Halevi's eclecticism had gone that the strict demands of pure art began to make themselves felt...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V26I6P73-1.htm (1227 words)

	Book Review
		If Hartman has his way, Judah Halevi and Maimonides are to Jewish philosophy as Plato and Aristotle to general philosophy: The two antipodes to which all fututre systems are reducible.
		Whereas religious Zionism until now was under the spell of Judah Halevi, it is time this model be tempered by the Maimonidean model.
		It is a truism that Halevi’s Kuzari represents the mystical, the mythic, the particularistic, the territorial in Judaism, as opposed to Maimonides who blazed a trail of rationalism and universalism.
	www.orot.com /hartman.html (1321 words)

	BRILL
		She is also the author of Isaac ibn Khalfun: A Wandering Hebrew Poet of the Eleventh Century (Brill, 2003).
		But when Halevi first appeared on the stage of history, he was just a young man, incredibly talented - and completely unknown.
		This study focuses on Halevi’s earliest period of creativity within a circle of Hebrew poets centering on the Muslim city-kingdom of Granada.
	www.brill.nl /m_catalogue_sub6_id24544.htm (385 words)

	Amazon.com: "Judah Halevi": Key Phrase page
		This is attested by the attitude towards the Mutakallimun of Judah Halevi, Maimonides, Averroes.
		Key Phrases: Judah Halevi, Aaron ben Elijah, Levi ben Gerson, Guide of the Perplexed, Thomas Aquinas, Jeshua ben Judah, material intellect, sublunar world, acquired intellect, active intellect, necessary existent, actual intellect (see more)
		In the eleventh cen- tury, Judah Halevi's Kuzari includes a description of tradition that played an important role in later Karaite historical development.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Judah-Halevi (407 words)

	Yearning for Zion (Site not responding. Last check: )
		According to Rabbi Aharon Halevy, another benefit of this commandment is that it aids a person to acquire the trait of vatranut (concession), because there is no one who is more generous than he who gives with no hope of receiving a reward.
		The most famous of Judah Halevi's Poems of Zion: "Ziyyan ha-la tishali" ("Zion, will you not ask if peace be with your captives") is chanted each year in congregations around the world as part of the service for the 9th of Av.
		In his philosophical work as well as in his poetry, Judah Halevi spoke out harshly against those who deceived themselves by speaking of Zion and by praying for its redemption while their hearts were closed to it and their actions far removed from it.
	www.wzo.org.il /en/resources/view.asp?id=1527 (12639 words)

	The Great March: 28. An Angel Did It
		As the stranger entered, he noticed that Judah was pacing up and down the room counting on his fingers and whispering to himself.
		Judah's wife in the meantime quickly prepared some breakfast and set it on the table.
		This was the right moment for Judah to tell Ibn Ezra as well as his daughter about his plans for their marriage.
	www.sacred-texts.com /jud/tgm/tgm31.htm (1527 words)

	Judah Books - Signed, used, new, out-of-print
		As American students confront the multiple challenges of standardized tests, international comparisons, and drop-out pressures, educators and policy makers are seeking bold new teaching approaches with increasing urgency.
		Biographical note on Judah Hallevi and map of the Khazar kingdom.
		Comprehensive, up-to-date, and practical, The Counseling Sourcebook is the definitive helping-book for everyone who counsels: psychologists, social workers, marriage and family therapists, guidance counselors, clergy, teachers, and others.
	www.alibris.com /search/books/author/Judah (780 words)

	The Poetry and Prose of Yehudah ha-Levi
		Some HaLevi poems are also included in the following compilation: Music of a Distant Drum: Classical Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Hebrew Poems, translated by Bernard Lewis.
		Philosopher and Prophet: Judah Halevi, by Yochanan Silman
		Now we know that HaLevi spent some time in Egypt in early 1141 and met with many residents of Egypt during that time, composing special poems for them, and that soon afterwards HaLevi did in fact manage to make a last-minute trip to Israel.
	www.angelfire.com /ct/halevi (659 words)

	Term Papers On Judah, Research Papers, Essays
		Judah during Iron Age I and Iron Age II
		An investigation into changes in subsistence practices in Judah during Iron Age I and Iron Age II.
		An examination of "The Cult of the Dead in Judah: Interpreting the Material Remains" by Elizabeth M. Bloch-Smith which claims that an ancient cult of the dead existed during biblical times.
	www.essaysportal.com /essay/judah.html (328 words)

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