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	Ghettos: Warsaw Judenrat
		However, the Judenrat was a political and economic administration that was meant to continue the activities of the Kehilla.
		One of the Judenrat's greatest responsibility and fiscal burden was the Czyste Hospital.
		The Judenrat was able to attract deportation volunteers by offering food rations, and this method attracted quite a number of volunteers showed up to the Umschlagpatz, the point of departure for the death trains.
	cghs.dade.k12.fl.us /ib_holocaust2001/Ghettoes/judenrate/warsaw/default.htm (963 words)

	Judenrat
		These councils of Jewish elders, (Judenrat; plural: Judenräte), were responsible for organizing the orderly deportation to the death camps, for detailing the number and occupations of the Jews in the ghettos, for distributing food and medical supplies, and for communicating the orders of the ghetto Nazi masters.
		In the many cases where Jewish leaders refused to volunteer to serve on the Judenrat, the Germans appointed Jews to serve on a random basis.
		Underground Jewish organizations sprang up in the ghettos to serve as alternatives to the Judenrat, some of which were established with a military component to organize resistance to the Nazis.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Holocaust/judenrat.html (381 words)

	Judenrat - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Judenrats, German for "Jewish council", were administrative bodies that the Germans required Jews to form in each ghetto in General Government (the Nazi-occupied teritory of Poland) and later in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union.
		These bodies were responsible for local government in the ghetto, and stood between the Nazis and the ghetto population.
		In a number of cases, e.g., in Minsk ghetto, Judenrats cooperated with Jewish underground.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Judenrat (182 words)

	The Judenrat Question, Tragic Figures or Guilty Forever, an Essay by Dr. Wolf Murmelstein
		The debate over the "Judenrat" - Jewish officials who, on behalf of their communities, had to face the Nazi-Fascist authorities in Shoah time - is still going on: In the present pages the writer wants to defend the good name of those unfortunate persons.
		So a Judenrat stood between the hammer of the SS with its harsh orders and the anvil of the fellow inmates with their natural, but in no way realistic, expectations.
		The writer of the present essay is the son of the last survivor among the few Judenrat who reached the liberation alive, and he feels therefore that it is his duty to fight for the reputation of those Martyrs who had left no one who could do this.
	www.scrapbookpages.com /Contributions/Murmelstein/JudenratQuestion.html (1526 words)

	The Judenrat http://www.HolocaustResearchProject.org
		The Germans held the Judenrat responsible for ensuring that contagious diseases did not cross the ghetto borders, but they regarded the growth of the death rate in the ghettos as an aid to their âfinal solutionâ of the Jewish problem.
		In the initial stages of deportations for forced-labour the Judenrat tried to make contact with the members of their community imprisoned in the camps, sending them food, clothing and medicines, but when German policy took a turn for the worse, the contact was broken off.
		A central Judenrat for Hungary was established in Budapest during March 1944, under the name of Zsido Tanacs, its chairman was Samu Stern, a leader of the Neolog movement in Hungary and the president of the Jewish community in Pest.
	www.holocaustresearchproject.org /ghettos/judenrat.html (3995 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Judenrat
		Judenräte (singular Judenrat; German for "Jewish council") were administrative bodies that the Germans required Jews to form in each ghetto in General Government (the Nazi-occupied territory of Poland), and later in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union.
		In a number of cases, such as the Minsk ghetto and the Łachwa ghetto, Judenrats cooperated with the resistance movement.
		Trunk, Isaiah Judenrat: the Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation, with an introduction by Jacob Robinson.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Judenrat (280 words)

	Judenrat
		Upon the establishment of the ghetto and the oncoming population, the Judenrat was established by Nazi officials to govern the people and attend to budgets, deaths, health and welfare, housing, benevolence, hospitals, orphanages, and labor, although the intervention in labor which was forced was often a point of contention between Nazi officials and the Judenrat.
		Part of the nature of the Judenrat helps to understand their very difficult position: operating as a board, the Judenrat was headed by a 'governor' or magistrate, as in the case of Adam Czerniakow in Warsaw or Rumkowski in Lodz.
		The Judenrat was the only 'official' hope of the safety of the Jews, yet they were under the threat of death in the case of disobeying Nazi officials, and yet if they compromised, they were seen as weak, or even traitors by their own.
	www.shoaheducation.com /judenrat.html (999 words)

	Holocaust Survivors: Encyclopedia - "Judenrat"
		The members of the Judenrat believed that by complying with German demands that could ameliorate the harsh realities of German administration.
		Frequently, they were able to set up hospitals and soup kitchens and to try to meet basic sanitary needs in the ghetto.
		However, as time went on, the Judenrat was forced to deliver Jews to the deportation trains that were bringing them to their deaths.
	www.holocaustsurvivors.org /data.show.php?di=record&da=encyclopedia&sf=entry_name&sv=Judenrat (148 words)

	Shoa.de - Die Judenrat-Frage:Tragisch überfordert oder ewig schuldig?
		Strenges Geheimhalten der Einzelheiten von etwaigen Rettungsaktionen; ein Judenrat bekam vom SS Kommandanten zu hören: "Ihre Leute Quatschen zu viel".
		Der Judenrat in Deutschland, Wien und in den von den Deutschen besetzten Gebieten hatte keinen Zugang zu den wirklichen Entscheidungsträgern, sondern nur zu SS-Offizieren niedrigerer Ränge, die selbst wenig Entscheidungsspielraum hatten und auch bespitzelt wurden.
		Oft glaubte der Judenrat etwas erreicht zu haben, um dann den Betrug erkennen zu müssen.
	www.shoa.de /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=364&Itemid=46 (1376 words)

	The Southern Institute for Education and Research (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Nazis established a Judenrat in all the Jewish localities in Poland, and its role during the German occupation is controversial in the extreme.
		In Krakow, the Judenrat, initially comprising twenty-four eminent members of the prewar Jewish leadership, was located in the main police station under the supervision of the Gestapo.
		The director of the Judenrat in Krakow was Dr. Arthur Rosenzweig, a lawyer with an impeccable reputation.
	www.southerninstitute.info /holocaust_education/slguid2.html (2390 words)

	Judenrat - RecipeFacts (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Judenräte (singular Judenrat; German for "Jewish council") were administrative bodies that the Germans required Jews to form in each ghetto in General Government (the Nazi-occupied territory of Poland) and later in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union.
		In a number of cases, e.g., in Minsk ghetto, Judenrats cooperated with the resistance movement.
		Trunk, Isaiah Judenrat: the Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation, with an introduction by Jacob Robinson.
	www.recipeland.com:8080 /facts/Judenrat (237 words)

	Jewish Youth Movements in Wartime Poland: From Minority to Leadership
		At the beginning of the war in September 1939 most of the official Polish Jewish leadership either fled Warsaw and the other major cities of Poland for the Soviet Union or abroad or were captured, imprisoned, and executed.
		Some of those leaders who did stay behind during the war were forced to participate in the Judenrat (Jewish council) of their cities and towns during the war.
		Nonetheless, the youth movements quickly became highly critical of the Judenrat and Jewish police, often making them the first targets of both their political and physical attacks in the ghetto underground.
	www.ushmm.org /wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007224 (780 words)

	Jews Who Resided In Krosno Before 22 June 1941
		It was made by the Judenrat (Nazi-appointed Jewish council) in Krosno in 1942.
		Shortly afterwards, the persecution of Jews began and a Judenrat was established.
		The German authorities demanded a list of Jews from the Judenrat, which was given to the Germans on February 10, 1942.
	www.jewishgen.org /databases/Holocaust/0006_KrosnoJudenratList.htm (661 words)

	Religious Progressives, The Judenrat And Another Generation In Denial « Sigmund, Carl and Alfred
		The Jews who chose to participate in the Judenrat were told by the Nazis that as ‘prominent,’ ‘enlightened’ or ‘intellectual’ Jews, they would be spared the fate of those ‘lesser’ Jews.
		All too often Judenrat members were told that the anti Jewish measures were the result of ‘politics.’ They were told that talk about a ‘final solution’ was just that- talk.
		Even as members of the Judenrat were hauled off themselves, they continued to believe that they would be spared if they only were to prove to ‘useful’ to the Nazis.
	sigmundcarlandalfred.wordpress.com /2007/01/08/religious-progressives-the-judenrat-and-another-generation-in-denial (3130 words)

	Reflections on Judenrat
		Without a State of their own, the Jewish people of Europe during the World War II had to be lead by the Jewish Councils (called Judenrat, plural Judenraete or Judenrate) that were to guide them during the most trying times of their existence under the Nazi regime.
		Without question, Judenrat was an important component of the Holocaust that most certainly deserves serious research and honest exposure.
		The importance of the Judenrat cannot be overestimated as the Jewish people learned from it perhaps the most important lesson of their existence --and that is, that they never ever be left at the mercy of Judenrat-like institutions.
	isurvived.org /2Queries/Q-OnJudenrat.html (549 words)

	The Judenrat for Amsterdam and surroundings during World War II
		As reprehensible as the involvement of the members of the Judenrat was, and that of Asscher and Cohen in particular, it is doubtful whether the Jewish community, after all these years, still demands punishment for their involvement.
		That the Judenrat nevertheless continued the work as ordered by the Nazis, obviously meant that they were driven by nothing less than fear, in the hope that with America having entered the war toward the end of 1941 it could not last that much longer.
		Their failure to rescue, or at best to help fellow Dutch Jews can only be interpreted as an attempt to satisfy, for a while, the hungry predator - the enemy - by offering him the Jewish community by bits and pieces.
	www.cympm.com /judenrat.html (1016 words)

	Yad Vashem slams Women in Green for Judenrat comparison - Haaretz - Israel News
		Included in the letter was a Judenrat document sent to Berlin's Jews in 1942, informing them of their impending deportation, and detailing how they should prepare for evacuation.
		The Judenrat were Jewish councils appointed or elected to carry out Nazi orders in the Jewish communities of occupied Europe.
		Matar wrote that Bassi is a modern-day version of the Judenrat and is, in fact, much worse: during the Holocaust, the deportation of Jews was forced upon community leaders by the Nazis and it is thus difficult to pass retrospective moral judgment on them.
	www.haaretz.com /hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=479643&contrassID=13 (837 words)

	Reflections on Judenrat
		Without a State of their own, the Jewish people of Europe during the World War II had to be lead by the Jewish Councils (called Judenrat, plural Judenraete or Judenrate) that were to guide them during the most trying times of their existence under the Nazi regime.
		Without question, Judenrat was an important component of the Holocaust that most certainly deserves serious research and honest exposure.
		The importance of the Judenrat cannot be overestimated as the Jewish people learned from it perhaps the most important lesson of their existence --and that is, that they never ever be left at the mercy of Judenrat-like institutions.
	www.isurvived.org /2Queries/Q-OnJudenrat.html (549 words)

	Martin Rudner - THE HOLOCAUST IN BUCZACZ
		This first Judenrat leadership reportedly attempted to make conditions for the Jewish community as bearable as possible in these terrible circumstances, by providing what relief it could and by distributing the burdens as equally as was feasible.
		As one of its prime responsibilities, from the German perspective, the Judenrat was obliged to recruit Jewish labour for compulsory work projects and also to procure materiel needed by the conquerors.
		The Judenrat agreed to provide some funds for the purchase of weapons, although it unknown whether this commitment was actually be carried out.
	www.ibiblio.org /yiddish/Places/Buczacz/bucz-p4.htm (4057 words)

	Yesterday's Rainbow - Janusz Korczak - Biography
		The Judenrat was then informed that all Jews, irrespective of sex and age - except for Council members, their families, and essential service units-were to be deported to the East.
		In the meantime, the Judenrat was responsible for seeing that the two thousand members of its police force delivered their required quotas to the trains every day.
		Not only did she and Korczak feel that the children were safer with them- even the Judenrat believed that the Gestapo would not touch an orphanage as famous as this one-but it was not good for the morale of the home if some children left.
	www.korczak.com /Biography/kap-36.htm (4570 words)

	Judenrats! (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Judenrat was a council appointed by the Nazis to execute their orders in Jewish towns and villages in the Russian hinterland.
		These Judenrats, also called kapos, betrayed the Jews by organizing the shipment of fellow Jews to the death camps to gain favor with the Nazi butchers in order to save THEIR OWN skins!
		A well-fed member of the Judenrat in the Warsaw ghetto counts the bodies of Jewish victims of starvation and diseases prior to a mass burial.
	www.masada2000.org /judenrat.html (1392 words)

	Judenrat - Ask.com Web Search
		Judenräte (singular Judenrat; German for "Jewish council") were administrative bodies that the Germans required Jews to form in each ghetto in General Government (the Nazi-occupied teritory of Poland) and later in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union.
		Judenräte (singular Judenrat; German for "Jewish council") were administrative bodies that the Germans required Jews to form in each ghetto...
		the Judenrat was forced to deliver Jews to the deportation trains that were bringing them to their deaths.
	www.ask.com /web?o=8001&qsrc=6&l=dir&q=Judenrat (266 words)

	Documento del Ghetto di Lublino
		A seguito degli ordini ricevuti dalle Autorità che stanno conducendo l'Azione di evacuazione i seguenti dello Judenrat si sono riuniti alle ore 14.00: Dr. Alten, Bekker, Bursztyn, Cymerman, Dawidson, Goldsobel, Halbersztadt, Hochgemein, Hufnagel, Kantor, Kerszman, Kerszenblum, Kelner, Lewi, Lewinson, Lerner, Siegfried, Tenenbaum, Wajselfisz..
		La popolazione ebraica deve essere informata che coloro che sono in possesso della carta d'identità dovranno garantire che nei propri appartamenti già ispezionati o da ispezionare non risiedano persone prive della carta di identità In caso di violazione saranno evacuate anche le persone in possesso di carta d'identità.
		I precedenti membri dello Judenrat Ingegner Bekker e Dr. Siegfried avendo ricoperto nello Judenrat incarichi amministrativi verranno utilizzate nei nuovi luoghi di residenza come persone esperte in questo campo.
	www.olokaustos.org /geo/ghetti/lublino/docjude.htm (532 words)

	In der Stadt des Todes - Das Warschauer Ghetto 1939 - 1943
		Erste Ghettopläne: Der Judenrat wird über einen “Ansiedlungsstreifen” in Kenntnis gesetzt.
		Bis Jahresende ist es üblich, Geiseln zu nehmen, die vom “Judenrat” freigekauft werden müssen.
		Dem Judenrat wird aufgegeben, eine Miliz zu bilden (Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst), die später etwa 2.000 Mann umfassen wird.
	www.br-online.de /bildung/databrd/warsch1.htm/fakten5.htm (272 words)

	Corrupt government, conspiracy, new world order, no future.
		A favorite tactic of the Germans was to use Jews, known as the Judenrat in the ghettos and in the concentration camps as Kapos, to break the will of their fellow Jews.
		The terror-stricken functionaries of the Judenrat were promised life or escape for their families and themselves in return for turning in their fellow Jews.
		In one account, a member of the Judenrat burst into the hiding place of his son-in-law, daughter and child.
	www.pushhamburger.com /dirty_work.htm (624 words)

	OpinioNet Contributed Commentary
		In many cases, the "talks" were about how the Judenrat leaders would collaborate with the Germans in keeping everyone calm and orderly while the Jews were being deported to Auschwitz and similar places.
		And this is why they are so determined to force the Israeli government to conduct negotiations with the PLO in the very same days when suicide bombers blow up groups of Jewish children, when mortars are fired into Jewish civilian homes, when Jews are shot every day by the PLO Einsatzgruppen.
		Among those demanding that they be permitted to serve as the official Judenrat for conducting the talks with the stormtroopers have been Avram Burg, the Laborite Speaker of the Knesset, and of course Shimon Peres and Yossi Beilin.
	www.conservativetruth.org /opinionet/archives2/ccsp/2002/ccsp12.htm (711 words)

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