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Topic: Judeo Arabic language

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	Arabic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Arabic language (اللغة العربية; al-luġatu-l-ʿarabīyatu, less formally, عربي ʻarabī) is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic.
		Arabic has been a literary language since at least the 6th century and is the liturgical language of Islam.
		Since the written Arabic of today differs substantially from the written Arabic of the Qur'anic era, it has become customary in western scholarship and among non-Arab scholars of Arabic to refer to the language of the Qur'an as Classical Arabic and the modern language of the media and of formal speeches as Modern Standard Arabic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arabic_language (2337 words)

	Arabic language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Arabic has been a literary language for over 1500 years, and is the liturgical language of Islam.
		Literary Arabic, al-luġatu 'l-ʿarabīyatu 'l-fuṣḥā (Literally: the pure Arabic language—اللغة العربية الفصحى) is both the language of present-day media across North Africa and the Middle East (from Morocco to Iraq) and the language of the Qur'an.
		While Arabic is strongly associated with Islam (and is the language of salah), it is also spoken by Arab Christianss, Oriental Jews, and indeed Iraqi Mandaeans; and, of course, the vast majority of the world's Muslims do not actually speak it; they only know some fixed phrases of Arabic, as used in Islamic prayer.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Arabic_language (1293 words)

	Encyclopedia: Arabic language
		A sacred language is a language, frequently a dead language, that is cultivated for religious reasons by people who speak another language in their daily life.
		Algerian Arabic is the dialect or dialects of Arabic native to Algeria.
		Gulf Arabic or The Persian Gulf Arabic is a variety of the Arabic language spoken around both shores of the Persian Gulf, mainly in Kuwait, eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and parts of Oman.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Arabic-language (6639 words)

	Arabic_language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Literary Arabic, al-luġatu-l-ʿarabīyatu-l-fuṣḥā (Literally: the most eloquent Arabic language—اللغة العربية الفصحى) refers both to the language of present-day media across North Africa and the Middle East (from Morocco to Iraq) and to the language of the Qur'an.
		Since the written Arabic of today differs substantially from the written Arabic of the Qur'anic era, it has become customary in western scholarship to refer to the language of the Qur'an as Classical Arabic and the modern language of the media and of formal speeches as Modern Standard Arabic.
		While Arabic is strongly associated with Islam (and is the language of salah), it is also spoken by Arab Christians, Oriental Jews, and indeed Iraqi Mandaeans; and, of course, the vast majority of the world's Muslims do not actually speak it; they only know some fixed phrases of Arabic, as used in Islamic prayer.
	www.partsquote.com /search.php?title=Arabic_language (1260 words)

	Arabic Language History
		Before the appearance of Islam, Arabic was a minor member of the southern branch of the Semitic language family, used by a small number of largely nomadic tribes in the Arabian peninsula, with an extremely poorly documented textual history.
		If the Semitic languages can be generally said to share certain phonological (having to do with word sound) and morphological (having to do with word structure and formation) characteristics, they also appear to have developed certain similarities in the rhetorical and stylistic structure of their written records.
		Hebrew was deliberately revived in the twentieth century as spoken language by a dedicated group of teachers and intellectuals who worked against great odds to turn it from a liturgical language to the responsive vehicle for a living culture, one that could meet all life's needs, from the lowest to the highest.
	www.indiana.edu /~arabic/arabic_history.htm (5852 words)

	Judeo-Arabic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Judeo-Arabic languages are a collection of Arabic dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Arabic-speaking countries; the term also refers to more or less classical Arabic written in the Hebrew script, particularly in the Middle Ages.
		They wrote—sometimes in their dialects, sometimes in a more Classical style—in a mildly adapted Hebrew script (rather than using Arabic script), often including consonant dots from the Arabic alphabet to accommodate phonemes that did not exist in the Hebrew alphabet.
		Their dialects of Arabic did not thrive in either country, and most of their descendants now speak French or Modern Hebrew; as a result, the Judæo-Arabic dialects are now considered endangered languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Judeo-Arabic_language (295 words)

	NATIONAL PROFILES OF LANGUAGES IN ýEDUCATION: ISRAEL : LANGUAGE POLICY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		The national language of the Arabs (and of the Druze) in Israel is Arabic.
		French, recognized as important because of cultural, political and economic ties and as the community language of a sizable body of immigrants, is taught optionally (or as a required subject in place of Arabic) from 5th to 12th grade.
		Languages in which there exist programs are Yiddish (also used as language of instruction and taught in the independent ultra-orthodox schools), Ladino, Spanish and German; the policy seeks to add others like Japanese.
	www.biu.ac.il /hu/lprc/lprcprof.htm (2173 words)

	Beth Hatefutsoth - Related Links
		Judeo Alsatian is the Jewish variant of the Alsatian dialect of German (part of the Alemannic group of German dialects) as it was spoken in the ancient Jewish communities of Alsace, France.
		The Berber languages and dialects, spoken over a large area from western Egypt to Mauritania, are descendants of the native languages of North Africa and belong to the Berbero-Libyan group of the Afro-Asiatic (formerly Hamito-Semitic) family of languages.
		Judeo Tatar is the Jewish version of Tatar, a language belonging to the Altaic family of languages.
	www.bh.org.il /Links/JewishLangs.asp (2803 words)

	ARABIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		A pluralistic approach is taken to Arabic language and literature, which are examined for their social, historical and literary content.
		Arabic is part of the curriculum and students take courses in developing skills like writing letters and essays and learning spoken Arabic.
		Arabic Language and Literature works closely with the Department of History of the Middle East and Africa.
	www.tau.ac.il /humanities/arabic.htm (599 words)

	Jewish-Languages Mailing List: May 2001
		Arabic was used not only for poetry, philosophical and scientific writing but also for legal compositions.
		Aramaic, sometimes called the "language of the Yerushalmi," was used for the pseudepigraphic Zoharic writings--that is, for a different function and audience-- many hundreds of years after Aramaic went out of use, for most Jews, for purposes other than Talmud study.
		Arabic did not so much replace Aramaic for certain functions as it necessitated and made possible the performance of new functions: being for Jews, as for others, a language of new kinds of "science" and new kinds of literature--such as the Kuzari and new kinds of poetry.
	www.jewish-languages.org /ml/200105.html (1840 words)

	Jewish Language Research Website: Judeo-Arabic
		It is not uncommon to use script as a religious identification for a language, as with the Arabic script of Persian and Urdu, for example, which symbolizes the Muslim nature of the language communities.
		On the other hand, Standard Arabic is still the anchor for the left side of the Judeo-Arabic continuum, as it is in constant contact with the ethnolect and influences its structure and development.
		The Importance of the Language Continuum in Arabic Multiglossia.
	www.jewish-languages.org /judeo-arabic.html (2364 words)

	Jewish_languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Yiddish was the main language of Jews in Eastern Europe (thus making it the language spoken by the majority of Jews in the world), while Ladino was widespread in the Maghreb, Greece, and Turkey; smaller groups in Europe spoke such languages as Italkian, Yevanic, or Karaim.
		The largest single language spoken by Jews is English: The largest Jewish population in the world is in the United States, and there are also large, substantial communities in Canada (a majority of Canadian Jews speak English, not French), the United Kingdom, Australia, and South Africa.
		Hebrew is the language of daily life in Israel, though a substantial proportion of the country's citizens are immigrants who speak it as their second language.
	www.apawn.com /search.php?title=Jewish_languages (1028 words)

	Yiddish alphabet, pronunciation and language
		Yiddish is a Germanic language with about three million speakers, mainly Ashkenazic Jews, in the USA, Israel, Russia, Ukraine and many other countries.
		During subsequent centuries, Judeo-German gradually developed into a distinct language, Yiddish, with two main dialects: Western Yiddish, which was widely spoken in Central Europe until the 18th century, and Eastern Yiddish, which was spoken throughout Eastern Europe and Russia/USSR until World War II.
		As a result of the Holocaust, Jewish communities throughout Europe were destroyed and the use of Yiddish as an every-day language went into sudden decline.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/yiddish.htm (324 words)

	Jewish Language Research Website: Judeo-Persian
		The spelling was sometimes phonetic, due to the lack of Muslim education.These lapses in orthography are important for determining the historical Persian pronunciations.
		As a Jewish language, written Judeo-Persian belongs to the same type as written Judeo-Arabic of the Classical period, as it uses CNP as a model, is written in Hebrew characters, and includes some Hebrew loanwords (but not as many as in Yiddish).
		Non-Persian Iranian languages of Iran, mostly in their specifically Jewish varieties, such as Yazdi, etc., but also Kurdish; these are spoken by elderly immigrants in Israel and seem to be withering in Iran, due to the spread of education and the mass media.
	www.jewish-languages.org /judeo-persian.html (1513 words)

	Perspectives on Diglossia
		The Qur'aan and the pre-Islamic poetry were the primary sources of the prescriptive standard for the written language, which has since that time been held in the highest regard by the entire Muslim community as the language of the Qur'aan and the language that the angels in heaven speak.
		One explanation for this is that the Classical language that was used for the Qur'an was a special form of the language common to all of the tribes that existed in the Arabian peninsula at the time of the prophet that had previously only been used in the traditional poetry.
		The only variety of Arabic so far to break off and form its own language is Maltese, and most scholars agree that this happened because the Maltese are Christians and don't consider the Arabic language sacred in the same way that Muslims do.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~andyf/digl_96.htm (3092 words)

	Propaganda leaflets of World War 2: Translation of Hebrew language propaganda booklet
		In the light of the booklets text it is important to note that Kem was an Arabic speaker.
		Yiddish, Ladino (a language spoken in Spain by the Sephardic Jewish community), Judeo-Arabic, Judeo-Persian-Turkish and other dialects spoken by the Mountain Jews of the Caucasus or the Bukharans, Judeo-Kurdish (which is an Aramaic based dialect), Judeo-Maghrebi dialect.
		Judith Rosenhouse and fellow scientists did extensive earlier research on the Judeo-Arabic languages in general.
	members.home.nl /ww2propaganda/transla3.htm (1050 words)

	The Rosetta Project: the 1000 language archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Arabic, Judeo-yemeni texts are available in the categories below.
		A brief language description provided courtesy of the Summer Institute of Linguistics.
		Send a message to a language specialist or native speaker who might be able to review or contribute materials.
	www.rosettaproject.org:8080 /live/search/detailedlanguagerecord?ethnocode=JYE (100 words)

	Jews
		Islam and Arabic at center of nation-building ‘othered’ Jews as a threat to national identity, because they were French assimilated.
		This is a misnomer: firstly, because 'semitic' or 'aryan' were originally language groups, not people; but mainly because in antisemitic parlance, 'Semites' really stands for Jews, just that.
		In North Africa, some Jews are arabophone, speaking a Judeo-Arabic language, and others are francophone, speaking French; and in some areas there are “arabized” Jews who dress quite like Arabs.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~shaked/Tunisia/Jews.html (2817 words)

	Our Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		DAVAR is a free hebrew dictionary/lexicon, helpful tool for study of Old Testament language as well as modern ivrit
		Preserving Yiddish language and culture in the Rocky Mountain West
		Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry, The
	www.jafi.org.il /education/diaspora/links/language.asp?startcatid=10 (701 words)

	Benjamin Hary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		In most countries, the language of the news media is very limited, said Benjamin Hary, associate professor of Hebrew and Arabic in the Department of Middle Eastern Studies and director of the Linguistics Program.
		His theory is the basis of the course, "Hebrew of the Israeli Media," which trains fourth-year Hebrew students or the equivalent to read and listen to the Israeli news media and master its vocabulary and language structure.
		In addition to regular radio news broadcasts in Hebrew, Arabic, English and Russian, there are additional broadcasts in Yiddish, Judeo-Spanish, Rumanian, Hungarian, Polish, French and the language of Ethiopia, Amharic.
	www.emory.edu /EMORY_REPORT/erarchive/1997/April/erapril.7/4_7_97BenHary.html (581 words)

	FORWARD : FastForward (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		They spoke Arabic or French or English when conducting business with the outside world, but to each other they also spoke Arabi mal Yehud (Judeo-Arabic), a language spoken only by the Jews of Iraq, consisting of a mixture of Arabic and Hebrew, as well as scattered words from Aramaic, Persian, Turkish, French and English.
		Judeo-Arabic was thus a kind of repository of the Iraqi community's history; as with so many of the world's traditional Jewish languages, it is today spoken mostly by the elderly.
		Like language, cuisine is a repository of a community's history, often in the vestigial foodways of foreign invaders long since repelled.
	www.forward.com /issues/2002/02.09.27/fast2.html (1307 words)

	History of Tunisian Jews
		Their houses and synagogues have to be lower in size than that of their Arabic neighbors.
		The economy is disastrous, commercial exchanges practically non existant and the Jews are subjected to all kinds of vexations from the part of the Arabic population.
		But the truce is short lived because the Arabic Tunisian Nationalistic movement led by Habib Bourguiba get organized with goal to gain independence from France.
	www.harissa.com /eng/tunehistoireeng.htm (1648 words)

	RMIsaac's LinguaPages
		The National Center for the Hebrew Language is underwritten by The Jewish Agency's Department of Education and publishes a newsletter, IvritNow, and a vocabulary-building supplement, "Today's Word." The NCHL maintains a Hebrew Language Resource Center for both the general public and professionals in the field.
		Revival of the Hebrew Language: it re-emerged in the 1880s as a modern cultural medium, becoming a vital factor in the national revival movement which culminated in the creation of the State.
		Language Construction Kit: "This set of webpages...is intended for anyone who wants to create artificial languages-- for a fantasy or an alien world, as a hobby, as an interlanguage.
	www.eskimo.com /~rmisaac/lang.html (2887 words)

	Multilingualism in Israel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Arabic, the language of Israel's largest minority and of the region, is taught in junior high school to Jewish pupils, a small percentage of whom continue to study it at high school.
		It is the main language for external commerce and tourism, and a required language for all Jewish and Arab schools, and for the universities (which teach in Hebrew).
		European languages like French and Russian and Hungarian and German and Polish are spoken by immigrants from Europe, and Spanish by those from Latin America.
	www.biu.ac.il /hu/lprc/fog0000000007.html (529 words)

	On-Campus Arabic Resources
		The Arabic table, which meets for about an hour every week, is an opportunity for students and speakers of Arabic at Princeton to get together and speak Arabic over a meal at Forbes College.
		Arabic table is generally held on Thursdays at 6:00 pm, but the date may occasionally change due to previously-scheduled events at Forbes.
		During the Spring 2000 semester, subtitled Arabic films were shown on alternating Tuesday evenings at 8:00 p.m.
	web.princeton.edu /sites/NearEastern/Arabic/oncampus.htm (189 words)

	Multiglossia in Judeo-Arabic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		This volume contains a study of multiglossia in Judeo-Arabic in addition to a critical edition, annotated translation, and a cultural and a grammatical study of The Purim Scroll of the Cairene Jewish Community, written in 1524 to commemorate the deliverance of the Jews of Cairo from Ahmad Pasha, the governor of Egypt.
		'Multiglossia' is a linguistic state in which different varieties of a language exist side by side in a language community and are used under different circumstances or with various functions.
		He has published extensively on Judeo-Arabic language and linguistics, Arabic linguistics and dialectology, the history of Judaic languages, and proficiency-based teaching of Hebrew and Arabic.
	www.brill.nl /product.asp?ID=6958 (344 words)

	meet3
		Alliance sought to carry its program thru diplomatic and educational activities; it was in the latter sphere that it was most effective in achieving “l’emancipation par l’instruction.” The major focus of its educational endeavors was in the Ottoman E. and in North Africa.
		When a third of the Jewish community of Tunisia fell victim to the epidemics and famine that swept the country in 1866, 1867, and 1868, funds were raised for them throughout Europe through the AIU and the Board of Deputies of British Jews in London.
		The document was translated into at least 7 languages and enjoyed wide circulation between the wars.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~shaked/Tunisia/meet3.html (9903 words)

	Languages of the Middle East
		The Value of Coptic Language: Ecclesiastical and Coptic Principles (St. Shenouda the Archimandrite Coptic Society)
		Ladino: Medieval Language of the Jews of Spain (Ohef Shalom Temple)
		Evolution of the Maltese Language (Joseph Felice Pace)
	www.columbia.edu /cu/lweb/indiv/mideast/cuvlm/languages.html (188 words)

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