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Topic: Judeo Crimean Tatar language

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	Jewish languages - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Yiddish was the main language of Jews in Eastern Europe (thus making it the language spoken by the majority of Jews in the world), while Ladino was widespread in the Maghreb, Greece, and Turkey; smaller groups in Europe spoke such languages as Judæo-Italian, Yevanic, or Karaim.
		The largest single language spoken by Jews is English: The largest Jewish population in the world is in the United States, and there are also large, substantial communities in Canada (a majority of Canadian Jews speak English, not French), the United Kingdom, Australia, and South Africa.
		Hebrew is the language of daily life in Israel, though a substantial proportion of the country's citizens are immigrants who speak it as their second language.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Jewish_languages (1155 words)

	List of endangered languages - Simple English Wikipedia
		In order to judge if a language is actually endangered, the number of speakers is less important than the distribution among age cohorts.
		There may be 500 000 mothertongue speakers of the Breton language over 50 years of age, but fewer than 2 000 under 25 years of age - thus it is likely Breton will die out in the next half century.
		On the other hand while there are 30 000 Ladin language speakers left, almost all children still learn it as their mothertongue - thus Ladin is not endangered in the 21st century.
	simple.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_endangered_languages (220 words)

	Krymchak language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Krymchak language (кърымчах тыльы) is the language spoken in Crimea by the Krymchak people.
		It is often considered to be a Crimean Tatar dialect.
		In the Soviet Union in the 1930s this language was written with the Uniform Turkic Alphabet (a variant of the Latin alphabet), like Crimean Tatar and Karaim).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Krimchak_language (166 words)

	Etymologie, Étymologie, Etymology - UZ Usbekistan, Republik Usbekistan, Uzbekistan - Sprache, Langue, Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		ethnologue - Korean - Language of UZ (E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kor
		ethnologue - Lithuanian - Language of UZ (E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lit
		ethnologue - Northern Crimean - Language of UZ (E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=crh
	www.etymologie.info /~e/u_/uz-sprach.html (756 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Turkic language
		Turkic languages are a group of closely related languages that are used by a variety of people distributed in a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China.
		Turkic languages are agglutinative and also have special phonetic feature called synharmonism.
		Various elements have passed to Turkic languages especially from Chinese, Persian and Arabic languages and various elements from Turkic languages have been carried as far as Southeastern Asia, Northernmost territories of Russia and even Northern America.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/tu/Turkic_language (139 words)

	Encyclopedia Search
		was a language spoken by the Jews...is found in the Bible.
		was a language spoken by the Jews living in Persia.
		and Arabic languages and various elements from Turkic languages have...
	www.encyclopedian.com /search.php?searWords=Judeo-Persian (116 words)

	Beth Hatefutsoth - Related Links
		Judeo Alsatian is the Jewish variant of the Alsatian dialect of German (part of the Alemannic group of German dialects) as it was spoken in the ancient Jewish communities of Alsace, France.
		Judeo Tatar is the Jewish version of Tatar, a language belonging to the Altaic family of languages.
		Judeo-Tat is the native language of the ancient Jewish communities of Mountain Jews in the Daghestan region of the Caucasus.
	www.bh.org.il /Links/JewishLangs.asp (2795 words)

	Turkic Branch of the Altaic Language Family
		Turkic languages are a group of closely related languages spoken by people spread across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China.
		Languages spoken on the territory of the former Soviet Union have a large number of Russian loanwords.
		All languages in this group are considered to be Category II in terms of difficulty for speakers of English.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/march/TurkicBranch.html (195 words)

	Etymologie, Étymologie, Etymology - KZ Kasachstan - Sprache, Langue, Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		ethnologue - Korean - Language of KZ (E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kor
		ethnologue - Lithuanian - Language of KZ (E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lit
		ethnologue - Polish - Language of KZ (E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pol
	www.etymologie.info /~e/k_/kz-sprach.html (625 words)

	Language
		Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
		Languages that cannot be reliably classified into any family are known as language isolates.
		A language isolated in its own branch within a family, such as Greek within Indo-European, is often also called an isolate, but such cases are usually clarified.
	www.angindia.com /biographyland/biography_language.html (454 words)

	Tatar - Tatar-Törek süzlege (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It is spoken in the republic of Tatarstan in west-central Russia
		TatarsThe Tatar EmpireThe original Tatars probably came from E central Asia or central Siberia; unlike the Mongols, they spoke a Turkic language and were
		Eighty-eight percent of the Tatar of Ukraine live in urban areas where their lives In Ukraine, the most important Tatar colony is in the Donets region.
	xn--ghqq4ugv8a.com /?q=tatar (232 words)

	Turkic languages
		The Turkic languages are a group of closely related languages that are spoken by a variety of people distributed across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China.
		The Turkic languages are considered by some linguists to be part of the Altaic language family.
		Turkic languages are agglutinative and exhibit phonological vowel harmony.
	www.findthelinks.com /countries/turkey/Turkic_language.htm (170 words)

	Krimchak
		The Crimean Tatars referred to them as zuluflu Г§ufutlar ("Jews with pe'ot") to distinguish them from the Crimean Karaites, or Karaim, who were called zulufsuz Г§ufutlar ("Jews without pe'ot").
		During the period of Khazar rule, intermarriage between Crimean Jews and Khazars is likely, and the Krymchaks probably absorbed numerous Khazar refugees during the decline and fall of the Khazar kingdom (a Khazar successor state, ruled by Georgius Tzul, was centered on Kerch).
		The Mongol conquerors of the Pontic region were promoters of religious freedom, and the Genoese occupation of the southern Crimea (1315-1475) saw increasing levels of Jewish settlement in the region.
	www.governpub.com /Languages-K/Krimchak.php (834 words)

	On Liberty
		It was a religious and cultural phenomenon that arose among the Tatars -- or as they were known then, "Muslims within Russia" -- in the mid-19th century and later spread to Central Asia.
		But one should recall that for the Tatars in the late 19th century, the entire system of education was based solely on the religious schools, or madrassas.
		This growth in radical views is aided by the policies of Russia's leadership, primarily in Chechnya, which many see as a war by the federal center against their coreligionists, especially in light of the Russian leadership's demonstrative cozying up to the Orthodox church.
	www.rferl.org /specials/50radioliberty/guilfanov-speech.asp (1186 words)

	Balkan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is a list of languages spoken in the Balkans.
		These are extinct languages that were once spoken in the Balkans
		Ancient Macedonian (often classified among the archaic dialects of the living Greek language)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Balkan_languages (81 words)

	Ethnologue: Uzbekistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The language is close to North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic.
		(CRIMEAN TATAR) [CRH] 189,000 in Uzbekistan (1993); 38,000 in Kyrghyzstan, 1,859 Crimean Nogai in Moldova, 200,000 in Ukraine (1993); 25,000 in Romania (1982 estimate); 6,000 in Bulgaria (1990); 460,000 in all countries.
		The census counted them with the Tatar, but the languages are distinct.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/Uzbe.html (546 words)

	Ethnologue: Georgia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		May not be a separate language from Georgian, but a dialect using various Hebrew loan words.
		Officially considered to be a single language with Mingrelian, called 'Zan', although linguists recognize that they are not inherently intelligible with each other.
		Officially considered to be a single language with Laz, called Zan, but linguists recognize that they are not inherently intelligible with each other.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/Geor.html (567 words)

	Jewish-Languages Mailing List: February 2002
		Professor Morag, who was awarded the Israel Prize for the study of the Hebrew language, taught in the Department of Hebrew Language at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and was chairman of the Ben-Zvi Institute.
		Mozarabic, a romance language in the middle ages, was written in Arabic characters and influenced by Arabic.
		I think this phenomenon is comparable to Jewish languages in so far as in both cases a local language is written in Arabic/Hebrew script because of the religious and cultural prestige of that script within the group that uses it.
	www.jewish-languages.org /ml/200202.html (5411 words)

	Tatar Translation Service - English to Tatar Translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		You probably don't speak Tatar yourself, so there are a few questions you'll need to consider when choosing a translation company.
		Language is a living thing it develops and changes constantly.
		To ensure our translators keep abreast of the language our Tatar translators live in-county and translate into their mother tongue.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /languages/tatar_translation.shtml (456 words)

	Jewish-Languages Mailing List: October 2001
		Krimchak, a Kipchak Turkic language, also called Judeo-Crimean Tatar, is one of at least three Turkic Rabbanite or Karaite languages (the others are Karaim and Khazar).
		I assume that you are referring to the language known in Israel as Maroka'it, and not to Ladino.
		Sefiha-Vidal has made the distinction between Ladino, which is a litterary language, a "mot a mot" traduction from Hebrew texts, and JUDEZMO (or Judeo-Spanish, or Haketiya, or whatever), which are the spoken vernacular (or even litterary, but not calques) varieties.
	www.jewish-languages.org /ml/200110.html (3000 words)

	List of languages - Simple English Wikipedia
		This list of languages is alphabetical by English name.
		Ethnologue lists about 6,800 main languages in its language name index (see the external link) and distinguishes about 41,000 alternate language names and dialects.
		This list deals with particular languages, and includes only natural and constructed languages spoken by humans.
	simple.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_languages (202 words)

	languagehat.com: JEWISH LANGUAGES.
		Their languages have differed by as little as a few embedded Hebrew words or by as much as a highly variant grammar.
		Also intriguing is what you already mention, but which is mentioned at a number of the pages there: that Jews preserved various elements of local dialects that died out in the population at large.
		However this phenomenon usually lasts in a language community only for only a few generations and eventually their descendents either go over completely to the new language or back to the old one.
	www.languagehat.com /archives/002235.php (958 words)

	LINGUIST List 12.1525: Japanese Discourse, Lang Policy, Aramaic-Hebrew
		This is to announce the formation of a Consortium for Language Policy and Planning, to be hosted by the University of Pennsylvania's Penn Language Center and Solomon Asch Center for Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict.
		MISSION: The objectives of the Consortium are to enhance the quality of research, teaching, and information-dissemination on the subject of language policy formation and study; to strengthen similarly-oriented programs of its member institutions, and to foster dialogue on the process of language policy formation in situations of ethnic and linguistic conflict in the modern world.
		In particular, the Consortium for Language Policy and Planning will have as a primary focus projects that are educational and informational--the Consortium will sponsor workshops, summer institutes, informational and short-courses designed to bring to public discussion issues affecting schools and other multilingual sites of contention in contemporary America and other parts of the world.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/12/12-1525.html (1255 words)

	languagehat.com: ARMENO-KIPCHAK.
		The language was simply the vernacular of Istanbul and the urban fl sea turks of the time.
		These regional versions of Turkish language (Crimean Tatar, Karaite Judeo-Turkish, and Krymchak Judeo-Tatar) are not 13th century imports of Anatolian turkish (like Gagauz) but probably reflect the older Cuman/Kipchak pre-Golden Horde Turkish tradition of the steppes.
		Then there are various languages spoken by wanderers such as Gypsies (Romani), the Irish "Tinkers", and the speakers of the "Rotwelsch" language which includes elements of both Romani and Yiddish.
	www.languagehat.com /archives/001112.php (1204 words)

	Karakalpak language resources
		...language Karakalpak language Karanga Kaurna language Kazakh language Kerek language Ket language Khalaj language Khitan language Khmu language Khmuic languages Kildin Sami language Kimbundu Kobon language Kodava...
		...language Karakalpak language Karelian language Kerek language Ket language Khanty language Kildin Sami language Komi-Permyak language Komi-Zyrian language Koryak language Kurmanji Kyrgyz language L Lak language...
		KARAKALPAK: a language of Uzbekistan The following is the entry for this language as it appeared in the 14th edition (2000).
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Karakalpak.html (1408 words)

	Endangered languages in Europe: indexes
		Languages belonging to the groups (a) and (b) are listed indifferently in the indexes, while (c) diaspora dialects appear unnumbered and unmarked, except in the index by country if they constitute the sole representative of the language in the country.
		The latest updates bring Piedmontese, Ligurian, Lombard, and Emilian into the group of potentially endangered languages and it may prove necessary to move at least some of them to the group of endangered languages.
		Please keep in mind that for languages other than Finno-Ugrian I have had to rely on second-hand sources, and in a number of cases even they were difficult to obtain.
	www.helsinki.fi /~tasalmin/europe_index.html (581 words)

	Cultures, Communities, and Languages
		SAHD Project - Semantics of Ancient Hebrew Database (University of Bonn, University of Cambridge, University of Edinburgh, University of Florence, University of Leiden, University of Leuven, University of Oxford, University of Paris, and University of Rome)
		Libyan Jewry - Language and Literature (University of California, Berkeley
		Yiddish Language Playscripts in the Library of Congress
	www.library.upenn.edu /cajs/cult-lang.html (1454 words)

	ISO 639
		ISO 639 is an international standard which lists short codes for language names.
		In other words, there are two-letter codes and three-letter codes (sorted by language name in the third column!).
		See also: language families and languages, list of languages, list of official languages
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/la/Language_codes.html (506 words)

	EveryTongue.com Language Recordings Main page
		Here is the list of languages that you can hear if you order the cassette tape.
		Here is a list of the languages that do not have a recording.
		Here you can listen to a recording in a language you know and then listen to the same recording in a language that you want to learn.
	www.everytongue.com (531 words)

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