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Topic: Judicial system of Japan

	Politics of Japan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Japan has a parliamentary government, which consists of three branches: the administration (executive) branch, the legislative branch and the judicial branch.
		Japan was occupied by the Allies from the end of World War II in 1945 until 1952.
		Japan's judicial system, drawn from customary law, civil law, and Anglo-American common law, consists of several levels of courts, with the Supreme Court as the final judicial authority.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Politics_of_Japan (2940 words)

	Judicial system of Japan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the Judicial System of Japan, the postwar constitution guarantees that "all judges shall be independent in the exercise of their conscience and shall be bound only by this constitution and the Laws" (Article 76).
		Juries have not been used in Japan since 1943, although pending legislation (as of March 2004) in the Diet of Japan seeks to form special judiciary panels for serious criminal cases, which would include randomly-selected citizens.
		Japan has a relatively small number of lawyers, about 13,000 practicing in the mid-1980s, compared with 667,000 in the United States, a country with only twice Japan's population.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Judicial_system_of_Japan (1298 words)

	laborlaw.bsr.org
		Traditional Japanese legend maintains that Japan was founded in 600 BC by the Emperor Jimmu, a direct descendant of the sun goddess and ancestor of the present ruling imperial family.
		Japan's Government is a parliamentary democracy, with a House of Representatives and a House of Councillors.
		Japan does not have a federal system, and its 47 prefectures are not sovereign entities in the sense that U.S. States are.
	www.bsr.org /laborlaw_bsr/country.cfm?id=91 (388 words)

	Japan (08/05)
		Japanese legend maintains that Japan was founded in 600 BC by the Emperor Jimmu, a direct descendant of the sun goddess and ancestor of the present ruling imperial family.
		Manchukuo was dissolved, and Manchuria was returned to China; Japan renounced all claims to Formosa; Korea was occupied and divided by the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.; southern Sakhalin and the Kuriles were occupied by the U.S.S.R.; and the U.S. became the sole administering authority of the Ryukyu, Bonin, and Volcano Islands.
		Japan’s economic engagement with its neighbors is increasing, as evidenced by the conclusion of an EPA with Singapore, and its ongoing negotiations for EPAs with Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/4142.htm (5691 words)

	Bomb Online: MacArthur's Vision and the Real (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Japan's system is generally accredited to General MacArthur and his aides: MacArthur's officials were heavy New Dealers who had watched as one New Deal program after another had been struck down in the American court system.
		Then again, perhaps it is an indication that Japan's judicial system functions so cleanly that the Japanese electorate has never needed to reject a judge and that the legislature so perfectly mirrors the desires of the people that decisions based on law please all Japanese citizens.
		Judicial traditions are important in almost all court systems: American courts, for instance, sometimes look back to English common law in their decisions; Japanese courts, however, do not have a strong tradition of limiting the powers of government.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~nrrinard/writ/japan.shtml (2404 words)

	Background Notes: Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Japan's judicial system, based on the model of Roman law, consists of several levels of courts, with the Supreme Court as the final judicial authority.
		Japan is one of the most politically stable of all postwar democracies, ruled for more than 40 years by moderate and conservative political interests.
		Japan's defense roles and missions, which the United States supports, are the defense of its homeland, territorial seas and skies, and sea lines of communication out to 1,000 nautical miles.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /erc/bgnotes/eap/japan9012.html (5711 words)

	Paying for Pollution: Environmental Mediation In Japan
		Japan has had the dubious honor of giving names to a host of previously undiagnosed afflictions caused by air pollution or contamination of water and soil by toxic metals-mercury, cadmium, chromium, copper and arsenic.
		Japan’s intensely used coast-more than half of the shoreline of the main islands has been altered by reclamation or other engineering work-produces many cases for the commission.
		Japan has become so thoroughly Western in its embrace of technology that its success in apportioning the costs of environmental destruction consensually is persuasive evidence that the West could do it as well.
	www.aliciapatterson.org /APF0402/Denenberg/Denenberg.html (2029 words)

	Japan Politics
		There is still dispute as to whether Japan is a constitutional monarchy or a republic.
		Japan no longer officially has the traditional federal system, and its 47 prefectures depend on the central government for subsidies.
		The Japanese Japan Constitution, drawn up on May 3, 1947 includes a bill of rights similar to the United States Bill of Rights, and the Supreme Court has the right of judicial review.
	www.shododesigns.com /japaninformation/japanpolitics.htm (490 words)

	AllRefer.com - Japan - The Judicial System \| Japanese Information Resource
		The Supreme Court, the highest court, is the final court of appeal in civil and criminal cases.
		The judicial system is unitary: there is no independent system of prefectural level courts equivalent to the state courts of the United States.
		Below the Supreme Court, the Japanese system included eight high courts, fifty district courts, and fifty family courts in the late 1980s.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/japan/japan214.html (437 words)

	japan.html
		Japan’s judicial system is based on a civil law code which draws its inspiration from Roman law.
		Japan is an ethnically homogeneous nation: it is over 99% Japanese, half a percent Korean, and a tenth of a percent Chinese.
		Japan has established a Civil Liberties Bureau in the Ministry of Justice, a central administrative organ, for the protection of the human rights of its citizens.
	religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu /rihand/Japan.html (841 words)

	US Department of State Dispatch: Fact sheet: Japan - includes demographic, economic and social information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Japan is a politically stable democracy, governed for more than 35 years by moderate and conservative political interests.
		Japan's judicial system, based on the model of Roman law, consists of several levels of courts.
		Japan's primary interests traditionally have been in Asia, and good relations with its neighbors continue to be of vital interest to Tokyo.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1584/is_n18_v3/ai_12245588 (1114 words)

	JURIST - Japan
		Japan's judicial system, drawn from customary law, civil law, and Anglo-American common law, consists of several levels of courts, including high courts, district courts, family courts, and summary courts, with the Supreme Court serving as the final court of appeal.
		Normally a trial begins at the district court level, and a verdict may be appealed to a higher court, and ultimately, to the Supreme Court.
		However, staffing constraints and limited legal powers kept the administrative system for combating human rights violations weak, and many of these cases were ultimately resolved in the courts.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /worldlaw/japan.php (495 words)

	Nautilus Institute Policy Forum Online: Managing Perception Gaps in the US-Japan Partnership
		The United States and Japan will be increasingly required to carefully manage their different perceptions over non-strategic factors, most of which used to be considered domestic issues in both countries.
		The appearance of conservative voices should not be construed as a dangerous expression of Japan's nationalism or militarism, but rather as a reflection of increasing pluralism in Japanese society in the midst of globalization.
		But it is not appropriate to base criticism of the Japan's entire judicial system on the fact that the Japanese public prosecutors secure convictions in an astonishing 99 percent of criminal cases.
	www.nautilus.org /fora/security/0106A_Furukawa.html (1305 words)

	AllRefer.com - Japan - Chapter 6. The Political System \| Japanese Information Resource
		Certainly Japan's economic dynamism is often explained in terms of the coupling of feudal values with the efficiency of modern organization.
		Although political scandals were frequent, tarnishing the general image of politicians, the system succeeded in providing most groups in society with adequate representation and a share of prosperity.
		This party, which had broken off from the LDP in the spring of 1992 formed a coalition with the Shinseito (Japan Renewal Party) and Sakigake (Harbinger) parties, which had separated from the LDP just prior to the election, as well as with the Komeito and three socialist parties.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/japan/japan202.html (815 words)

	97/07/31 Fact Sheet: Politics and Government in Japan
		Japan's judicial system, which draws upon Western traditions of customary law, civil law and Anglo-American common law, consists of several levels of courts, and the Supreme Court is the final judicial authority.
		Japan does not have a federal system, and, unlike U.S. states, its 47 prefectures are not sovereign entities.
		Japan is a multiparty democracy that has experienced remarkable stability in the postwar period.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bureaus/eap/factsheets/fs-japan_pols_govt_970731.html (638 words)

	Japan's Government - In Depth
		Japan's judicial system, which, again, is based off of the U.S. traditions, consists of several levels of courts, and the Supreme Court is the "final judicial authority" or the court that has the last word in any judicial issue.
		Japan is a multiparty democracy that has experienced great stability in the postwar period.
		During that period, the main opposition party in the Diet was the Japan Socialist Party (JSP), which relied heavily on Japan's labor unions for support, and which in recent years has experienced a sharp decline in popularity.
	www.japan-101.com /government/government_in_depth.htm (641 words)

	Japan Tourist Guides - Introduction
		The four main islands of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, and a string of smaller islands on the far Eastern coast of Asia form the archipelago of Japan, the Land of the Rising Sun.
		Japan is in the middle of a highly active seismic belt, and has many dormant and some active volcanoes.
		The Japan judicial system has strong Anglo-American influences, and has several levels of courts, with the final authority lying with the Supreme Court.
	www.sino.net /japan-tourist-guides (428 words)

	Wikinfo \| Politics of Japan
		The post-World War II years saw tremendous economic growth in Japan especially with the Korean War in 1950-53, with the political system dominated by the LDP.
		Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama formed the next government in June 1994, a coalition of his Japan Socialist Party (JSP), the LDP, and the small Sakigake Party.
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Politics_of_Japan (1094 words)

	SAVE A LIFE - Foreign Prisoners Support Service
		LONDON — Supporters of a Briton convicted of smuggling a record quantity of drugs into Japan said Friday that his forthcoming appeal hearing would be a "test case" into the workings of the country's judicial system.
		The group claims that Japan's judicial system is geared up towards securing convictions at the expense of justice and in many respects resembles systems in the developing world.
		Jakobi branded Japan's legal process a "conviction system" citing figures that only one in every 1,000 defendants is either acquitted at the first trial or in a subsequent appeal.
	www.phaseloop.com /foreignprisoners/news-japan18b.html (750 words)

	APEC: E-com Legal Guide to Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Japan's judicial system is a civil law system based on the model of Roman law.
		Japan is undergoing a digital revolution, fuelled by the expansion of e-commerce and governmental support and promotion of e-government projects.
		In coming years, Japan, as the leader of the Asian digital revolution, intends to play a more active role, and participate more strategically alongside its US and European counterparts, in discussing and developing the international rules of the digital community.
	www.bakernet.com /apec/japanapec.htm (212 words)

	GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Asia - Japan - Government and Political Conditions
		The six major political parties represented in the National Diet are the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), the New Clean Government Party (Komeito), the Japan Communist Party (JCP), the Socialist Democratic Party (SDP), and the Conservative New Party (CNP).
		The New Conservative Party dissolved in December 2002, and elements of it and defectors from the opposition DPJ formed the Conservative New Party (CNP).
		This result brought Japan as close as it has ever been to a two-party political system.
	www.geographyiq.com /countries/ja/Japan_government_summary.htm (984 words)

	Japan America Society of Hawaii - Fall 2004 Newsletter
		Japan is proud to be America's ally." Ambassador Kato's words reaffirmed the Society's mission of "promoting understanding and friendship between the peoples of Japan and the United States through the unique perspective of Hawaii."
		Former Japan Society of New York president, Ambassador William Clark, was present as JASC president and chair.
		Coordinated by Sawayaka Hawaii and supported by the Consulate General of Japan in Honolulu and the Japan-America Society of Hawaii, the Japan Philharmonic Orchestra gave two sterling performances at the Blaisdell Concert Hall on August 24 and 25, 2004 under the direction of music director and chief conductor Kenichiro Kobayashi.
	www.jashawaii.org /nl200403.asp (5718 words)

	UH News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Japan is in the midst of reevaluating its justice system and is looking around the world for models.
		For example, Japan is now seeking to dramatically increase the number of lawyers in Japan, and to re-institute the jury system, at least in criminal trials.
		JFBA has recommended that a jury system, much like that of the United States, would be the best judicial system for Japan.
	www.hawaii.edu /ur/News_Releases/NR_March00/jbar.html (288 words)

	UCLA International Institute :: JAPAN: Journalist sues Tokyo over press freedom
		A Japanese freelance journalist has filed a lawsuit against the government claiming he was prevented from doing his job properly and, as a result, suffered a considerable loss of income.
		It also brings to the fore the closed and conservative nature of Japan's judicial system, which has become 'dysfunctional', according to Shunju-kai, a lawyers' organisation in Osaka.
		Japan's press club system restricts membership to journalists its established newspapers and broadcasters and excludes freelance or foreign journalists.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /article.asp?parentid=15866 (491 words)

	Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The seven major political parties represented in the National Diet are the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), the New Clean Government Party (Komeito), the Liberal Party (LP), the Japan Communist Party (JCP), the Socialist Democratic Party (SDP), and the New Conservative party (CP).
		The post-World War II years saw tremendous economic growth in Japan, with the political system dominated by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).
		That total domination lasted until the Diet Lower House elections on July 18, 1993 in which the LDP, in power since the mid-1950s, failed to win a majority and saw the end of its four-decade rule.
	www.n2geo.org /countries/politics.php?country_id=114 (800 words)

	kosho (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		@@@The Notary system in Japan was established in 1886, when the Japanese government laid down the Notary Regulation which was influenced by the French and Dutch system.
		@@@A notary in Japan is a public official appointed by the Minister of Justice and works in the jurisdiction of a Legal Affairs Bureau in which he was appointed.
		One of the reson for this small number is due to spefic seal system in Japan.
	www.koshonin.gr.jp /english/ekosho.htm (902 words)

	Political Forum on the Internet
		Here we declare that we are to establish the "Political Forum on the Internet"(=PFI) in order to abolish the present political hierarcy system in Japan which is totally centralized and controlled by the bureaucracy, and restore the true democratic politics forthe citizen.
		PFI is the general name of the citizen actions in Japan which are managed by some active people on the Web.
		A national civil group that seeks for the realization of national referendum in Japan and the reform and develpoment of local referendum all around the country.
	lp.jiyu.net /english.htm (793 words)

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