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Topic: Judiciary Act (United States)

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	United States Government - MSN Encarta
		Although the national government and the states are supposedly balanced and equal, in the 20th century the courts tended to favor policies that give more power to the national government at the expense of the states.
		In most instances, state legislatures allow cities to adapt state laws to their circumstances, but cities are ultimately bound by the state authority that created them.
		The United States also discusses issues and negotiates with other nations through the United Nations (UN), an international organization of countries created to promote world peace and cooperation.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_1741500781_10/United_States_(Government).html (1625 words)

	Judiciary Act of 1789 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Constitution stated only that the "judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish." It made no provision for the composition or procedures of any of the courts, leaving this to Congress to decide.
		The Act established a circuit court and district court in each judicial district (except in Maine and Kentucky, where the district courts exercised much of the jurisdiction of the circuit courts).
		Congress authorized persons who were sued by citizens of another state, in the courts of the plaintiff's home state, to remove the lawsuit to the federal circuit court.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789 (693 words)

	Judiciary Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Judiciary Act of 1789, established the federal judiciary.
		Judiciary Act of 1802, repealed the 1801 Act.
		Judiciary Act of 1891, also called the Evarts Act or the Circuit Courts of Appeals Act.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Judiciary_Act_(United_States) (229 words)

	Judiciary Act (1789)
		For the most part the Judiciary Act of 1789 envisioned a strong and independent federal court system, and the statute established the basis framework of the federal courts and their powers for many years to come; sections of it are still in effect.
		That the supreme court of the United Sates shall consist of a chief justice and five associate justices, any four of whom shall be a quorum, and shall hold annually at the seat of government two sessions, the one commencing the first Monday of February, and the other the first Monday of August.
		And shall also have cognizance, concurrent with the courts of the several States, or the circuit courts, as the case may be, of all causes where an alien sues for a tort only in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States.
	homepages.udayton.edu /~alexanrs/JUDACT.html (743 words)

	The Judiciary Act of 1789
		And shall also have cognizance, concurrent with the courts of the several States, or the circuit courts, as the case may be, of all causes where an alien sues for a tort only in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States.
		And be it further enacted, That all the before-mentioned courts of the United States, shall have power to issue writs of scire facias, habeas corpus, and all other writs not specially provided for by statute, which may be necessary for the exercise of their respective jurisdictions, and agreeable to the principles and usages of law.
		And be it further enacted, That in all courts of the United States, the parties may plead and manage their own causes personally or by assistance of such counsel or attorneys at law as by the rules of the said courts respectively shall be permitted to manage and conduct causes therein.
	www.infoplease.com /t/hist/federal-judiciary-act (2094 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.2, Entry 221, JUDICIARY: Library of Economics and Liberty
		It was not until the report of the committee of eleven, Sept. 4, that the judiciary took its present form: the appointment of the judges was given to the president with the confirmation of the senate; and the power of trying impeachments was taken from it and given to the senate.
		The 25th section of the act of 1789 had given a right of appeal to the supreme court from a final judgment of a state court in what are now often called "federal questions." that is, in questions whose decision invalidates any law or treaty of the United States.
		The act of congress of Feb. 26, 1845, gave such jurisdiction, in cases of tort and contract, in the case of vessels of more than twenty tons engaged in commerce on lakes and navigable waters between different states or with a foreign nation.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy612.html (4233 words)

	Judiciary Act of 1789 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Constitution stated only that the "judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish." It made no provision for the composition or procedures of any of the courts, leaving this to Congress to decide.
		The Act established a circuit court and district court in each judicial district (except in Maine and Kentucky, where the district courts exercised much of the jurisdiction of the circuit courts).
		Congress authorized persons who were sued by citizens of another state, in the courts of the plaintiff's home state, to remove the lawsuit to the federal circuit court.
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789 (704 words)

	USA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
		Manifest Destiny was a philosophy that encouraged westward expansion in the United States: as the population of the Eastern states grew and as a steady increase of immigrants entered the country, settlers moved steadily westward across North America.
		The United States currently enjoys a positive relationship with the United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, and Poland, among several others, in that these nations are participating as active military allies with, or logistical supporters of, the United States in all theaters.
		The United States is often under criticism from Western governments and NGOs concerning lengthy detention without trial, forced confessions, torture, and mistreatment of prisoners as well as some restrictions on freedoms of speech and the press, as being violations of their definition of human rights.
	www.solarnavigator.net /geography/united_states_of_america_usa.htm (6769 words)

	Bail - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Habeas Corpus Act (1677) states, "A Magistrate shall discharge Prisoners from their Imprisonment taking their Recognizance, with one or more Surety or Sureties, in any Sum according to the Magistrate's discretion, unless it shall appear that the Party is committed for such Matter or offenses for which by law the Prisoner is not bailable."
		The Act states that all noncapital offenses are bailable and that in capital cases the decision to detain a suspect, prior to trial, was to be left to the judge.
		In 1966, Congress enacted the Bail Reform Act of 1966 which states that a non-capital defendant is to be released, pending trial, on his personal recognizance or on personal bond, unless the judicial officer determines that such incentives will not adequately assure his appearance at trial.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Bail (1144 words)

	Federal Judiciary Frequently Asked Questions
		The number of magistrate judge positions is determined by the Judicial Conference of the United States, based on recommendations of the respective district courts, the judicial councils of the circuits, and the Director of the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts.
		The Jury Act allows courts to permanently excuse a juror from service at the time he or she is summoned on the grounds of "undue hardship or extreme inconvenience" if the distance to the courthouse makes it difficult for the juror to travel.
		The Chief Justice of the United States is the presiding officer of the Judicial Conference.
	www.uscourts.gov /faq.html (3770 words)

	Human Rights Watch World Report 2003: United States: United States
		Although United States citizens continued to enjoy a broad range of civil liberties and government leaders at all levels responded promptly and often effectively to the wave of anti-Arab and anti-Muslim hate crimes that immediately followed the attacks, 2002 was marked by significant steps backward on human rights.
		The United States remained virtually alone in the world in imposing death sentences on those who were juvenile offenders--under the age of eighteen--at the time they committed their crimes.
		The state prosecutor dropped charges against five other corrections officers implicated in Valdez' death because of lack of evidence and the difficulty of seeking an impartial jury in a county with four prisons where a high percentage of adults work for or are connected to someone who works for the state corrections system.
	www.hrw.org /wr2k3/us.html (6050 words)

	CITES BY TOPIC: United States
		The term "people," therefore, in that State, means, first, all the citizens of the State in the aggregate (i.e., the members of the body politic), and secondly, the body politic itself; and while in the former sense it is plural, in the latter sense it is singular.
		The original difference between "United States" and "Union" was that, while the former was concrete, the latter was abstract; and hence it is that the latter cannot be substituted for the former when used in its original sense.
		United States — means by default, all places and waters, continental or insular, subject to the sovereign jurisdiction of the United States under Article 1, Section 8, Clause 17 of the Constitution of the United States of America.
	famguardian.org /TaxFreedom/CitesByTopic/UnitedStates.htm (3612 words)

	Federal Judicial History \| The Judiciary Act of 1801 - Historical Note
		The Judiciary Act of 1801 reduced the size of the Supreme Court from six justices to five and eliminated the justices’ circuit duties.
		The reorganization of the federal judiciary was in part a response to calls for reform of the justices’ circuit court obligations.
		The scope of the Judiciary Act of 1801, however, went beyond any specific revision of the judicial system and represented the triumph of those who advocated a dominant national judiciary rather than the compromise of 1789 which left the state courts with a significant share of federal jurisdiction.
	www.fjc.gov /history/home.nsf/page/03a_bdy (433 words)

	Judiciary Act of 1789: Primary Documents of American History (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)
		The Judiciary Act of 1789, officially titled "An Act to Establish the Judicial Courts of the United States," was signed into law by President George Washington on September 24, 1789.
		The Annals of Congress, 1st Congress, 1st Session, reports that the Senate passed the Judiciary Act by a vote of 14 to 6 on July 17, 1789.
		Ten days before the Judiciary Act was signed into law, James Madison discussed this bill in a letter to Edward Pendleton, in which he wrote, "The Judiciary is now under consideration.
	www.loc.gov /rr/program/bib/ourdocs/judiciary.html (686 words)

	The History and Evolution of Judicial Independence - An Independent Judiciary- Report of the ABA Commission on ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In that case, Secretary of State James Madison, acting on President Jefferson's instructions, refused to award Marbury a commission he had received from outgoing President John Adams to serve as a justice of the peace in the District of Columbia.
		The judiciary had no institutional identity to speak of, being a decentralized confederation of judges whose sense of "independence" was derived as much from geographical isolation as anything else.
		In 1922, Congress established the Conference of Senior Circuit Judges, later renamed the Judicial Conference of the United States; in 1934, Congress delegated the task of procedural rulemaking to the Supreme Court; and in 1939, Congress established the Administrative Office of the United States Courts.
	www.abanet.org /govaffairs/judiciary/rhistory.html (2326 words)

	Information for Jurors
		Although it acts under the authority of the courts and is considered a part of the court system, it is an independent body with the authority to conduct investigations, to direct the prosecutor to assist in those investigations, and to subpoena witnesses as well as other evidence necessary to the investigations.
		State law requires that there be at least one grand jury sitting in each county at all times.
		A person must be at least 18 years old, a United States citizen, a resident of the county in which summoned, and be able to read and understand Engilsh.
	www.judiciary.state.nj.us /juror.htm (4099 words)

	Patriot Act extension shelved - The Boston Globe
		Senator Jeff Sessions, an Alabama Republican and supporter of the act as written, said the impasse ''is a very risky thing" because the deadline clock is ticking, although Specter and other lawmakers say they would not let the key provisions expire.
		The original Patriot Act, drafted in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, passed both houses of Congress with little conflict.
		The Bush administration's request for a seven-year Patriot Act extension has angered some Republicans, who note that the controversial provisions would stay on the books through the rest of Bush's presidency and most of the first term of his successor.
	www.boston.com /news/nation/washington/articles/2005/11/19/patriot_act_extension_shelved (1091 words)

	The Judiciary Act of 1789
		That the United States shall be, and they hereby are, divided into thirteen districts, to be limited and called as follows,.
		And shall have exclusive cognizance of all crimes and offenses cognizable under the authority of the United States, except where this act otherwise provides, or the laws of the United States shall otherwise direct, and concurrent jurisdiction with the district courts of the crimes and offenses cognizable therein.
		That the Supreme Court shall have exclusive jurisdiction of all controversies of a civil nature, where a state is a party, except between a state and its citizens; and except also between a state and citizens of other states, or aliens, in which latter case it shall have original but not exclusive jurisdiction.
	usinfo.state.gov /usa/infousa/facts/democrac/8.htm (944 words)

	Office History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Under the Judiciary Act, the United States Attorneys were limited to handling legal matters for the federal government within their own districts, while the Attorney General handled only the litigation which went to the Supreme Court.
		United States Attorneys were paid by a system of fees based upon the types of legal services rendered, sums of money from which they also had to deduct the expenses of their staffs and offices.
		The United States Attorneys and the Attorney General had to be allowed to retain their private practices in order to make ends meet.
	www.usdoj.gov /usao/nh/history.html (530 words)

	Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, 1948 Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Four United States marshals shall be appointed for the district, at salaries which shall be fixed by the Attorney General, one of whom shall be assigned to each division, and shall reside at such place in the division as the Attorney General shall direct.
		The United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico shall, in addition to its other jurisdiction, have jurisdiction for the naturalization of aliens and Puerto Ricans, and, for this purpose, residence in Puerto Rico shall be counted in the same manner as residence elsewhere in the United States.
		The salaries of the judge and officials of the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico, together with the court expenses, shall be paid from the United States revenues in the same manner as in other United States district courts.
	home.earthlink.net /~walterk1/Patr/US/Jud1948.html (2916 words)

	Wire Act Wire Wager Act United States Gambling Laws
		The Wire Act was intended to assist the states, territories and possessions of the United States, as well as the District of Columbia, in enforcing their respective laws on gambling and bookmaking and to suppress organized gambling activities.[58] Subsection (a) of the Wire Act, a criminal provision, provides:
		The interpretation of this language turns upon the determination of whether "sporting" is an adjective intended to modify both "event" and "contest." [73] Neither section 1084 nor the definitional section 1081 defines the term "sporting event or contest." A narrow construction would seem to suggest that the phrase is limited to sports-related activities.
		United States, 358 F.2d 195, 200 (1st Cir.
	www.gambling-law-us.com /Federal-Laws/wire-act.htm (1696 words)

	"Younger and More Vigorous Blood": FDR on the Judiciary
		Those who have intimated that the President of the United States is trying to drive that team overlook the simple fact that the President, as Chief Executive, is himself one of the three horses.
		But in the case holding the Railroad Retirement Act unconstitutional, for instance, Chief Justice [Charles Evans] Hughes said in a dissenting opinion that the majority opinion was “a departure from sound principles,” and placed “an unwarranted limitation upon the commerce clause.” And three other justices agreed with him.
		And thirteen states which contain only 5 percent of the voting population can block ratification even though the thirty-five states with 95 percent of the population are in favor of it.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/5092 (3128 words)

	RESALE OF TICKETS
		The act of selling any ticket of admission by one party to another after an original sale to a party by an owner or an agent of an owner.
		All fees and moneys accruing from bond forfeitures received or recovered under the provisions of this act shall be paid into the county or city treasury for the use of the county or city in which such license was issued.
		This act shall supersede all municipal ordinances embracing the same subject matter: Provided, That this act shall not affect the rights of any licensee or licensor existing under nor bar any prosecution for a violation of any such ordinance prior to the effective date of this act.
	home.att.net /~judiciary/04U/4Cp8.html (1303 words)

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