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Topic: Judiciary Acts

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	Judiciary Acts of 1801 and 1802
		The Judiciary Act of 1801, commonly referred to as the "Midnight Judges' Act," was passed at a time following the Republicans'; election victories in 1800 but before the Jeffersonians actually took office.
		The Federalists argued that their act was nonpartisan, as there was an objective need for expanded federal jurisdiction and for specially constituted circuit courts, with their own judges.
		The practice under the Judiciary Act of 1789 had been for two justices from the U.S. Supreme Court to sit on the circuit courts with a local district court judge.
	www.americanforeignrelations.com /Im-Ju/Judiciary-Acts-of-1801-and-1802.html (703 words)

	CAT Report - Egypt (1999)
		Acts involving coercion and ill-treatment by public officials are designated as criminal offences under article 129 of the Penal Code, as they constitute acts of infringement on and harm against others with intent to induce confession.
		Acts involving the ill-treatment of a citizen by a public official, whatever the position of the latter or the capacity of the former, are also designated as offences under the same article, which applies to all public officials, including those working in the agencies concerned with the administration of criminal justice.
		As to the military judiciary, article 183 of the Constitution states that it is regulated by law and that its competences are framed by the principles embodied in the Constitution.
	www.law.wits.ac.za /humanrts/cat/egypt1999.html (11153 words)

	Judiciary Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The title Judiciary Act may refer to any of several statutes relating to the organization of national court systems:
		Judiciary Act of 1869, also called the Circuit Judges Act of 1869
		The Judiciary Act of 1891, also known as the Evarts Act or the Circuit Courts of Appeals Act.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/US_Judiciary_Acts (196 words)

	Judiciary Act of 1789 - Part 1 <br>(Sections 1-21) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Acting on its constitutional authority to establish inferior courts, the Congress instituted a three-tiered judiciary.
		The Judiciary Act of 1789 represented a compromise between those who wanted the federal courts to exercise the full jurisdiction allowed under the Constitution and those who opposed any lower federal courts or proposed restricting them to admiralty jurisdiction.
		The act acknowledged the legitimacy of the state courts and protected individual rights at the same time that it assured the supremacy of the federal judiciary.
	www.classbrain.com /artteenst/publish/printer_39.shtml (1020 words)

	Embassy of Ethiopia, Washington, DC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Thus, independence of the Judiciary is enshrined in the Constitution for the first time, which is rightly considered a historic landmark.
		Hence, the Judiciary in Ethiopia constitutes a constitutional organ which acts as a countervailing power to the Executive and the Legislature.
		Given the independence of the Judiciary, which is enshrined in the Constitution, the unreserved efforts to fully build the capacity of the Judiciary and the commitment, sincerity and good intention of those on the bench, individuals surely have remedies in the case of infringement of their rights.
	www.ethiopianembassy.org /judiciary.shtml (1017 words)

	Senate Appropriations Committee Acts on Judiciary’s Funding
		Overall, the Judiciary would receive $6.337 billion, a 6 percent increase over the FY 2007 level and $79 million above the House version of the bill.
		Given these potential delays it is likely the Judiciary will begin the new fiscal year operating under a continuing resolution.
		The Senate recommendation for the Judiciary’s largest account, Salaries and Expenses, is a 5.2 percent increase over FY 2007.
	www.uscourts.gov /ttb/2007-08/senate/index.html (631 words)

	Station Information - US Judiciary Acts
		The Judiciary Act of 1789 established a United States Supreme Court of six judges, provided 13 district courts and 3 circuit courts.
		This act's purpose was to limit the number of judges that Jefferson could appoint after taking office.
		Thus the Judiciary Act of 1789 was the first act by Congress to be invalidated by the Supreme Court.
	www.stationinformation.com /encyclopedia/u/us/us_judiciary_acts.html (187 words)

	'Judiciary must be overactive'
		The judiciary is one of the important organs of the State.
		Therefore the government, in consultation with the judiciary, [should decide] as to what should be the number of judges in a particular court or high court or in a particular state or in a particular district.
		Both the judiciary as well as the executive have some difficulties and they should resolve their problems through mutual accommodation.
	www.rediff.com /news/2004/aug/03inter1.htm (1211 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		On the one hand, the judiciary itself should strive to maintain its independent and effectiveness and on the other hand other organs of the state should also be committed towards it.
		If the judiciary deviates from fulfilling its obligation seriously and strictly, the concept of rule of law goes defeated and then achieving and protection of human rights is not possible.
		In this case the plaintiff quoted the provision of clause 21 of Income Tax Act which says that the tax shall be assessed in the name of husband for joint income of husband and wife, which thus discriminated between male and female.
	www.hri.ca /partners/insec/Yb1993/Ch3.shtml (4541 words)

	January/February 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Although the judiciary is considered a separate branch of government, in reality it is dependent on the executive and legislative branches in many significant respects, including the appointment and tenure of its judges.
		Because the judiciary acts independently of public opinion, and instead bases its decisions upon the law as set forth in Utah statutes and case law, it continually comes under criticism by those who do not understand or agree with the outcome.
		We have a duty to act responsibly in defense of the judiciary.
	www.utahbar.org /barjournal2000/html/january_february_2002_2.html (2777 words)

	LexisNexis(TM) Academic - Document
		The Judiciary Act of 1789 provides that state court decisions rejecting claims of federal right, declaring federal laws unconstitutional, or declaring state laws constitutional "may be re-examined and reversed or affirmed in the Supreme Court of the United States...
		The Judiciary Act of 1802 limited the capacity of the Supreme Court to resolve constitutional issues in a timely fashion by restricting that tribunal to one annual session and preventing the Justices from declaring any law unconstitutional in 1802.
		These and other judiciary acts are part of the canon taught and analyzed in courses and scholarship on federal courts, not on constitutional law.
	faculty.maxwell.syr.edu /tmkeck/Readings/Graber2003.htm (17849 words)

	New Hampshire Politics: Letters To Educators #14 - by Rasputin
		Finally, exposure to liability for the judiciary's negligent disposition of suits would greatly impair the ability of the courts to render final judgments and could undermine the confidence in the court system that is essential to its effective operation.
		This distinction between ministerial and discretionary acts is, in the first instance, a technical one which is associated with the historical uses of the writ of mandamus.
		Note, however, that this concept that State agents are acting in their own behalfs, and not for the State, when they seek to execute an unconstitutional law does not carry over to the State's failure to satisfy an affirmative duty, such as to provide an adequate education.
	www.mainstream.com /nhpolitics/lte/letter14.shtml (18392 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		BACKGROUND Related Acts The county sheriffs and their deputies and special deputies are responsible for service of process (formal delivery of legal papers such as a summons, complaint, or subpoena), transporting prisoners to courthouses, custody of prisoners at courthouses, and courthouse security.
		Under the act, responsibility for (1) transporting prisoners to courthouses, custody of prisoners at courthouses, and courthouse security is transferred to the Judicial Department and (2) service of process functions are given to state marshals, a new position created by the act.
		The act defines “authorized representative” as (1) a person the patient authorizes to assert the information’s confidentiality, (2) a deceased patient’s personal representative or next of kin, (3) an incompetent patient’s court-appointed guardian or conservator, or (4) the incompetent patient’s nearest relative who may act until a guardian or conservator is appointed.
	www.cga.ct.gov /olr/actsaffecting/aajudiciary.doc (6703 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Judiciary Supreme Court The Supreme Court is at the apex of the judicial systems of Pakistan.
		All executive and judicial authorities throughout Pakistan are required to act in aid of the Supreme Court.
		He knows that there is an authority who can question him about his acts of omission and commission, while the citizen has the assurance that if an agency or an officer continues to be obdurate and inaccessible, he can go to the Mohtasib with his problem and get relief.
	www.pak.gov.pk /public/govt/judiciary.htm (3435 words)

	Judiciary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The administration of justice is exercised by the island's separate and independent judiciary.
		The Supreme Court is the final Appellate Court in the Republic and has jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals in civil and criminal cases from the Assize Court, District Courts as well as appeals from decisions of its own judges when sitting alone in the exercise of original and revisional jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
		It is also vested exclusively with Administrative Law, revisional jurisdiction in connection with administrative or executive acts, decisions or omissions; the relevant remedy is by way of a recourse for annulment.
	www.kypros.org /PIO/cygov/judiciary.htm (429 words)

	Judiciary Acts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Judiciary Act of 1789 established a United States Supreme Court of six judges, provided 13 districtcourts and 3 circuit courts.
		Thus the Judiciary Act of 1789 was the first act byCongress to be partially invalidated by the Supreme Court.
		This act's purpose was to limit the number of judges that Jefferson couldappoint after taking office.
	www.therfcc.org /judiciary-acts-47518.html (229 words)

	Acts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		By Act of Congress on March 1, 1872, Yellowstone National Park was "dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasuring ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people" and "for the preservation, from injury or spoilation, of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders.
		The Alien Act is one of a collection of acts passed in 1789 known collectively as the Alien and Sedition Acts.
		This act was the first significant restriction on free immigration in U.S. history, and it excluded Chinese laborers from the country under penalty of imprisonment and deportation.
	www.classbrain.com /artteenst/publish/cat_index_18.shtml (1222 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		(D-MI), Ranking Member of the House Judiciary Committee and Dean of the Congressional Black Caucus, today said that the Republican leadership broke a promise and failed to consider the issue of baseball's antitrust exemption.
		"When the Judiciary Committee convened last year we agreed to consider baseball's antitrust exemption by the Spring or Summer of 1995, and Chairman Hyde promised not to hold up the bill in committee, but even now we have not considered this issue.
		Conyers said that as the Judiciary Committee acts on the issue of sports relocation it is obligated to act on baseball's unique antitrust exemption.
	www.house.gov /judiciary_democrats/dpr40019.htm (266 words)

	Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics, The: Judiciary in the United States: A search for fairness, independence, and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Alexander Hamilton referred to the judiciary as "the least dangerous branch"1 because it could neither make nor enforce the law without help from the other two branches of government.
		The most important factors that affect the fairness, independence, and competency of judges are: method of selection, term of office, compensation, code of conduct, the disciplinary process, gender and racial bias, and education and training.
		That is the difference between the legislative branch and the judiciary - the members of Congress are elected to represent the views of their constituents.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3975/is_200104/ai_n8933540 (1044 words)

	PROHIBITED ACTS; PENALTIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Placing or causing to be placed upon any controlled substance, other drug, device or cosmetic, or upon the container of any controlled substance, other drug, device or cosmetic, with intent to defraud, the trademark, trade name or other identifying mark, imprint or symbol of another, or any likeness of any of the foregoing.
		Such information obtained under the authority of this act shall not be admitted in evidence in any proceeding before any court of the Commonwealth except in proceedings under this act.
		Except as authorized by this act, the manufacture, delivery, or possession with intent to manufacture or deliver, a controlled substance by a person not registered under this act, or a practitioner not registered or licensed by the appropriate State board, or knowingly creating, delivering or possessing with intent to deliver, a counterfeit controlled substance.
	members.aol.com /Judiciary/35PA780_113.html (1581 words)

	United States -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The original political structure was a (A union of political organizations) confederation in 1777, ratified in 1781 as the (A written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen original states; it provided a legal symbol of their union by gave the central government no coercive power over the states or their citizens) Articles of Confederation.
		After long (The formal presentation of and opposition to a stated proposition (usually followed by a vote)) debate, this was supplanted by the (The act of forming something) Constitution in 1789, forming a more centralized (Any federal law-enforcement officer) federal government.
		Each state maintains its own judiciary, with the lowest level typically being county courts, and culminating in each (The highest court in most states of the United States) state supreme court, though sometimes named differently.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/u/un/united_states.htm (3664 words)

	Asia Times Online
		The third function is to act as supervisor of the referendums held inside the country.
		Ismaili: The six jurist members of the Council of Guardians are nominated by the head of the judiciary and approved by the parliament.
		The head of the judiciary acts in consultation with the Supreme Court, which proposes the candidates.
	www.atimes.com /front/DE30Aa03.html (1421 words)

	[No title]
		The Judiciary Committee this week took important steps to address the judicial vacancy crisis in our nation's courts.
		The Judiciary Committee's actions this week are the beginning of an effort to clear this backlog and to ensure that the courts have a full complement of judges.
		On January 30, the Judiciary Committee voted 10-9 to confirm Miguel Estrada to serve on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.
	www.senate.gov /~rpc/releases/2003/jd013103.htm (924 words)

	George Washington - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This issue was resolved in 1976 when Washington was, by Act of Congress, posthumously promoted to the rank of General of the Armies, outranking any past, present, and future general, and declared to permanently be the top-ranked military officer of the United States.
		The District of Columbia was created by an Act of Congress in 1790, and Washington was deeply involved in its creation, including the siting of the White House.
		The Washington Monument, one of the most well-known landmarks in the city, was built in his honor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/George_Washington (4648 words)

	Statutes at Large Page Headings
		Act to Revise and Consolidate the Statutes of the United States
		Acts of Congress relating to the imports and tonnage
		Acts of Congress relating to the post-office of the U. Acts of Congress relating to the public lands
	lcweb2.loc.gov /ammem/amlaw/llsl_browse.html (2066 words)

	The Judicial Branch
		The judiciary acts as Israel's watchdog over the rule of law and individual rights, as do similar institutions in other countries.
		Basic Law: The Judiciary, establishes three levels of courts: the Supreme Court, district courts and magistrates' courts.
		The jurisdiction of a magistrate's court is the locality in which it sits and the whole district in which it is situated.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Politics/judiciary.html (2873 words)

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