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Topic: Judiciary system of Iran

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	Judicial system of Iran - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In an Iranian court the judge acts as prosecutor, jury, and arbiter; the system is a form of the inquisitorial system.
		Iran is one of seven countries in the world that carry the death penalty for homosexual acts: all of them justify this punishment with Islamic law.
		The Judiciary of The Islamic Republic of Iran
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Judicial_system_of_Iran (1025 words)

	frontline: terror and tehran: inside iran: the structure of power in iran \| PBS
		The obvious difference lies in the fact that Iran is an Islamic theocracy, and that one man, the Supreme Leader, exerts ideological and political control over a system dominated by clerics who shadow every major function of the state.
		According to Iran's Constitution, the Supreme Leader is responsible for the delineation and supervision of "the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran," which means that he sets the tone and direction of Iran's domestic and foreign policies.
		The judiciary branch of Iran's government is largely controlled by the Supreme Leader, who appoints the head of the judiciary, who in turn appoints the head of the Supreme Court and the chief public prosecutor.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/tehran/inside/govt.html (2255 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		IRAN, officially Islamic Republic of Iran, republic, SW Asia, bordered on the N by Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and the Caspian Sea; on the E by Afghanistan and Pakistan; on the S by the Gulf of Oman, the Strait of Hormuz, and the Persian Gulf; and on the W by Iraq and Turkey.
		Iran is divided climatically into three main regions: the extremely hot coast along the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; the temperate but arid central highland; and the tableland of the intensely cold Elburz Mts.
		The increase of foreign influence in Iran and the weakness and corruption of the country’s rulers led, early in the 20th century, to the development of a nationalist movement that demanded the establishment of a constitutional government.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/nations/iran.html (6755 words)

	GlobaLex - A Guide to the Legal System of the Islamic Republic of Iran
		Iran's makeup has several intricately connected governing bodies, some of which are democratically elected and some of which operate by co-opting people based on their religious inclinations.
		According to Iran's Constitution, the Supreme Leader of Iran is responsible for the delineation and supervision of "the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran." In the absence of a single leader, a council of religious leaders is appointed.
		Iran Trade Point was established on July 30, 1997 as a step to diminish physical and psychological barriers in domestic and international trading and, hence creating an efficient and effective trading channel among domestic and foreign trade organizations.
	www.nyulawglobal.org /globalex/Iran.htm (3305 words)

	iran an ancient land
		Iran, officially Islamic Republic of Iran, republic in southwestern Asia, bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and the Caspian Sea; on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; on the south by the Gulf of Oman, the Strait of Hormuz, and the Persian Gulf; and on the west by Iraq and Turkey.
		Iran is divided climatically into three main regions: the extremely hot coast along the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; the temperate but arid central highland; and the tableland of the intensely cold Elburz Mountains.
		The Declaration on Iran, produced by this conference and issued on December 1, stated that the three governments were “at one with the government of Iran in their desire for the maintenance of the independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of Iran.
	hemsidor.torget.se /users/h/hashemy/ancient.html (7718 words)

	Iran: A legal system that fails to protect freedom of expression and association
		Iran's judiciary lacks the structural independence guaranteed by the Constitution and there continues to be, at the time of writing, an absence of the separation of powers regarding the functions of investigator, prosecutor and judge.
		Article 156 of the Constitution states that the judiciary is ''an independent power, the protector of the rights of the individual and society, [and] responsible for the implementation of justice.'' Laws on the structure of the judiciary and current practice have, however, undermined the true independence of the judiciary.
		Article 187 stipulates that the judiciary ''shall be authorized to confirm the competence of the graduates of law who shall be granted licenses for the establishment of legal advisory institutes.'' The advisors are authorized to present cases in court as a lawyer in court.
	www.amnestyusa.org /regions/middleeast/document.do?id=AD961CD78D54E2E880256B26004B33BA (7417 words)

	Iran not to cease cooperation with IAEA: Mottaki
		Iran's Minister of Foreign Affairs Manouchehr Mottaki said at an address to the European Parliament (EP) in Brussels Monday night that Iran is determined to keep on close cooperation with the IAEA in pursuing its peaceful nuclear program.
		Focussing on the political and social freedoms in Iran, Mottaki said that freedom of expression is observed in Iran and we have free press, that did not exist during the past regime.
		He added, "All the same, a death penalty might be annulled in Iran right before execution of the decree upon a mutual agreement between the families of the victim and the criminal.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/news/iran/2006/iran-060220-irna05.htm (416 words)

	"Iran after the Elections" (February-March 2004)
		Even when the futility of working within the system had become readily apparent to all, the reformers were unwilling to play the most powerful card in their hands - mass resignation, which might have forced the hand of hard-line clerics.
		Saeed Hajarian, the chief reform strategist, declared that the primary aim of the reformist movement was "to turn the enemies of the system into critics and critics into supporters." In short, the people wanted massive change, while the reformers were careful not to violate the political and cultural norms of the Islamic revolution.
		Iran, for its part, is unlikely to grant such concessions at the best of times, let alone during a period when the system is undergoing its gravest legitimacy crisis in 25 years.
	www.meib.org /articles/0402_iran1.htm (2138 words)

	Stop Censoring Us \| Watching Internet Censorship in Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Iran’s Judiciary system’s Internet Bureau has been reportedly reinvestigating the keywords that are banned in Iran and will soon announce the results of the investigations.
		Pointing that there are thousands of weblogs in Iran to express the personal thoughts and beliefs of their writers as a different means of communication, he asked for a form of law for webloggers that would not limit them and allow them to write freely in the frame of a relevant and reasonable law.
		The judiciary spokesman said of those arrested, 15 have been detained for security reasons while another 8 are being held on moral grounds.
	stop.censoring.us (1919 words)

	Amnesty International Report 2002 - Middle East and North Africa - IRAN
		In a continuing clamp-down on freedom of expression and association, led by the judiciary, scores of students, journalists and intellectuals were detained.
		In November, at least 26 detainees were publicly accused by the judiciary of ''acts against national security'' and ''seeking to overthrow the state by illegal means'', vaguely worded charges which could attract long prison sentences.
		At least 30 parliamentarians were interrogated and arrested by judicial officials and sentenced in connection with allegations of defamation, slander and spreading false information, although only one was imprisoned by the end of the year.
	web.amnesty.org /web/ar2002.nsf/mde/iran!Open (2120 words)

	The Iranian: News & Views
		The spying case is the biggest here in 20 years and centers on the Jewish state, with which Iran considers itself to be at war politically and through the media.
		The judicial system is expected to set the date and place of the trial soon.
		Iran's legal system, put in place in 1996 and based on Islamic law, provides for the death penalty for anyone convicted of spying for Israel or the United States.
	www.iranian.com /News/1999/August/chief.html (258 words)

	Iran For Dummies --- A Quick Daily Veiw On Iran --- Welcome
		Iran is a victim of Terror and the recent event is a proof as the firecracker landed near North Korean players at Wednesday's return leg between Iran and North Korea in Tehran; as a result Iran might be penalized for not searching people and it faces being banned from hosting international football matches.
		Iranâs economy is faltering, unemployment is above 20 percent, and the clerics continue to repress the media and dissent.
		Iranâs government wouldnât put her down since they are now very careful with Europe and their relationship, believe it or not if she was not supported by Europe she would be some where else by now after all her reaction.
	iran4dummies.blogspot.com /2003_11_01_iran4dummies_archive.html (6708 words)

	Iraq - Federalism - Civil Society - Iran - Worldpress.org
		The new system is supposed to be democratic, federal, and pluralistic.
		Yet they believe the Iranian system provides a model for Iraqi federalism: There will be room enough for everyone to participate, but within the framework of an Islamic republic.
		Iran’s experience, in which all powers save the clerics were excluded from the Iranian political scene in a very short time, can be repeated in Iraq.
	www.worldpress.org /print_article.cfm?article_id=1932&dont=yes (1135 words)

	ANGRY RULING CLERICS IGNORED EBADI’S PEACE PRIZE
		Iran va Jahan” (Iran and the World) went on as the ruling Iranian ayatollahs on both sides of the clerical leadership not only continued their angry silence, but went as far as accusing the Norwegian judges of a deliberate decision.
		The committee said Ebadi represents reformed Islam, and lauded her for arguing for a new interpretation of Islamic law which is in harmony with vital human rights such as democracy, equality before the law.
		Ebadi, who is a university professor and lawyer as well as a known human rights campaigner and defending the rights of children, lost her former position as judge after the victory of the Islamic Revolution of 1979.
	www.iran-press-service.com /articles_2003/Oct-2003/ebadi_wins_nobel_peace_111003.html (734 words)

	Understanding Iran's Nuclear Agenda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Fortunately, Iran is generally open to Western reporters and scholars and has occupied the attention of senior government officials for decades.
		Iran's system places tremendous power in the supreme leader, a religious figure, and the judiciary, not in the president and the legislature.
		Iran is simply too big to invade, and the United States is militarily overstretched and diplomatically unpopular even with its traditional allies because of the war in Iraq.
	www.brookings.edu /views/articles/byman/20050520.htm (1499 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Middle East \| Iran's legal system 'flawed'
		The leader of the group - French magistrate Louis Joinet - together with four independent experts were in Iran to investigate allegations of illicit or arbitrary punishment and the workings of the justice system.
		Mr Joinet described a justice system where there was an absence of a lawyer culture and therefore a defence culture.
		Last year a UN report accused the judiciary, which is dominated by conservatives, of bearing a heavy responsibility for the ongoing violation of human rights.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/middle_east/2802339.stm (334 words)

	Iran Briefing January Issue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Editorial - Iran's stance towards the peace process and the outcome of the conference held in Iran regarding Palestinian people.
		Iran and Palestine, and Sharon's advantageous use of Rafsnajani's remarks.
		Iran in the first year of the second millennium: a month-by-month comprehensive look at the major developments in the country in 2001.
	www.caisuk.com /alm0102.htm (192 words)

	JURIST - Iran: Iranian Law, Legal Research, Human Rights
		The highest Judicial authority is a Justice well versed in judiciary affairs and skillful in the administration of justice.
		The Minister of Justice is in charge of administrating the Ministry as well as coordinating the relationship between the Judiciary branch and the legislative and executive branches.
		The courts are functionally classified according to their area of jurisdiction, civil or criminal, and according to the seriousness of the crime or the litigation, e.g., value of property under dispute or the level of punitive action involved.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /world/iran.htm (2131 words)

	HRW World Report 1999: Iran: Human Rights Developments
		Mohajerani’s efforts were countered by the increased zeal of the judiciary to close down independent publications and imprison and prosecute journalists and editors; by attacks from vigilantes on newspaper offices; and by new laws passed by the parliament seeking to ban publications dealing with women’s rights and the reform of family law.
		In January, a newly established journalists union accused the head of the judiciary of “obstructing the freedom of the press” after he had declared that the judiciary was under no obligation to explain to the media why people were detained.
		In April the offices of Hamshahri, Iran, and the Iran Daily News, daily newspapers which had been supportive of the mayor of Tehran, were raided by police in an operation which failed to comply with mechanisms established under the press law for investigating alleged violations by newspapers.
	www.hrw.org /worldreport99/mideast/iran.html (2590 words)

	Human Rights Watch: Publications: Middle East and Northern Africa : Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		These conservative institutions, which are not elected, include the Judiciary, the Council of Guardians and the office of the Leader of the Islamic Republic.
		Gathering information about the situation in parts of Iran that are particularly inaccessible to the international media and human rights researchers, such as the Kurdish region of the northwest or the Baluchi region of the southeast, presented particular problems when preparing this report.
		The elections were made less free by the arbitrary exercise of power by the Council of Guardians, a body of six senior clerics and six jurists appointed by the leader of the Islamic Republic to supervise elections.
	www.hrw.org /hrw/pubweb/Webcat-52.htm (2108 words)

	NOBEL PEACE PRIZE: Shirin Ebadi, Iranian lawyer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Ebadi, 56, is one of Iran's most prominent human rights defenders, whose campaigning on behalf of women, children and outspoken dissidents has earned her the wrath of the Islamic republic's religious hardliners.
		In 1974 she became Iran?s first woman judge, but lost that post in the revolution five years later when Islamic clerics took over and decreed that women were too emotional to preside over courts.
		Ebadi was jailed in the summer of 2000 for a month by the hard-line Judiciary after she revealed a confession tape by a former member of a vigilante force about the role of high-ranking officials leading the group.
	discuss.agonist.org /smf?board=1;action=display;threadid=11877 (6882 words)

	Iran - The Judiciary
		Article 160 also stipulates that the minister of justice is to be chosen by the prime minister from among candidates who have been recommended by the High Council of Justice.
		Since there were insufficient numbers of qualified senior clergy to fill the judicial positions in the country, some former civil court judges who demonstrated their expertise in Islamic law and were willing to undergo religious training were permitted to retain their posts.
		In practice, however, the Islamization of the judiciary forced half of the former civil court judges out of their positions.
	countrystudies.us /iran/87.htm (493 words)

	TWO MORE NEWSPAPERS SHUT IN IRAN BY THE JUDICIARY
		Hashemi-Shahroodi criticised the "appalling situation" of Iran’s prisons and said that the Iranian Justice and Judiciary were based on a "wrong foundation" ever since the creation of the Islamic Republic and do not match modern times nor Islamic canons standards of justice.
		Masha’allah Shamsolva’ezin, the spokesman of Iran's Society for the Defence of Press Freedom (ISDPF), said since the bundle closure of Iranian pro reform publications, ordered two years ago by Ayatollah Khameneh'i, the number of the titles shut in Iran had reached 84.
		Pourzand, 70, was abducted some months ago on the doorsteps of her sister’s house in Tehran by unidentified plainclothes security agents and was held in an undisclosed prison, before the same newspaper reported suddenly that he had been tried by a court situated at the capital’s international airport Mehrabad.
	www.iran-press-service.com /articles_2002/May_2002/two_newspapers_shut_4502.htm (747 words)

	Iran - Facts and Figures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The ancient nation of Iran was historically known to the West as Persia until March 21, 1935 (see also History of Persia, History of Levant).
		The sixth millennium BC saw a fairly sophisticated agricultural society and proto-urban population centers.
		Many dynasties have ruled Iran, the first of which was under the Achaemenids (559 - 330 BC), a dynasty founded by Cyrus the Great.
	www.netiran.com /?fn=jud (188 words)

	Bush denounces Iran's electoral system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		WASHINGTON -- President Bush, addressing the Iranian people on the eve of their presidential election, yesterday denounced Iran's electoral system as undemocratic and vowed that the United States would stand with those seeking "freedom" in the Islamic republic.
		It was not immediately clear how Bush's criticism would play in Iran, where many people, especially the young, have become alienated by 26 years of rule by fundamentalist Shiite clerics.
		He said Iranians "deserve a genuinely democratic system in which elections are honest -- and in which their leaders answer to them instead of the other way around." He called for a free press, freedom of assembly, a "free economy" independent of the state, an independent judiciary and religious freedom.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/05168/523182.stm (583 words)

	Iran National Front
		Recently, an “internal” report on the conditions of prisons in Iran, surprisingly prepared by an officer of the regime’s justice department, has painted such a bleak picture that no honorable member of the human race can move his/her head away and ignore the plight of this suffering nation.
		Apart from the atrocities of the regime’s agents towards non-political prisoners, there are many documented reports that show the worsening condition of prisoners of conscious in Iran.
		We are sure that there are other organizations and conscientious legal professionals in the world who are poised to have a deeper look at the situation in Iran and get acquainted with the atrocities of its legal system.
	www.jebhemelli.net /Political_Priosoners/2005/Petition_Judiciary_Lawyers.htm (1233 words)

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