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Topic: Judith Sargent Murray

	Judith Sargent Murray - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Judith Sargent Murray (1751-1820) was an United States feminist essayist, playwright, poet, and letter-writer.
		Murray was one of the first American proponents of the idea of equality of the sexes; that women had the capability for intellectual accomplishment and economic independence just as much as men.
		Murray, who became a Universalist early in life, had a strong influence on the Universalist religion's treatment of women through her second husband, John Murray, who brought the religion to the United States fom England; much of the Universalist position on women's equality comes from her ideas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Judith_Sargent_Murray (481 words)

	Judith Sargent Murray
		Judith Sargent Murray (May 5, 1751-June 9, 1820), essayist, poet, and playwright, was the most prominent woman essayist of her day.
		Judith was born in Gloucester, Massachusetts, the oldest child of Judith Saunders and Winthrop Sargent.
		Judith's concern for their religious upbringing, and for that of the growing number of Universalist children in Gloucester, propelled her into the role of religious educator.
	www.uua.org /uuhs/duub/articles/judithsargentmurray.html (2355 words)

	Transatlantic 1790s: Projects: Revolutionary Nuptials
		Murray wrote the story of Margaretta using the conventions of the day, creating a well-known story which she presents as truth rather than fiction.
		Murray is unprepared to rid the world of the institution of marriage, whereas Wollstonecraft advocates this abolition, despite what her biography might suggest.
		Murray "was contemptuous of any union not founded on mutuality and equality while advocating wifely submission and holding women responsible for the success of most marriages.
	www.math.grin.edu /1790s/Projects/Betsey/Murray.php (631 words)

	Judith Sargent Murray (1751-1820)
		Murray maintained that society must be based on a strict adherence to order--political, social, family, and personal order--while promoting a change of women's place within that order.
		Murray was also engaged in a reevaluation of history and subscribed to the belief that history was fundamentally progressive.
		Murray's writings beg comparison with many of her better-known contemporaries, and it is astonishing to realize that she preceded many of these contemporaries in addressing certain issues.
	www.georgetown.edu /bassr/heath/syllabuild/iguide/murray.html (941 words)

	[No title]
		Murray.” In that same letter, she also reveals her strong independence by protesting the fact that “The World, it seems, will not allow to a single woman an intellectual connexion with an individual of the other sex.” Their marriage was from all accounts a most happy one.
		Murray, then marriage it would be, and happily, for he was a splendid man. It seems clear that no psychiatrist, no pill, no colleague, no religious ritual could have done more than Judith Sargent Murray did to support her husband in his courageous proclamation of the good news of universal salvation.
		Murray would write, “so the Father is God, the Son is God, the Spirit is God, yet they are all one God.” In the preface to this work, she makes clear her feminist sensibilities by speaking of a time when male and female distinctions would be no more.
	www.uuaa.org /sermons/JudithSargentMurray.txt (2905 words)

	Judith Sargent Murray (1751-1820) Reclaiming Eve: Women's History 2000 presentation by Sunshine for Women
		Judith Sargent Stevens was very religious, but none the less a staunch defender of individual religious liberty and separation of church and state.
		Judith Sargent Stevens married Murray in 1788 for love, admiration, and "ardour" He supported her literary ambitions, she supported his efforts to establish the new faith in America.
		Murray's interpretation to the creation story appears in The Gleaner as an addenda to the short essay "On the Equality of Woman." The essay which uses secular arguments to advocate for the education of women, was published at least a year before Wollstonecraft's better known Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
	www.pinn.net /~sunshine/whm2000/murray2.html (1704 words)

	introduction.htm
		Judith Sargent Murray (1751-1820) is considered America's first public champion of female equality, education, and economic independence.
		In 1780, the first Universalist meeting house in America was built and dedicated in Gloucester, and John Murray became known as the "Father of American Universalism." In 1788, Judith and John Murray were married (after the death of her first husband, John Stevens Jr.).
		Judith's daughter, Julia Maria, was born in 1791.
	www.hurdsmith.com /judith/introduction.htm (581 words)

	Heath Anthology of American LiteratureJudith Sargent Murray - Author Page
		Judith Sargent Murray’s literary career flourished during the 1790s, a time when America was struggling to define itself as independent—politically and aesthetically—from Great Britain.
		Murray was engaged in this period of change, voicing her opinions on literary nationalism, the federalist system of government, the equality of women, and religious universalism.
		At an early age Judith Sargent exhibited so high a degree of intelligence that her parents encouraged her to study with her brother, who was preparing with a local Gloucester minister for entrance to Harvard.
	college.hmco.com /english/lauter/heath/4e/students/author_pages/eighteenth/murray_ju.html (1077 words)

	Introduction
		Judith Sargent Murray thus presents us with the fascinating spectacle of a woman at once very much of her time and very much ahead of it.
		At the time of Julia’s marriage, Judith Murray was working on a book of John's letters and sermons, issued in 1812-13; her next (and last) project, preparation of her husband’s autobiography, she completed after his death in 1815 and published in 1816.
		It was clearly not Murray’s intention to propose that women enter the battlefield, the senate, the counting house, and the professions; she was generally content to leave the arts of diplomacy, war, and moneymaking to men.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /-people-/emeritus/baym/essays/gleaner.htm (5821 words)

	Judith Sargent Murray (1751 - 1820)
		Her second husband was John Murray, the minister responsible for transporting the Universalist religion from England to America.
		Although John Murray advocated education for women and encouraged Judith to continue writing after their marriage, many of Universalism's feminist tenets spring from the mind of Judith Sargent Murray.
		Still, the major theme of Murray's work would always be: knowledge of history is important to all people but women's knowledge of earlier women's abilities and accomplishments is the most important tool for empowering young women in the new republic.
	www.pinn.net /~sunshine/march99/murray3.html (682 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Judith (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		JUDITH [Judith] [Heb.,=Jewess], early Jewish book included in the Septuagint, but not included in the Hebrew Bible, and placed in the Apocrypha of Protestant Bibles.
		Judith returns to the city with his head, and the Jews rout the enemy.
		JUDITH KRANTZ SEX..and the bonkbuster novelist; The prose is typically flowery and the passions unbridled...
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/J/Judith.asp (553 words)

	Literary Encyclopedia: Judith Sargent Murray
		Judith Sargent Murray was born on May 5, 1751 in Gloucester, Massachusetts to Winthrop Sargent, a merchant, and Judith Sanders Sargent.
		Judith Sargent Murray was given a basic education in reading, writing, and domestic arts, as was the custom of her class and day; Judith, however, wanted to learn more than the basics.
		Judith Sargent Murray died on June 9, 1820 in Natchez, Mississippi, where she had moved to be near her daughter.
	www.litencyc.com /php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=3269 (336 words)

	judithmurray
		Judith Sargent was raised in the liberal Gloucester, Massachusetts, household of a prominent sea captain; her father was a strong supporter of the Revolution and a delegate to the Massachusetts ratification convention on the Federal Constitution in 1788.
		Sargent studied at home alongside her brother until gender separated them for life: he was sent to Harvard while she remained home bound.
		Appropriately, when she remarried in 1788, it was to Reverend John Murray, a leading advocate of Universalism in the new nation.As early as 1779 she had drafted an essay "On the Equality of the Sexes;" it was first published in the Massachusetts Magazine in 1790.
	personal.pitnet.net /primarysources/judithmurray.html (1809 words)

	Sargent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sargent is the name of the following places in the United States of America:
		Judith Sargent Murray (1751–1820) was an American journalist and playwright.
		John Singer Sargent (1856–1925) was an American painter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sargent (109 words)

	Downtown Walk
		Among the notable women who lived there was Judith Sargent Murray (1751-1820), a native of Gloucester, who moved with her husband, John Murray, to No. 5 Franklin Place in 1794 (see N11).
		Judith Sargent Murray was already a successful writer, publishing a regular column in the Massachusetts Magazine, a new literary monthly, titled "The Gleaner." Using a male persona, she expressed her opinions on female equality, education, federalism, and republicanism.
		Murray saw the many new female academies as inaugurating "a new era in female history." In 1798, she published her "Gleaner" essays in a book she also called The Gleaner, selling it to a list of subscribers headed by George Washington.
	www.bwht.org /downtown8.html (910 words)

	Transatlantic 1790s: Bibliography
		Skemp organizes the book "topicallly, not chronologically, as it explores those factors that led Judith Sargent Murray to develop a view of the definition and role of women that was clearly advanced for its time" (6).
		Murray believed marriage "should be a choice, not an inevitability" (71).
		Murray believed that marriage needed to be changed drastically but still clung to the belief that women should remain submissive to her husband to a small extent and that marriage was still an important, though not essential, part of life.
	www.math.grin.edu /1790s/Bibliography/fullbk.php?source_id=1065 (355 words)

	Site 18 - Salem Women's Heritage Trail
		Judith’s commitment to girls’ education led her to help start a female academy in Dorchester in 1803 with her cousin Judith Saunders and her friend Clementine Beach.
		She and John Murray were married in Salem in 1788; Judith was a frequent correspondent with her aunt Mary Turner Sargent (see S1); and she frequently visited the homes of her cousins, Thomas and Elizabeth Elkins Saunders (see S31), and her friends, Dr. Joshua and Olive Plummer.
		Judith seems to have had a lasting influence on the Plummers’s daughter Caroline (see S26) who visited the Murrays regularly in Gloucester and Boston.
	www.swht.org /site18.htm (407 words)

	FATHER MURRAY
		Murray and a companion were walking between towns, in a backwoods area, when they spotted a small cottage through the trees.
		Sargent donated some land, and financed most of the building of the First Independent Christian church.
		Judith’s brother was an officer who served General George Washington, and he recommended his pastor, John Murray, for the office of chaplain.
	www.harboruu.org /sermons/s20030615.htm (2683 words)

	Battle of Saratoga, Battle of Yorktown, Daniel Shays, Judith Murray from list 05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Judith Murray - The chief theorist of women's education in the early republic was Judith Sargent Murray of Gloucester, Massachusetts.
		In a series of essays in the 1780s and 1790s, she argued that women's minds were as good as those of men, that girls as well as boys therefore deserved access to education, and that girls should be taught to support themselves by their own efforts.
		Historical significance - Murray's educational theories were part of a general rethinking of women's position that occurred as a result of the Revolution.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~mwfriedm/terms/lindsay3.html (1093 words)

	Community Events
		Judith Sargent Murray (1751-1820) is considered America's first public champion of women's equality, female education, and economic independence.
		In 1780, the first Universalist meeting house in America was built and dedicated in Gloucester, and John Murray became known as the "Father of American Universalism." In 1788, Judith and John Murray were married (after the death of her first husband, John Stevens).
		Judith Sargent Murray gave birth to a daughter, Julia Maria, in 1791, and when the Murray family moved to Boston in 1794, Judith added a succession of more young people to her household.
	www.uuottawa.com /murray_judith_sargent.htm (470 words)

	Judith Sargent Murray, the Gleaner
		Murray's "Observations on Female Abilities" in the third volume of The Gleaner begins where "On the Equality of the Sexes" left off.
		In this essay, she amasses an enormous amount of concrete detail to prove the general points she made earlier.
		At the same time, she continues to insist that women can be brave, strong, and heroic as well as modest, religious, and chaste.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~mjdennis/courses/history_456_murray3.htm (1821 words)

	uuworld.org : reviving a 227-year-old church (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Murray, who had hoped to disappear into the New World, was soon persuaded that he had a message to deliver and began preaching to eager audiences at churches in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, and Massachusetts.
		Judith Sargent Murray was one of the original signers of the Universalist charter and an early proponent of women’s rights.
		When one of Murray’s opponents heaved a rock through a window narrowly missing his head, he picked up the rock and said, “This argument is solid and weighty, but it is neither rational nor convincing.” Many Universalist ministers became circuit riders covering broad swaths of territory.
	www.uuworld.org /life/articles/revivinga227-year-oldchurch2708.shtml?p (2918 words)

	Universalist Unitarian Church (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The decision to form the Independent Church of Christ was taken January 1, 779, and John Murray preached the first sermon in the new building at its dedication December 25, 1780.
		She stated the cause of her liberation and activism was the Universalist teachings of John Murray He had a profound effect upon her self image.
		Murray's faith encouraged her to assume an active role in society.
	www.bright.net /~krantz/chalice.htm (1513 words)

	History:Hovey Table of Content
		In considering this point, students might examine Murray’s attitude toward the late-eighteenth-century advent of Jeffersonian Republicans or the broader class conceptions exhibited in her personal correspondence and public writings.
		Murray claims that women would not be "unsexed" by a more vigorous education; does she set limits to the ends to which women might put their newly cultivated knowledge?
		Skemp shows that Murray, for all her efforts to promote the rights of women, never clearly advocated women’s entry into politics or the professions.
	www.bedfordstmartins.com /usingseries/hovey/skemp2.htm (637 words)

	Site 1 - Salem Women's Heritage Trail
		To date, no papers of hers have been found, but the recent discovery of the letter books kept by her niece, Judith Sargent Murray (see S18), are revealing important information.
		In these letter books — in which Judith made copies of her correspondence to family and friends — the letters to or about Mary describe her as a woman of integrity, selflessness, and compassion.
		Judith Sargent Murray to Winthrop Sargent, December 6, 1813, in the Judith Sargent Murray Papers, letter book 18 (Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, Miss.).
	www.swht.org /site01.htm (1073 words)

	LIBERTY! . Educational Reform & Judith Sargent Murray \| PBS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Girls were taught how to make clothes and keep a house, not how to study mathematics or the liberal arts.
		Judith Sargent Murray helped inch public education toward equal opportunity with a series of post-war essays in which she argued that women were capable of more than "contemplating.
		While no wholesale changes occurred, academies in all the United States began to spring up for the education of well-to-do young women, and the same 1789 Massachusetts law that required towns to offer public education, required that those same schools should be open to girls as well as boys.
	www.pbs.org /ktca/liberty/popup_educational.html (199 words)

	Discussion Questions for
		Judith Sargent Murray "On the Equality of the Sexes" (1790/1795)
		After swallowing Judith Sargent Murray's "On the Equality of the Sexes" -- I wonder, was she the first "activist" of feminism?
		She was very blatant and wrote with many questions that proved that women, made by God, are just as equal to men -- even if they don't have some of the same attributes.
	www.bsu.edu /web/gstrecker/warrensargent.htm (1195 words)

	PAL: Judith Sargent Murray (1751-1820) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Amberg, Julie S. "Political and Sentimental Discourse in 1790s America: Judith Sargent Murray's 'The Gleaner', Hannah Webster Foster's 'The Coquette', and Susanna Haswell Rowson's 'Reuben and Rachel; or, Tales of Old Times'." DAI 57.2 (Aug 1996): DA9620862.
		Skemp, Sheila L. Judith Sargent Murray: A Brief Biography with Documents.
		"The Scribblings of a Plain Man and the Temerity of a Woman: Gender and Genre in Judith Sargent Murray's The Gleaner." Early American Literature 30.2 (1995): 121-44.
	www.csustan.edu /english/reuben/pal/chap2/murray.html (292 words)

	Discussion Questions
		In "Observations on Female Abilities" Murray lists ten attributes of which she believes women are at least as well endowed as men.
		Be prepared to summarize Murray's basic political position as she articulates it in "Sketch of the Present Situation in America, 1794" especially as it relates to class and gender issues.
		What are the distinctions she is drawing especially on page 62 where she argues for preserving the "regular succession of order," the "necessary arrangement of civil subordination," and "the beautiful gradation" of society.
	www-personal.ksu.edu /~deanhall/730/murraydqs.html (723 words)

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