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Topic: Julian Period

	The Julian Period
		Julian years can begin on any day of the week, but come in two lengths, 365 or 366, and therefore 14 yearly calendars serve to describe all possible year configurations.
		The Julian Period Year is rarely used (except in the Old Farmer’s Almanac), but the strict count of days is widely used among astronomers, calendar freaks and Mayanists (not that that really encompasses that wide a constituency, by most definitions).
		Scaliger was looking for a time period long enough to cover all of recorded history, and therefore didn’t bother to address the question of dates outside of the 7980 year period.
	www.pauahtun.org /Calendar/julian_period.html (855 words)

	Julian day - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Historical Julian Dates were recorded relative to GMT or Ephemeris Time, but the International Astronomical Union now recommends that Julian Dates be specified in Terrestrial Time, and that when necessary to specify Julian Dates using a different time scale, that the time scale used be indicated when required, such as JD(UT1).
		The Heliocentric Julian Day (HJD) is the same as the Julian day, but adjusted to the frame of reference of the Sun, and thus can differ from the Julian day by as much as 8.3 minutes, that being the time it takes the Sun's light to reach Earth.
		Julian days are typically used by astronomers to date astronomical observations, thus eliminating the complications resulting from using standard calendar periods like eras, years, months, or weeks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Julian_day (1250 words)

	JULIAN - Definition
		{Julian calendar}, the calendar as adjusted by Julius C[ae]sar, in which the year was made to consist of 365 days, each fourth year having 366 days.
		{Julian period}, a chronological period of 7,980 years, combining the solar, lunar, and indiction cycles (28 x 19 x 15 = 7,980), being reckoned from the year 4713 B.
		The Julian period was proposed by Scaliger, to remove or avoid ambiguities in chronological dates, and was so named because composed of Julian years.
	www.hyperdictionary.com /dictionary/julian (182 words)

	Julian day (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Julian Day (JD) or Julian Day number is the number of days that have elapsed since noon Monday, January 1, 4713 BC (according to the proleptic Julian calendar; or November 24, 4714 BC, according to the proleptic Gregorian calendar).
		The Julian Day is based on the Julian period proposed by Joseph Scaliger in 1583, at the time of the Gregorian calendar reform.
		Julian Days are typically used by astronomers to calculate astronomical events, and eliminate the complications resulting from using standard calendar periods.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/julian_day (924 words)

	The Julian Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Julian years can begin on any day of the week, but come in two lengths, 365 or 366, and therefore 14 yearly calendars serve to describe all possible year configurations.
		The Julian Period Year is rarely used (except in the Old Farmer’s Almanac), but the strict count of days is widely used among astronomers, calendar freaks and Mayanists (not that that really encompasses that wide a constituency, by most definitions).
		Scaliger was looking for a time period long enough to cover all of recorded history, and therefore didn’t bother to address the question of dates outside of the 7980 year period.
	www.pauahtun.net /Calendar/julian_period.html (862 words)

	Julian day number and Julian period
		To set day one of the first Julian period, Scaliger calculated backwards to find the date on which all three of the cycles began on the same day (the beginning of the world?).
		The Julian Day number is not a measure of time; it is actually a unit of count, a count of days.
		It is often said that Scaliger named the Julian period after his father, but at the end of the introductory section to Book V of De Emendatione Temporum he explicitly states that he named his period after the Julian year.
	www.sizes.com /time/dayJulianr.htm (988 words)

	Information on Julian period
		[1913 Webster] Julian calendar, the calendar as adjusted by Julius Caesar, in which the year was made to consist of 365 days, each fourth year having 366 days.
		Julian epoch, the epoch of the commencement of the Julian calendar, or 46 b.
		Julian year, the year of 365 days, 6 hours, adopted in the Julian calendar, and in use until superseded by the Gregorian year, as established in the reformed or Gregorian calendar.
	www.wkonline.com /d/Julian_period.html (138 words)

	Julian Period
		The Julian Period isn't associated with the Julian calendar, and must not be confused with one another.
		The name Julian Period is probably after the Julian calendar, although it is possible Scaliger named it after his father Julius Caesar Scaliger.
		Often the Julian Day is used in fractions to determine the time of day as well.
	y-2001.tripod.com /christian/julianperiod.htm (383 words)

	Julian period
		Julian period -- in the 1500s, people used a 28-year solar cycle (when the combination of calendar date and the day of the week starts to repeat), a 19-year lunar cycle of "Golden Numbers" (when the moon's phases start to repeat on the same calendar dates), and a 15 year "indiction" cycle involving Roman taxes.
		Since Jesus Christ's birth (according to Dionysius Exiguus) was characterized by "9" in the solar cycle, by Golden Number "1" and by "3" in the indiction cycle, he determined that year 9, 1, 3 was year 4713.
		Julian Day 2452299 [ 1/24/02] -- The first Julian period began with Year 1 on -4712-01-01 (Julian) and will end after 7980 years on 3267-12-31 (Julian), which is 01-22-3268 (Gregorian).
	www.partyguideonline.com /nature/calendars/JulianPeriod.html (147 words)

	KGB Report / The Gregorian Calendar, Leap Years, and other diversions. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Julian calendar (not to be confused with the Julian period; see below) had 3 years of 365 days each, followed by a fourth year of 366 days.
		Astronomers use the Julian period because it is convenient to express long time intervals in days rather than months, weeks and years.
		The Julian period is also of interest because of its use as a time base by the VMS operating system.
	www.kgb.com /calend.html (1327 words)

	Julian Day Numbers
		The Julian day number system is sometimes (erroneously) said to have been invented by Joseph Justus Scaliger (born 1540-08-05 JC in Agen, France, died 1609-01-21 JC in Leiden, Holland), who during his life immersed himself in Greek, Latin, Persian and Jewish literature, and who was one of the founders of the science of chronology.
		Thus, although there is only one variety of astronomical Julian date (the one tied to the meridian of zero degrees longitude) there are as many varieties of chronological Julian date as there are longitudes we might wish to use in the study of various calendars.
		To use the term "Julian date" to mean day-of-year when the term also means a date in the Julian Calendar (not to mention its use in the third sense by astronomers and calendricists) is simply to invite confusion.
	www.hermetic.ch /cal_stud/jdn.htm (2908 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Each day in the Julian period is consecutively numbered from the beginning of the period (Jan 1, 4713 BC), so that the number of days between two events can be calculated simply by subtracting the Julian number of the first event from that of the second event.
		the period of 7,980 years was chosen because it is the product of the numbers of years in the solar cycle (28), lunar cycle (19), and the Roman cycle of indiction (15).
		The Julian period was proposed by Joseph Justus Scaliger in 1582 and named in honor of his father.
	www.eiu.edu /~scienced/3290/science/sun/julianday.html (214 words)

	KB 15177: add history lesson
		Regarding the Julian period the U.S. Naval Observatory has this to say: In the 16th century Joseph Justus Scaliger tried to resolve the patchwork of historical eras by placing everything on a single system.
		The solar cycle is the period after which week days and calendar dates repeat in the Julian calendar.
		Julian usually includes a decimal portion which will pinpoint a time of the day, whereas Julian is the portion to the right of the decimal which is the "day number", hence, Julianday.
	www.robelle.com /kbs/kb15177.html (764 words)

	JulDate.htm
		Instants within a given day are assigned a Julian Date (JD), which is the Julian day number plus the fraction of the day since the preceding noon, and the time elapsed between two events is simply the difference between their JDs.
		That the Julian Day begins at noon is often inconvenient, since it implies that morning and afternoon on a given day in the civil calendar have different Julian day numbers.
		Granted that, it is clear that the year 4713 of the same period is the one in which the birth of Christ falls, according to the normal Christian computation.
	hbar.phys.msu.su /gorm/ahist/juldate.htm (1565 words)

	Almanac Facts
		Using a Julian Calendar, the first two circles determines the return of the same date of weekdays and the phase of the moon, while the indiktion circle is solely a year number used in the middle ages.
		The Julian Calendar thus assume that a year is exactly 365.25 days, however the average solar year is 365.2422, which means that a Julian year is approximately 11 minutes and 14 seconds too long, an error that accumulates to one day in 133 years.
		The Julian calendar didn't try to fit the lunar phases into the calendar, but chose to structure the calendar year into a system with 12 periods of approximately the same length and with the same names as the Roman calendar's lunar months.
	www.kimcm.dk /~unikcm/almanac.html (2712 words)

	History & info - the Christian calendar (Julian)
		The Julian calendar was introduced by Julius Caesar (bust at right) in 45 B.C.E. Author David Duncan says the Julian calendar was born of Caesar's tryst with Cleopatra.
		Before the Julian calendar was introduced, priests in the Roman Empire exploited the calendar for political ends, inserting days and even months into the calendar to keep the politicians they favored in office.
		The Julian Period probably takes its name from the Julian calendar, although it has been claimed that it is named after Scaliger's father, the Italian scholar Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484-1558).
	webexhibits.org /calendars/calendar-christian.html (2203 words)

	OpenVMS ask the wizard - Base Date? 17-Nov-1858? Julian Calendar? Gregorian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Thus ended the 1600-year reign of the Julian calendar upon which the Gregorian calendar is based, and thus began the calendar which DECwindows Calendar uses to measure time.
		Julian Day 1 began at 12:00 noon, January 1, 4713 B.C. This date was thought by some to correspond approximately to the beginning of the universe.
		The Julian period is also of interest because of its use as a time base by the OpenVMS operating system.
	h71000.www7.hp.com /wizard/wiz_2315.html (964 words)

	Chandra :: Educational Materials :: Julian Day System
		The Julian Day system of numbering the days is a continuous count of days elapsed since the beginning of the Julian Period.
		This period was devised by Joseph Justus Scaliger, a French classical scholar in the 16th century.
		Scaliger calculated the Julian Period by multiplying three important chronological cycles: the 28-year solar cycle, the 19-year lunar cycle, and the 15-year cycle of tax assessment called the Roman Indiction.
	chandra.harvard.edu /edu/formal/variable_stars/jd.html (188 words)

	Y (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		According to Julian reckoning, the year 1582 was labeled with Dominical Letter G, and Monday 1 January 1582 jc was the New Year.
		It was extraordinary for the Romans to change from Perpetual Calendar 1 (A) to Perpetual Calendar 6 (C), and it was especially odd to made such a change in the middle of October.
		The Julian addition of 1 leap day in 1800 caused the difference to increase between the Gregorian and Julian Calendars.
	www.arapacana.com /Glossary/Y.htm (3875 words)

	2. The Christian Calendar
		This period without leap years was decreed by emperor Augustus in order to make up for the surplus of leap years introduced previously, and it earned him a place in the calendar as the 8th month was named after him.
		In the Julian calendar the relationship between the days of the week and the dates of the year is repeated in cycles of 28 years.
		In the Julian calendar, the Epact is the age of the moon on 22 March.
	www.tondering.dk /claus/cal/node3.html (7647 words)

	Julian California Bed and Breakfast :: Historic Southern California Hotel
		This unique Julian California bed and breakfast, is the town's only designated landmark, capturing the charm and character of this 1800's Southern California mining town.
		In the Victorian spirit of genteel hospitality, we offer our guests beautifully restored rooms in the ambience of the period with antique furniture and private baths.
		A stay at the Julian Hotel is a unique experience and we invite you to share in our pleasure at keeping this tradition alive.
	www.julianhotel.com (262 words)

	Julian Day Numbers
		Julian Day Numbers, or the Julian Date (JD), is the absolute count of days that have elapsed since Noon 1 January 4713 BC on the Julian Calendar, or on what may more strictly be called the Julian "Proleptic" Calendar, meaning the Julian Calendar as applied to an era prior to its actual use.
		To convert dates from the Julian or Gregorian calendars to Julian Day Numbers, first the year of the Julian Period must be determined.
		The "Scalinger Year" is thus one less than the year of the Julian Period, and may be obtained by adding 4712 instead of 4713 to the year of the AD era.
	www.friesian.com /numbers.htm (1559 words)

	Calendars - Numericana
		The Julian day number associated with the solar day is the number assigned to a day in a continuous count of days beginning with the Julian day number 0 assigned to the day starting at Greenwich mean noon on 1 January 4713 BC, Julian proleptic calendar -4712.
		For the period between 1901 and 2099 CE, the secular (Gregorian) date is obtained by adding 13 days to the Julian day shown in the table, so that the Coptic year actually starts on September 11, on most years.
		In the Edo period (1603-1868 CE), the Japanese calendar was based on its Chinese counterpart, with significant discrepancies due to the different longitudes used for critical observations.
	home.att.net /~numericana/answer/calendar.htm (8129 words)

	Boulder Community Network, Y2K, Julian and Gregorian Day Numbers
		The system of Julian days should not be confused with the simpler system of the same name which associates a date with the number of days elapsed since January 1st of the same year (according to which 2000-12-31 is day 366 ù of the year 2000).
		The Julian Day number system was invented by Joseph Justus Scaliger (born 1540-08-05 J in Agen, France, died 1609-01-21 J in Leiden, Holland), who during his life immersed himself in Greek, Latin, Persian and Jewish literature.
		Division is to be understood as in integer arithmetic, with the remainders discarded.
	bcn.boulder.co.us /y2k/y2kbcalc.htm (1530 words)

	MODIFIED JULIAN DATE
		In the case of the Julian day count, the name was given because at the time, the Julian calendar was in use and, therefore, the epoch of the day count was fixed in respect to it.
		The Julian Period is given by the time it takes from one coincidence to the next of a solar cycle (28), a lunar cycle (19), and the ancient Roman Indiction (a tax cycle of 15 years).
		At any rate, this period is of interest only in regard to the adoption of the start, at which time all periods counted backwards were in coincidence.
	tycho.usno.navy.mil /mjd.html (919 words)

	Calendars and their History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Inclusion of the Julian calendar is justified by its everyday use in historical studies.
		Under the Julian calendar the dating of Easter had become standardized, using March 21 as the date of the equinox and the Metonic cycle as the basis for calculating lunar phases.
		During the period of the Sanhedrin, a committee of the Sanhedrin met to evaluate reports of sightings of the lunar crescent.
	astro.nmsu.edu /~lhuber/leaphist.html (8496 words)

	Julian Period — Infoplease.com
		The first year of the Christian era corresponded to the year 4713 of the Julian, and therefore to reduce our B.C. dates to the Julian, we must subtract them from 4713, but our A.D. dates we must add to that number.
		Julian Day calendar - Julian Day calendar Julian Day calendar, system of astronomical dating that allows the difference...
		Julian Period - Julian Period is produced by multiplying together the lunar cycle, the solar cycle, and the Roman...
	www.infoplease.com /dictionary/brewers/julian-period.html (184 words)

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