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Topic: Julian year

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	Year article - Year orbit Earth Seasonal year Calendar year Astronomical year Variation - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A seasonal year is the time between successive recurrences of a seasonal event such as the flooding of a river, the migration of a species of bird, or the flowering of a species of plant.
		A tropical year is the time for the Earth to complete one revolution with respect to the framework provided by the intersection of the ecliptic (the plane of the orbit of the Earth) and the plane of the equator (the plane perpendicular to the rotation axis of the Earth).
		The eclipse year or ecliptic year is the time for the Sun (as seen from the Earth) to complete one revolution with respect to a node of the Moon's orbit (the points where the Moon's orbit intersects the ecliptic).
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Year (993 words)

	Julian calendar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The indiction caused the Byzantine year to begin on 1 September, which is still used in the Eastern Orthodox Church for the beginning of the liturgical year.
		Years were numbered from the supposed date of the incarnation or annunciation of Jesus on 25 March, although this soon changed to Christmas, then back to Annunciation Day in Britain, and the numbered year even began on Easter in France.
		A revised Julian calendar was proposed during a synod in Constantinople in May of 1923, consisting of a solar part which was and will be identical to the Gregorian calendar until the year 2800, and a lunar part which calculated Easter astronomically at Jerusalem.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Julian_calendar (2432 words)

	Julian year - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A Julian year is the length of an average year in the Julian calendar, 365.25 days.
		Astronomers still use the Julian year as a fundamental unit for ephemeris work, since it provides a quick and simple conversion to Julian dates.
		Note a Julian year is not the same as a Gregorian calendar year, a tropical year or a sidereal year.
	www.hackettstown.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Julian_year (142 words)

	year concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The beginning of a Besselian year, traditionally used as as standard epoch, is denoted by the suffix ".0".
		Julian year (3 facts) - A period served as the basis for the Julian calendar.
		sidereal year (2 facts) - A period of time based on the revolution of the Earth around the Sun, where a year is defined as the mean period of revolution with respect to the background stars.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/year.html (312 words)

	12.1.8 Julian_Day Procedure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The year of 45 BC is often called the ``year of confusion'', as 90 days were added to the year to realign with the seasons.
		The Gregorian year length of 365.2425 days is much closer to the true year length, differing by somewhere between 8 and 27 seconds (depending on which true year is used).
		Julian Day numbers had their beginnings in a numbering system that was designed by Joseph Scaliger in 1583.
	www.lanl.gov /Caesar/node199.html (953 words)

	Calendars and their History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		He knew that the year 1 B.C. was characterized by the number 9 of the solar cycle, by the Golden Number 1, and by the number 3 of the indiction cycle, i.e., (9,1,3).
		Years of twelve lunar months are reckoned from the Era of the Hijra, commemorating the migration of the Prophet and his followers from Mecca to Medina.
		Years are counted from the Saka Era; 1 Saka is considered to begin with the vernal equinox of A.D. The reformed Indian calendar began with Saka Era 1879, Caitra 1, which corresponds to A.D. 1957 March 22.
	astro.nmsu.edu /~lhuber/leaphist.html (8496 words)

	Calendopaedia - The Julian Calender
		The first Julian year commenced with the 1st of January of the 46th before the birth of Christ, and the 708th from the foundation of the city.
		The additional day which occurred every fourth year was given to February, being the shortest month, and was inserted in the calendar between the 24th and 25th day.
		It is a curious fact that although the method of reckoning years after the (official) birth year of Christ was not introduced until the 6th century, by some stroke of luck the Julian leap years coincide with years of our Lord that are divisible by 4.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Lab/7671/julian.htm (1229 words)

	Prose, A Brief History of Our Calendar
		But they soon realized that a year of twelve lunar months - actually 354.37 days - began to slip as far as getting the same day of the month occurring at the same time of the year - the synodic year was not exactly the same length as the the year based on the sun.
		The Julian year accounted for a year of 365.25 days; which meant it was 11 minutes, 14 seconds a year too long, or it gained 3.12 days every 400 years.
		The Gregorian year accounts for a year of 365d 5h 48m 20s, which means it is 26 seconds a year too long, or it gains 0.12 days every 400 years.
	www.stiltner.org /book/bookcale.htm (1865 words)

	History & info - the Christian calendar (Julian)
		However, the 4-year rule was not followed in the first years after the introduction of the Julian calendar in 45 B.C.E. Due to a counting error, every 3rd year was a leap year in the first years of this calendar's existence.
		It is a curious fact that although the method of reckoning years after the (official) birthyear of Christ was not introduced until the 6th century, by some stroke of luck the Julian leap years coincide with years of our Lord that are divisible by 4.
		The Indiction was used in the middle ages to specify the position of a year in a 15 year taxation cycle.
	webexhibits.org /calendars/calendar-christian.html (2185 words)

	Julian Day Numbers
		The Julian day number system is sometimes (erroneously) said to have been invented by Joseph Justus Scaliger (born 1540-08-05 JC in Agen, France, died 1609-01-21 JC in Leiden, Holland), who during his life immersed himself in Greek, Latin, Persian and Jewish literature, and who was one of the founders of the science of chronology.
		Scaliger knew that the year of Christ's birth (as determined by Dionysius Exiguus) was characterized by the number 9 of the solar cycle, by Golden Number 1, and by number 3 of the indiction cycle, or (9,1,3).
		To use the term "Julian date" to mean day-of-year when the term also means a date in the Julian Calendar (not to mention its use in the third sense by astronomers and calendricists) is simply to invite confusion.
	www.hermetic.ch /cal_stud/jdn.htm (2872 words)

	Date Algorithms - Julian Day Number to Gregorian or Julian date - Algorithm Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Julian Day Number is converted to the number of days from a base date of March 1 in the year zero.
		Given year Y, the number of days to account for before the 1st day of that year depends upon the way leap years are calculated.
		Once the year has been determined, the procedure for finding the month and day is exactly the same as that described in the previous section for converting a Julian Day Number to a Gregorian date.
	vsg.cape.com /~pbaum/date/injdalg.htm (2540 words)

	Toke Nørby. The Perpetual Calendar
		In the year of 46 BC Julius Caesar (102-44 BC) decreed a solar calendar with months at fixed lengths after the Egyptian model where one year had 365 days, 12 months and every 4th year was a leap year with 366 days.
		This means that the 1st millennium cover the years 1-1000, 2nd millennium the years 1001-2000 and the 3rd millennium the 2001-3000 (w1).
		In the year of 7208 AD (1699 JU) the Russian Empiror, Peter I Alexejevitsch (Peter the Great) announced the adoption of the Julian calendar and that the nearest 1 Januar will be 1 Januar 1700 JU and the Julian calendar remained in use until the revolution in 1918 (3).
	www.norbyhus.dk /calendar.html (8071 words)

	Julian day number and Julian period
		If every year is described by its place in these lunar and solar cycles (e.g., “this year is the 23rd year of the solar cycle and the 7th year of the lunar cycle”), 532 years can pass before two years will have the same description (19 × 28 = 532).
		The Julian Day number is not a measure of time; it is actually a unit of count, a count of days.
		It is often said that Scaliger named the Julian period after his father, but at the end of the introductory section to Book V of De Emendatione Temporum he explicitly states that he named his period after the Julian year.
	www.sizes.com /time/dayJulianr.htm (988 words)

	Grj (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Note that in the Julian Calendar, the year 1 BC is a leap year.
		In particular, years in both systems are deemed to always have begun on 1 January, despite the fact that in England, at the very least, years before 1752 officially began on 25 March in the Julian Calendar.
		The crossover point therefore becomes neither the date the Julian Calendar was adopted nor the date of the Council of Nicea, but is the year of the first previous century year wherein the difference between the two calendars is 0.
	www.pauahtun.org /ivanlan/grj.1.html (636 words)

	[No title]
		Julian days simply enumerate the days and fraction which have elapsed since the start of the Julian era, which is defined as beginning at noon on Monday, 1st January of year 4713 B.C.E. in the Julian calendar.
		This date is defined in terms of a cycle of years, but has the additional advantage that all known historical astronomical observations bear positive Julian day numbers, and periods can be determined and events extrapolated by simple addition and subtraction.
		But even the Julian day convention bears witness to the eurocentrism of 19th century astronomy--noon at Greenwich is midnight on the other side of the world.
	www.abdicate.net /cal.aspx (2087 words)

	Palo Alto Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The year was 1582, and Pope Gregory had spoken: the Julian calendar had outlived its usefulness.
		A major difficulty with calendars in general is the length of the seasonal year, an awkward 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and approximately 45 seconds.
		In the year 4909, the Gregorian calendar will be one day ahead of the seasonal year and will need adustment.
	www.accd.edu /pac/english/pareview/rioting.htm (1042 words)

	Julian Day Numbers
		Julian Day Numbers, or the Julian Date (JD), is the absolute count of days that have elapsed since Noon 1 January 4713 BC on the Julian Calendar, or on what may more strictly be called the Julian "Proleptic" Calendar, meaning the Julian Calendar as applied to an era prior to its actual use.
		Scalinger picked 4713 BC because it was the first year on a number of different calendar cycles and was earlier than any possible historical dates that he knew of.
		The "Scalinger Year" is thus one less than the year of the Julian Period, and may be obtained by adding 4712 instead of 4713 to the year of the AD era.
	www.friesian.com /numbers.htm (1559 words)

	About Julian, California
		Julian is an historic gold mining town located approximately an hour or east of San Diego.
		It is the premier mountain retreat in the county and is unique in that it has four seasons.
		Although famous for apples and our superb apple pie one can enjoy all year round, Julian has become the center for visitors who wish to stay in the mountains but take day trips to the nearby casinos, the Anza Borrego Desert State Park and the coast.
	julianca.com /about_julian (209 words)

	IAU / Units (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The IAU has used the julian century of 36 525 days in the fundamental formulae for precession, but the more appropriate basic unit for such purposes and for expressing very long periods is the year.
		The recognised symbol for a year is the letter a, rather than yr, which is often used in papers in English; the corresponding symbols for a century (ha and cy) should not be used.
		Although there are several different kinds of year (as there are several kinds of day), it is best to regard a year as a julian year of 365.25 days (31.5576 Ms) unless otherwise specified.
	www.iau.org /IAU/Activities/nomenclature/units.html (1518 words)

	Date Conversions
		The Julian calendar (no relation to the JD), which commenced the last B.C. century in Roman times, and the Gregorian calendar that was phased in worldwide from the 16th to the 20th century A.D. and is the calendar on your wall.
		In auto mode dates returned from the span of the BC years to October 4, 1582 AD are in the Julian calendar and dates after that are in the Gregorian calendar.
		Year and month should match; the day number from JD0UT should be the truncated day number from JD.
	www.pietro.org /Astro_Util_StaticDemo/FDetailDateConversions.htm (947 words)

	SourceForge: Welcome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Please note the man page, and you can run them with a -h argument and they will display their usage messages.
		The time represented by Julian Dates is Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB) since there are no leap seconds accounted for in the conversions.
		However in practice, since we are looking at our clocks which are Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and thus entering UTC we are getting a Julian Date which we think might represent UTC but it is not.
	jday.sourceforge.net (655 words)

	Julian year concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Julian year concept from the Astronomy knowledge base
		Next year: sidereal year Up: year Previous year: Gaussian year
		has definition A period served as the basis for the Julian calendar.
	www.csi.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/Julianyear.html (44 words)

	Excel Leap Year and Julian Date formulas :: MrExcel Message Board
		I need and updated type formula for for Julian Dates, where I can type in a julian date and get the date plus the day of the week, or vice verse.
		I also need an updated formula for Leap Years such as iif I put in a date at anytime of a year JUN 10, 1999 instead of telling me, No - Not a leap Year I would like for cell to tell me when is the next leap year.
		The outermost braces, { }, are not entered by you -- they're supplied by Excel in recognition of a properly entered array formula.
	www.mrexcel.com /archive2/2000/2234.htm (426 words)

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