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	Encyclopedia: Julius Axelrod
		Axelrod was born in New York City, the son of Jewish immigrants from Poland.
		Axelrod and Brodie discovered that acetanilide, the main ingredient of these pain-killers, was to blame, and recommended replacement with acetaminophen (paracetamol), better known as Tylenol.
		Axelrod received his Nobel Prize for his work on the release, reuptake and storage of the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine, also known as adreniline and noradreniline.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Julius-Axelrod (793 words)

	Julius Axelrod -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Julius Axelrod (May 30, 1912 – December 29 2004) was an influential (A native or inhabitant of the United States) American (Someone with special training in biochemistry) biochemist.
		Axelrod also made major contributions to the understanding of the (A small endocrine gland in the brain; situated beneath the back part of the corpus callosum; secretes melatonin) pineal gland and how it regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
		In 1949, Axelrod began work at the National Heart Institute, part of the (An agency in the Department of Health and Human Services whose mission is to employ science in the pursuit of knowledge to improve human health; is the principal biomedical research agency of the federal government) National Institutes of Health (NIH).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/j/ju/julius_axelrod.htm (795 words)

	Guardian \| Julius Axelrod
		Professor Julius Axelrod, the Nobel laureate who has died aged 92, made fundamental discoveries about the function and metabolism of adrenalin and other hormones in the brain, and was one of the creators of the new pharmacology.
		Axelrod was plucked from scientific obscurity in the New York industrial hygiene laboratory, where he had been working on the development of standard vitamin analyses.
		Axelrod maintained his research drive until his retirement in 1984, when he became a guest researcher at the NIH laboratory of cell biology.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,5093884-110878,00.html (1371 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Nobel Prize Winner Julius Axelrod
		Julius Axelrod, 92, the National Institute of Mental Health neuroscientist who shared the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for showing "how nerves talk to each other," died Dec. 29 at his home in Rockville.
		Axelrod was born May 30, 1912, on the Lower East Side of Manhattan and was a 1933 biology graduate of City College of New York.
		Axelrod discovered that the actions of noradrenaline and most other neurotransmitters are terminated by a pump that transports the neurotransmitter back into the nerve that had released it.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A35661-2004Dec29?language=printer (864 words)

	Press Release: Papers of Nobel Laureate Julius Axelrod Added to "Profiles in Science" Web Site
		Axelrod was awarded the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Sir Bernard Katz of University College London and Dr. Ulf von Euler of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm.
		Julius Axelrod was born May 30, 1912 in New York City, the son of a Polish immigrant who supported the family as a basketmaker.
		Axelrod became increasingly interested in how drugs affect the nervous system, and was one of the first scientists to conduct full studies of caffeine, amphetamine, and mescaline.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /archive/20040831/news/press_releases/axelrodpr00.html (1043 words)

	Pharmacologist proclaimed the death of Freud - Obituaries - www.smh.com.au
		Julius Axelrod, the American pharmacologist and neuroscientist who has died aged 92, shared the 1970 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for his discovery of how chemicals called neurotransmitters regulate mood and behaviour - work that has revolutionised the treatment of depression, anxiety and other psychiatric disorders.
		Axelrod was known affectionately in the scientific community as Julie and for 30-odd years "Julie's laboratory" at the American National Institute of Mental Health was the destination of choice for the brightest of the world's postdoctoral pharmacology students.
		Axelrod worked with Brodie for eight years, but although he acknowledged the senior man as his mentor, he felt increasingly frustrated that he was not getting due credit for his role.
	www.smh.com.au /news/Obituaries/Pharmacologist-proclaimed-the-death-of-Freud/2005/01/06/1104832235795.html (918 words)

	Julius Axelrod - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He received his bachelor's degree in biology from the College of the City of New York in 1933.
		While working at the Department of Health, he attended night school and his received his master's in sciences degree from New York University in 1941.
		Julius Axelrod working at the flboard on the structure of catecholamines
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Julius_Axelrod (779 words)

	NASA Neurolab Web: Mission Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Julius Axelrod, born in 1912 in New York City, carried out extensive, fundamental research on a wide range of topics.
		When Axelrod joined the National Heart Institute in 1949, the first area he investigated was the physiological effects of caffeine in the body.
		For his discoveries concerning the storage, release and inactivation of catecholamine neurotransmitters and the effect of psychoactive drugs on this process, Julius Axelrod received the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology in 1970, together with Ulf von Euler and Sir Bernard Katz.
	neurolab.jsc.nasa.gov /axelrod.htm (522 words)

	Father of Prozac Nation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Julius Axelrod, a pharmacologist and neuroscientist who shared the 1970 Nobel Prize in medicine for his insights into how human brain cells communicate with each other, died last December 29 at the age of 92.
		Axelrod, who was known as “Julie,” focused on how the neurotransmitters secreted by a brain cell travel across a synapse (the space between nerves) and are then picked up by a receptor on the surface of another cell.
		Axelrod was happiest, however, away from the spotlight, acknowledging his accomplishments with modesty and even a touch of self-deprecation.
	www2.technologyreview.com /articles/05/05/issue/obituary.asp (658 words)

	Axelrod; Nobel prize winner; 92 \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		Axelrod shared the 1970 Nobel in physiology or medicine with two other scientists, Bernard Katz of Britain and Ulf von Euler of Sweden.
		Axelrod joined the institutes of health as head of the pharmacology division, where he worked on neurotransmitters, chemicals passed between nerve cells in the brain.
		Axelrod retired from the institutes in 1984 but continued to work on projects at the research center.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20050101/news_1m1axelrod.html (320 words)

	OBIT-Axelrod (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Axelrod, who died Wednesday at his home in Rockville, shared the 1970 Nobel in physiology or medicine with two other scientists, Bernard Katz of Britain and Ulf von Euler of Sweden.
		In 1955, Axelrod joined the NIH as head of the pharmacology division, where he worked on neurotransmitters - the chemicals that pass between nerve cells in the brain.
		Axelrod retired from NIH in 1984, but continued to work on projects at the research centre.
	www.cp.org /english/online/full/science/041231/g123104A.html (343 words)

	University of Miami School of Medicine - Glossary - Axelrod, Julius
		Axelrod, Julius: (1912-) American pharmacologist and neuroscientist who shared the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the actions of neurotransmitters in regulating the metabolism of the nervous system.
		Julius ("Julie") Axelrod was born on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City, the son of Polish immigrants.
		Axelrod also found it difficult to find work in his field, especially in the middle of the Depression.
	www.med.miami.edu /glossary/art.asp?ArticleKey=24826 (650 words)

	Jewlicious » Julius Axelrod - Nobel Prize Winner - 1912-2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Julius Axelrod couldn’t get into medical school as a young man because, as he put it, “It was hard in those days for Jews to get into medical school.
		So Julius, son of Polish, Jewish parents whose father was a basketmaker, went to get a job, and to night school to get an M.S. Eventually he began to research with a more senior scientist and began a lifelong pursuit of research in pharmacological science.
		Julius Axelrod’s discoveries concern the mechanisms which regulate the formation of this important transmitter in the nerve cells and the mechanisms which are involved in the inactivation of noradrenaline, partly under the influence of an enzyme discovered by himself.
	www.jewlicious.com /index.php?p=608 (573 words)

	Julius Axelrod
		Julius ("Julie") Axelrod was born May 30, 1912, on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City, the son of Polish immigrants Isadore and Molly Axelrod.
		In 1954, Axelrod took a leave of absence from the NIH to attend The George Washington University, where his advisor, George Mandel, permitted him to submit some of his recent NIH laboratory work as the basis of his doctoral dissertation.
		In 1954, Axelrod was invited to establish a Section on Pharmacology in Edward Evarts's Laboratory of Clinic Science at the NIH's National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).
	nobele.port5.com /julius_axelrod.html (846 words)

	The Julius Axelrod Papers: Work on the Sympathomimetic Amines, 1946-1958
		Axelrod and his mentor, Bernard Brodie, were charged with finding out why consumers who used non-aspirin analgesics, such as Bromo Seltzer, were developing an illness known as methemoglobinemia, a non-lethal blood condition.
		Axelrod noted that dicoumerol appeared in the blood plasma of test subjects in various concentrations, which suggested to him that there were individual and, thus, genetic differences in how people and animals metabolize drugs.
		Axelrod was also among the first U.S. scientists to conduct scientific experiments on the metabolism of lysergic acid diethylamide-25 (known colloquially as LSD), which he studied in-depth from September 1954 through March 1958.
	profiles.nlm.nih.gov /HH/Views/Exhibit/narrative/amines.html (530 words)

	[Deathwatch] Julius Axelrod, Nobel Prize winner, 92
		Julius Axelrod was born on May 30, 1912, on the Lower East Side of Manhattan.
		Axelrod, as reported in The Toronto Star, "but for the treatment of severe mental illness, yes, he is." Dr.
		Axelrod, whose wife died in 1992, is survived by two sons, Paul, of Ripon, Wis., and Alfred, of Wausaukee, Wis., and three grandchildren.
	slick.org /deathwatch/mailarchive/msg01586.html (824 words)

	Pavel Axelrod
		Axelrod and George Plekhanov established the Black Repartition group that rejected terrorism and supported a socialist propaganda campaign among workers and peasants.
		Axelrod went with George Plekhanov to live in Switzerland and in 1883 they established the Liberation of Labour group.
		Julius Martov based his ideas on the socialist parties that existed in other European countries such as the British Labour Party.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RUSaxelrod.htm (501 words)

	issx history in vitro
		At the age of 35 Axelrod initiated a long and illustrious career at NIH where he began his studies on sympathomimetic amines and, in particular, amphetamine.
		Axelrod was fascinated by the rabbit's ability to rapidly metabolize amphetamine and wanted to find the mechanism of these conversions.
		Axelrod consulted with B.B.Brodie at NIH and he and Brodie found that the problem was due to the metabolic conversion of the active ingredient acetanilide to aniline.
	www.issx.org /pages/page04ak.html (476 words)

	The Science Advisory Board
		Julius Axelrod was born May 30th, 1912 in New York City in the East side of Manhatton.
		Axelrod and Snyder (1964) were the first to report that antidepressant drugs (depending on the type) work by different mechanisms.
		Axelrod and Saavedra (1977) provided a compelling evidence that octopamine serves as a major neurotransmitter with neuromodulator and neurohormone functions that allow to mediate diverse roles in the peripheral and central nervous systems of invertebrates.
	www.scienceboard.net /community/perspectives.135.html (1415 words)

	Axelrod, Julius
		Axelrod's contribution was his identification of an enzyme that degrades chemical neurotransmitters within the nervous system after they are no longer needed to transmit nerve impulses.
		Axelrod's achievement grew out of work done by Euler, specifically Euler's discovery of noradrenaline (norepinephrine), a chemical substance that transmits nerve impulses.
		Axelrod, in turn, discovered that noradrenaline could be neutralized by an enzyme, catechol-o-methyl transferase, which he isolated and named.
	www.britannica.com /nobel/micro/43_29.html (149 words)

	U of T: Collaborative Program in Neuroscience: School of Graduate Studies
		This endowment was created in tribute to the Nobel Laureate, Julius Axelrod, Ph.D., for his pioneering and fundamental contributions to the neurosciences.
		Julius Axelrod was born on May 30th, 1912, in New York City.
		Dr. Julius Axelrod's discoveries concern the mechanisms which regulate the formation of this important transmitter in the nerve cells and the mechanisms which are involved in the inactivation of noradrenaline, partly under the influence of an enzyme discovered by himself.
	www.utoronto.ca /neurosci/sackler_dist_main.html (496 words)

	Profiles in Science: The Julius Axelrod Papers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Julius Axelrod (1912-2004) was an American pharmacologist and neuroscientist who shared the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the actions of neurotransmitters in regulating the metabolism of the nervous system.
		The National Library of Medicine is the repository for the Julius Axelrod Papers, which range from 1915 to 1998.
		Individuals interested in conducting research in the Julius Axelrod Papers are invited to contact the National Library of Medicine.
	profiles.nlm.nih.gov /HH (298 words)

	Finding aid to the Julius Axelrod Papers, 1915-1998
		Julius (Julie) Axelrod was born May 20, 1912, on the lower east side of Manhattan in New York City, the son of Polish immigrants Isadore and Molly Axelrod.
		Axelrod J, Zatz, M. "The B-adrenergic receptor and the regulation of circadian rhythms in the pineal gland," 249-68, in G. Litwack, ed., Biochemical Actions of Hormones,vol.
		Axelrod J. "Regulation of circadian rhythms of indoleamines in the pineal gland.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /hmd/manuscripts/ead/axelrod.html (5506 words)

	ABC News: Nobel Scientist Julius Axelrod Dies at 92 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Neuroscientist Julius Axelrod, Who Won Nobel Prize for Study of Nerve Cells, Dies at 92
		In 1955, Axelrod joined the NIH as head of the pharmacology division, where he worked on neurotransmitters, chemicals passed between nerve cells in the brain.
		Axelrod retired from NIH in 1984 but continued to work on projects at the research center.
	abcnews.go.com /US/wireStory?id=375667&CMP=OTC-RSSFeeds0312 (385 words)

	Axelrod, Julius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Axelrod is a Member of Sigma Xi, International Brain Research Organization, American Chemical Society, American Society of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, American Society of Biological Chemists, American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a Fellow of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 1961 (Member of the Council, 1966-1969).
		Dr. Axelrod is a Member of the editorial boards and committees of a number of journals, among which: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Life Sciences, Circulation Research, Journal of Neurobiology, Pharmacological Research Communications, Journal of Neurochemistry, International Journal of Psychobiology.
		Julius Axelrod married Sally Taub in 1938; they have two children.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/mainbiographies/A/Axelrod/Axelrod.htm (196 words)

	WUSA - Print Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Nobel Prize-winning scientist Julius Axelrod died December 29th at his home in Rockville.
		Axelrod shared the 1970 Nobel in physiology or medicine with two other scientists for his work on how nerve cells communicate and affect behavior.
		Earlier in his career, Axelrod helped identify acetaminophen, which drug maker Johnson and Johnson used in the pain reliever Tylenol.
	www.wusatv9.com /printfullstory.aspx?storyid=35929 (80 words)

	NIH Record-6-27-2000--NLM 'Profiles' Web Site Adds Axelrod Papers
		"Axelrod did not invent Prozac, but he discovered how early antidepressant drugs work in the brain, and he coined the term 'reuptake' to describe those actions," said Dr. Alexa McCray, who directs the "Profiles in Science" project at NLM.
		Axelrod also helped to discover the pain-relieving medicine acetaminophen, better known by its brand name, Tylenol.
		Axelrod, known to friends as "Julie," still comes to the lab about three times a week to conduct research, according to Dr. Michael J. Brownstein, chief, Laboratory of Genetics, NIMH/NHGRI.
	www.nih.gov /news/NIH-Record/06_27_2000/story05.htm (484 words)

	NIH Record-8-25-98--'Roots of Chemistry at NIH' Revealed
		Nobel Laureate Julius Axelrod and 100 government, academic and industrial scientists gathered at the Natcher conference center recently to celebrate the "Roots of Chemistry at NIH" and NIDDK's Dr. John W. Daly's 40-year career.
		Axelrod had a strong, seminal influence on Daly's career as a chemist/pharmacologist.
		He and Axelrod collaborated on studies on the methylation of catecholamines.
	www.nih.gov /news/NIH-Record/08_25_98/story05.htm (870 words)

	Cannabis Prevents Brain Damage - www.ezboard.com
		Axelrod duly reported that the toxicity of the nerve poisons was greatly reduced, thanks to the anti-oxidant properties of THC and CBD.
		Axelrod also considers cannabinoids promising for the treatment of meningitis; and both arthritis and AIDS dementia are oxidative neurological conditions, involving an inflammatory body chemical called TNF-a, "tumor necrosis factor alpha," which is known to be suppressed by cannabinoids.
		So while CBD may be less "euphoric" than THC, this purportedly nonpsychoactive cannabinoid could turn out to pose problems of its own in isolation--particularly when taken by sick people, who have to use other drugs as well.
	p199.ezboard.com /fendingcannabisprohibitionwhyitstimetolegalize.showMessage?topicID=24.topic (574 words)

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