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	jim crow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In the United States, the so-called Jim Crow laws (or Black Codes) were made to enforce racial segregation, and included laws that would prevent African-Americans from doing things that a "white" person could do.
		The first Jim Crow law was passed in 1723, when fls in the state of Virginia were stripped of the right to vote and own property.
		"Jim Crow" became a standard character in Minstrel shows, being a caricature of a shabbily dressed rural fl; "Jim Crow" was often paired with the character "Zip Coon", a flamboyantly dressed urban fl.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Jim_Crow.html (764 words)

	Creating Jim Crow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The "Jim Crow" figure was a fixture of the minstrel shows that toured the South.
		Crow owned the slave who inspired Rice's act--thus the reason for the Jim Crow term in the lyrics.
		The word Jim Crow became a racial slur synonymous with fl, colored, or Negro in the vocabulary of many whites; and by the end of the century acts of racial discrimination toward fls were often referred to as Jim Crow laws and practices.
	www.sjerdon.com /creating_jim_crow.htm (2286 words)

	Jump Jim Crow -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Jump Jim Crow is a song and dance from 1828 done in (The makeup (usually burnt cork) used by a performer in order to imitate a Negro) flface by white comedian (Click link for more info and facts about Thomas D. Rice) Thomas D. Rice.
		With time Jim Crow became a term often used to refer to African Americans, and from this the laws of racial segregation became known as (Click link for more info and facts about Jim Crow laws) Jim Crow laws.
		The expression to jump Jim Crow came to mean "to act like a stereotyped stage caricature of a Negro".
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/j/ju/jump_jim_crow.htm (678 words)

	The History of Jim Crow
		On the eve of the Civil War, the Jim Crow idea was one of many stereotypical images of fl inferiority in the popular culture of the day--along with Sambos, Coons, and Zip Dandies.
		Although "Jim Crow Cars" on some northern railroad lines--meaning segregated cars--pre-dated the Civil War, in general the Jim Crow era in American history dates from the late 1890s, when southern states began systematically to codify (or strengthen) in law and state constitutional provisions the subordinate position of African Americans in society.
		Numerous race riots erupted in the Jim Crow era, usually in towns and cities and almost always in defense of segregation and white supremacy.
	www.jimcrowhistory.org /history/creating2.htm (4463 words)

	AFRO-AMERICAN ALMANAC - African-American History Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Jim Crow laws were named for an ante-bellum mistral show character.
		Jim Crow laws, named for the minstrel show character, were late-19th-century statutes passed by the legislatures of the Southern states that created a racial caste system in the American South.
		The Jim Crow laws were a response to a new reality that required white supremacy to move to where it would have a rigid legal and institutional basis to retain control over the fl population.
	www.toptags.com /aama/docs/jcrow.htm (756 words)

	Jim Crow
		The term Jim Crow probably originated in 19th-century minstrelsy, and it had some pre-Civil War usage, not in the South but in the North, to describe separate facilities for fls and whites, including steamboats, hotels and restaurants.
		Jim Crowism was given the legal stamp of approval in the "separate-but-equal" principle in the Plessy v.
		During the first half of the 20th century Jim Crow was physically embodied in separate water fountains, eating places, bathrooms, Bibles in courtrooms and pervasive signs stating "Colored" and "White." The Brown v.
	www.heritagecenter.com /Museum/Exhibits/blackedu/jimcrow.htm (778 words)

	Jump Jim Crow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Jump Jim Crow is a song and dance from 1828 done in flface by white comedian Thomas D. Rice.
		The tune became very well known not only in the United States but internationally; in 1841 the USA ambassador to Central America, John Lloyd Stephens, wrote that upon his arrival in Merida, Yucatan the local brass band played "Jump Jim Crow" under the mistaken impression that it was the USA's national anthem.
		With time Jim Crow became a term often used to refer to African Americans, and from this the laws of racial segregation became known as Jim Crow laws.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/jump_jim_crow (470 words)

	Jim Crow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jim Crow, the title character of the song "Jump Jim Crow", performed by Thomas D. Rice beginning in 1828;
		The Jim Crow laws of the United States used to enforce racial segregation;
		Jim Crow, a character from the 1941 film Dumbo named for the Rice character and the laws.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jim_Crow (116 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		These became known as the Jim Crow laws, a reference to the character Jim Crow (popular in antebellum minstrel entertainment) that was a racist stage depiction of a poor and uneducated rural fl.
		Since Jim Crow law is a blanket term for any of this type of legislation following the end of Reconstruction, the exact date of inception for the laws is difficult to isolate; common consensus points to the 1890s and the adoption of segregational railroad legislation in New Orleans as the first genuine "Jim Crow" law.
		"Jim Crow" became a standard character in Minstrel shows, being a caricature of a shabbily dressed rural fl; "Jim Crow" was often paired with the character "Zip Coon," a flamboyantly dressed urban fl who associated more into white culture.
	www.everybase.com /Jim_Crow_Laws (1434 words)

	Story of jim crow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Jump Jim Crow (Part 1 of 2) Out of the segregated South: oral histories from the Great Migration.
		SWASTIKA TO JIM CROW is a mesmerizing chronicle of Jim Crow America and a...
		THE RISE AND FALL OF JIM CROW is a co-production of Quest...
	factdigup5.info /story-of-jim-crow-r.html (279 words)

	BBC - North West Wales History - Isabel Adonis
		Jim Crow was at that time a derogatory term for a fl person.
		Later in the century the term Jim Crow took on a slightly different meaning in referring to the infamous Jim Crow laws in America, which enforced a brutal segregation of fls and whites.
		Slaves on slave ships were often called crows, and though it is difficult to be definitive, a fl person might have been likened to a crow because of colour and mouth shape, in the same way that white people were referred to as 'palefaces' by the native American Indians.
	www.bbc.co.uk /wales/northwest/sites/history/pages/jimcrow.shtml (923 words)

	Radio Projects: Behind the Veil: Remembering Jim Crow Transcript (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Jim Crow was a word that white and fl southerners used for an elaborate system of white supremacy, a system that was established both through legislation and the courts, and through custom.
		Jim Crow in the north wasn't law, but it was still custom.
		They fought Jim Crow laws in the state and federal courts, they resisted in public theaters and on buses, and by the 1960s they took their protest to the streets.
	www.neh.fed.us /projects/transcripts/behindtheveiltranscript.html (6996 words)

	Who Was Jim Crow?
		The name Jim Crow is often used to describe the segregation laws, rules, and customs which arose after Reconstruction ended in 1877 and continued until the mid-1960s.
		His Jim Crow song-and-dance routine was an astounding success that took him from Louisville to Cincinnati to Pittsburg to Philadelphia and finally to New York in 1832.
		By 1838, the term "Jim Crow" was being used as a collective racial epithet for Blacks, not as offensive as nigger, but as offensive as coon or darkie.
	www.ferris.edu /news/jimcrow/who.htm (780 words)

	Remembering Jim Crow : Presented by American RadioWorks
		Litwack: And calling it "Jump Jim Crow," he based the song on a routine he's seen performed in 1828 by an elderly and crippled Louisville stableman who belonged to a Mr.
		Amos: "Remembering Jim Crow" is made possible in part with a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.
		Amos: In the bayous of south Louisiana, Jim Crow was rooted in sugar cane fields and rice farms.
	americanradioworks.publicradio.org /features/remembering/transcript.html (6995 words)

	People's Weekly World Newspaper Online - Jim Crow hangs on in Alabama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		By the end of the century, the legal structure of racial discrimination toward Blacks and the actions stemming from them were often referred to as Jim Crow laws and practices.
		Jim Crow laws imposing racial segregation sprouted up, mainly in the South, in the late 19th century after Reconstruction and lasted until the 1960s.
		Numerous race riots erupted during the “Jim Crow years,” usually in towns and cities and almost always in defense of segregation and white supremacy.
	www.pww.org /article/articleprint/6476 (948 words)

	Legal Tyranny - America's Apartheid: Jim Crow Laws - What Were Jim Crow Laws? - Chapter 8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Jim Crow" was an antebellum character in a minstrel show.
		Jim Crow sang a song to this music (You will need Real Audio):
		Soon the term "Jim Crow" became a euphemism for "Negro." Soon the term "Jim Crow Laws" became a euphemism for legal segregation.
	www.lawbuzz.com /tyranny/crow_laws/what_law.htm (88 words)

	Robert Christgau: In Search of Jim Crow: Minstrelsy
		Brown's protagonist is Jim Too, the adopted son of the crippled stablehand Jim Crow.
		Jump Jim Crow pursues the argument by exhuming prompt manuscripts of nine plays written by or for Rice (four of each, with a ninth in doubt).
		In Jump Jim Crow, Lhamon shows how supposedly sympathetic middle-class observers attacked Rice's credibility with invidious comparisons--to "the veritable James" discovered by actress-diarist Fanny Kemble among the slaves on her husband's Georgia sea islands plantation, or to fl New Orleans songster and acknowledged Rice influence Old Corn Meal.
	www.robertchristgau.com /xg/music/minstrel-bel.php (6160 words)

	Bluegrass Messengers
		The south is sometimes referred to as the “Jim Crow South,” meaning that it perpetuates racial stereotypes from an earlier age.
		Dave Evans remarks on the similarity of the title "Jim Crow" to "John Crow," a folk name for a buzzard, and suggests that the "Jim Crow" song and dance is perhaps derived from the slave dance "The Buzzard Lope" (see Parish, Slave Songs of the Georgia Sea Islands, 1942).
		From fiddler Henry Reed’s web-site: “Jim Crow/Jump Jim Crow" has its origins in the minstrel stage, where the tune was used for an often extravagant or elaborate set dance.
	www.bluegrassmessengers.com /master/jimcrow5.html (1533 words)

	Jump jim crow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		A website for teachers and students that uses historical images and primary source documents, and links to related websites to show the history of the Jim Crow period of American history, which is a product of the California Heritage Project at...
		Jim Crow, the title character of the song "Jump Jim Crow", performed by Thomas D...
		Today, the term Jim Crow carries the stigma of its association with the repressive segregation laws and customs...
	factdigup5.info /jump-jim-crow-r.html (243 words)

	Urban Legends Reference Pages: Language (Crowbar)
		The use of the word 'crow' to describe an iron bar, usually with one end slightly bent and sharpened, is documented in English as far back as the year 1400.
		The use of the word 'crow' as a slang or pejorative reference to fls didn't occur until three centuries later, however, and the term 'Jim Crow' not until another century after that.
		His routine became so familiar that a few years later an antislavery book was titled The History of Jim Crow and it is from such uses of Jim Crow to signify "Negro" that the discriminatory laws and practices take their name, though the first such laws were not enacted until 1875.
	www.snopes.com /language/offense/crowbar.asp (406 words)

	Sample Lyric: Jump Jim Crow
		He claimed that his inspiration was an elderly African American he found singing this tune near a stage door one night in Washington DC.
		Whatever its origins, "Jim Crow" became part of the language, eventually becoming a name for the laws and racist attitudes used to oppress fls in the Southern United States in the 19th and 20th Centuries.
		It is generally believed that Rice's lasting success inspired the creation of minstrel shows.
	www.musicals101.com /lycrow.htm (400 words)

	New York Daily News - Big Town - Big Town Songbook: Natural sense of rhythm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		By the time he brought Jim Crow to New York, Rice was one of the highest-paid performers in the country, outearning most of his veteran counterparts who did serious drama.
		Crow in a play that his troupe was performing, "The Rifle." Rice played a "Kentucky cornfield Negro" in this production and apparently the character was so well received that he turned it into the foundation of a solo act that eventually would take him home from his road-show travels to the city of his birth.
		The verses to "Jim Crow" apparently changed regularly, with Rice often improvising on stage or using a stanza that promoted some patron's political point of view.
	www.nydailynews.com /city_life/big_town/v-bigtown_archive/story/197240p-170298c.html (829 words)

	African American Review: W. T. Lhamon, Jr. Jump Jim Crow: Lost Plays, Lyrics and Street Prose of the First Atlantic ...
		Before we "wheel about and turn about and jump Jim Crow," recall the legend of a song and dance entertainer named Thomas Dartmouth Rice, a white man who costumed himself as a fl tatterdemalion, supposedly patterned after a crippled stable boy whom Rice had seen dance in Ohio.
		Because Jim Crow's lyrics are filled with long forgotten social references, it is useful to read the introduction in its entirety before tackling the plays.
		Although Lhamon's explication of Jim Crow's evolution into a nineteenth-century "hip-hop" rebel is beautifully developed, the book could benefit from a documented history of how the "rebel" image of Jim Crow the integrationist became the symbol for segregation.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2838/is_2_38/ai_n6359573 (1254 words)

	BURNT CORK BURLESQUE: NEGOTIATING "DE DARKIE" IN CIVIL WAR SONG AND DANCE
		A song like Ò"Jump Jim Crow" has a familiar tune and uninteresting lyrics, but the dance was mesmerizing.
		In the example of "Jump Jim Crow," descriptions of the hop," the rhythms, and the peculiar shoulder and arm movements involved in the dance strongly suggest that it was a variation of a characteristically Negro shuffle in which the feet remain close to the ground and upper-body movements predominate" (Toll, 43).
		"Jump Jim Crow", for example, was based on a famous English tune.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~UG02/barnes/darkmusic.html (2076 words)

	The-Crow - Awesome movies, movie search engine, movie reviews and movie news (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Jump Jim Crow Jump Jim Crow is a song and dance from 1828 done in flface by white comedian Thomas D. Rice.
		Jungle Crow Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae Genus: Corvus Species: macrorhynchos Binomial name Corvus macrorhynchos The Jungle Crow is extremely variable in both its overall size and body proportions across the large geographical region that it covers.
		Jim Crow law In the United States, the so-called Jim Crow laws (or Black Codes) were made to enforce racial segregation, and included laws that would prevent African-Americans from doing things that a "white" person could do.
	www.awesomemovies.info /The-Crow.html (345 words)

	Remembering Jim Crow : presented by American RadioWorks
		Jim Crow ruled the South from about 1890 to well into the 1960s.
		The Jim Crow system emerged towards the end of the historical period called Reconstruction, during which Congress had enacted laws designed to order relations between Southern whites and newly freed fls, and to bring the secessionist states back into the Union.
		All railroad companies are hereby required to provide separate cars or coaches for the travel and transportation of the white and colored passengers.
	americanradioworks.publicradio.org /features/remembering/bitter.html (153 words)

	The Mavens' Word of the Day (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Jim Crow is the discrimination against, or segregation of, fl people in any of the myriad forms that it can take in this vast, paradoxical country of ours.
		Rice himself came to be known as "Jim Crow," and soon enough his cork-darkened grinning character became an archetype.
		The expression "Jim Crow law" refers to the restrictive, anti-fl laws passed to insure that fls stayed repressed.
	www.randomhouse.com /wotd/index.pperl?date=20010215 (529 words)

	A A World . Reference Room . Articles . Jim Crow Law \| PBS
		“Jim Crow” was the name of a minstrel routine (actually “Jump Jim Crow”) performed beginning in 1828 by its author, Thomas Dartmouth (“Daddy”) Rice, and by many imitators, including Joseph Jefferson.
		The term came to be a derogatory epithet for fls and a designation for their segregated life.
		The segregation principle was extended to schools, parks, cemeteries, theatres, and restaurants in an effort to prevent any contact between fls and whites as equals.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/jim_crow.html (220 words)

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