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Topic: Juvenal Habyarimana

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	France denies Agathe Habyarimana asylum - Boston.com
		France rejected an asylum appeal from the widow of late Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana on Thursday, saying she was at the heart of the regime responsible for her country's 1994 genocide.
		PARIS --France rejected an asylum appeal from the widow of late Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana on Thursday, saying she was at the heart of the regime responsible for her country's 1994 genocide.
		Habyarimana had no official government post, she had de facto authority in state affairs.
	www.boston.com /news/world/europe/articles/2007/02/15/france_denies_agathe_habyarimana_asylum (446 words)

	The Genocide (HRW Report - Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999)
		President Juvenal Habyarimana, nearing the end of two decades in power, was losing popularity among Rwandans when the RPF attacked from Uganda on October 1, 1990.
		At first Habyarimana did not see the rebels as a serious threat, although they stated their intention to remove him as well as to make possible the return of the hundreds of thousands of Rwandan refugees who had lived in exile for a generation.
		Habyarimana was obliged to end his party’s monopoly of power in 1991 and rival parties sprouted quickly to contend for popular support.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-02.htm (4274 words)

	Juvénal Habyarimana - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Habyarimana was the leader of the Mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement party.
		Following the death of Habyarimana, the paranoia and suspicion surrounding the crash blew the lid off decades of complex ethnic, social and political hatreds.
		Habyarimana is survived by his wife, Agathe Habyarimana, who was evacuated by French troops shortly after his death.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Juvenal_Habyarimana (413 words)

	Juvenal Habyarimana Biography
		Juvénal Habyarimana (March 8, 1937 - April 6, 1994) was president of Rwanda from 1973 until his death in 1994.
		Habyarimana was killed in a plane crash along with the president of Burundi on April 6, 1994.
		Hutus who believed that Habyarimana's government had been too moderate took over the government and began a genocide against Tutsis.
	www.biographybase.com /biography/Habyarimana_Juvenal.html (214 words)

	Rwanda 2000
		The informants told UN investigators in 1997 that the killing of president Juvenal Habyarimana was carried out "with the assistance of a foreign government" under the overall command of Paul Kagame, now the vice-president of Rwanda.
		Habyarimana was involved in talks that aimed at sharing power with the Rwandan Patriotic Front, a mainly Tutsi rebel army in which Mr.
		Habyarimana because the group was not pleased with the slow pace of the talks.
	www.geocities.com /iwacu.geo/explosive.htm?200624 (1661 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Africa \| Rwanda seeks ex-first lady arrest
		Rwanda has demanded that France arrest the wife of its former President Juvenal Habyarimana on charges she was involved in the 1994 genocide.
		Justice Minister Tharcisse Karugarama told the BBC that Agathe Habyarimana was one of the main genocide plotters.
		Mrs Habyarimana has said that she and her relatives have been made scapegoats for the killing of some 800,000 ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutus.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/6251425.stm (526 words)

	Minorities At Risk (MAR) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		After the assassination of Rwandan president, Juvenal Habyarimana (a Hutu) in April 1994, a state-run genocidal campaign against Tutsis and moderate Hutus was undertaken by the Rwandan Armed Forces and like-minded Hutu civilians.
		Further evidence that Habyarimana and his cronies were seeking a tribal enemy to channel Hutu frustrations against is that the President received a warning of the October 1990 RPF incursion two weeks before it occurred, but did nothing to prevent it.
		In 1990, Habyarimana skillfully drew France directly into the conflict by staging a mock RPF "attack" on the capital, fooling foreign journalists and diplomats into believing that the rebels were on the verge of overthrowing his government.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/rwatuts.htm (9719 words)

	CHAPITRE 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Juvénal Habyarimana gouverna le Rwanda pendant 21 ans avant l’accident d’avion du 6 avril 1994 où il trouva la mort et qui fut le prétexte au génocide.
		Habyarimana favorisait l’investissement du secteur privé et encourageait l’aide étrangère.
		Par son silence, le monde moralement influent de l’aide internationale s’est joint à l’Église catholique pour légitimer le régime Habyarimana et a ainsi aidé le gouvernement à croire qu’il pouvait compter sur sa bénédiction sans égard à ses politiques.
	cec.rwanda2.free.fr /doc/Rapport_OUA/Rwanda-f/FR-04-CH.htm (2746 words)

	Agatha Uwilingiyimana
		By late 1993, President Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hutu, and RFP Commander Kagame signed an agreement to end the war, which had led to over one million Rwandans fleeing to neighboring countries.
		An agreement between Habyarimana, the five opposition parties led ostensibly by Uwilingiyimana, and the rebel RFP was finally reached on August 4, 1993.
		The swearing in of the new transitional government, in which Juvenal Habyarimana was to remain president and the parties, including the rebel RFP, were to share power as outlined above, was to have taken place on March 25, 1994.
	drhill.tripod.com /uwil.htm (2041 words)

	President Juvenal Habyarimana was a prime leader during the Rwandan slaughtering
		Although Habyarimana did manage to boost the nation’s economy overall, most of the country remained poor, and his bad relations with Rwanda’s refugees are what spurred the genocide to occur in the first place.
		Hutu Power, which had grown out of control within Rwanda, was quick to label Habyarimana as a traitor, often labeling him "Tutsi lover" and "a Hutu bought by cockroaches." Shortly thereafter he was assassinated and other Hutu Power leaders took control in his name to increase the genocide of the Tutsi population.
		Habyarimana’s government placed him in charge of a newspaper called the "Kangura," originally founded to counter the effect of the Tutsi newspaper, the "Kanguka." But, it’s usefulness in Hutu Power only grew as Ngeze and the Kangura basically narrated and spread propaganda about the genocide.
	www.wccusd.k12.ca.us /elcerrito/faculty/cone/student/SA/T_Stephanie-SA1.htm (4868 words)

	ruzibiza
		All specialists on Rwanda agree that the systematic massacres that took place in Rwanda between April and July 1994 were triggered off by the assassination of President Juvenal Habyarimana on the night of April 6, 1994.
		The author continues that the RPF first considered shooting Habyarimana “at close range on the route” but that that option was abandoned because he had reduced his travel by road.
		Habyarimana “was almost killed on April 5, 1994 as he returned from Zaire, but it was not possible to place the missiles at the site in broad daylight”.
	justworldnews.org /archives/ruzibiza.html (765 words)

	Post independence in Rwanda - Rwanda DG
		In 1975 President Habyarimana formed the Mouvement Revolutionaire Nationale pour le Developpement (MRND), a single ruling party that was to promulgate in 1978 a constitution that repeatedly returned him to office by organizing "elections" in which he was the sole candidate.
		In 1989 Habyarimana and president Museveni met and established a committee to investigate refugee repatriation, in 1990, the first report, argued, the adoption of liberal approach on the part of the government while indicating that emigration demands were unlikely to be satisfied.
		On January 5, Habyarimana was sworn-in as President of the Transitional Government for a 22 months period under the terms of the Arusha Accord, but the other members of the transition weren’t.
	www.rwandagateway.org /article.php3?id_article=116 (1412 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > World -- France denies asylum to widow of slain Rwandan president
		PARIS – France has denied asylum to the widow of late Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana, saying she likely played a role in her country's 1994 genocide, her lawyer said Wednesday.
		His wife Agathe Habyarimana, 60, appealed for asylum in France in June 2004.
		Habyarimana is to appear Jan. 25 before a special refugee commission where she can appeal the ruling.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/world/20070110-1503-france-rwanda-asylum.html (366 words)

	ULAA's Report On Reconciliation Conference On Liberia
		In the evening soon after Habyarimana’s plane crash, these peacekeepers were coming from the Airport on their way to the residence of the former Rwandan Prime Minister Agatha Uwilingyimana to take her to the Rwandan National Radio to make a declaration.
		But she never made the declaration since she was assassinated by Habyarimana’s Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR) on the 7 April 1994, the eve of the plane crash.
		Interrogated about his defence, the author says his main motivations for writing the book was to bring out the truth about the Rwandan genocide by scrutinizing the shadowy zones and the silence of the international community on the Falcon 50 plane crash which even the UN admits was at the origin of the Rwandan genocide.
	www.theperspective.org /rwandangenocide.html (1253 words)

	The Epoch Times \| Rwanda Ex-Leader's Kin Says Not Guilty of Genocide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		"Protais Zigiranyirazo, a businessman and brother-in-law of the Rwandan former President Juvenal Habyarimana pleaded not guilty to all five charges against him yesterday when he made a further initial appearance," a statement by the tribunal said.
		Zigiranyirazo made the second initial appearance after his indictment was revised to include charges of conspiracy to commit genocide, genocide or complicity to genocide as an alternative to the charge of genocide.
		The genocide in the tiny central African country began on April 6, 1994 after a plane carrying Habyarimana was shot down.
	www.theepochtimes.com /news/5-5-5/28502.html (228 words)

	Causes of War Class Papers on Rwanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Habyarimana had a firm control of power that was relatively untested until the forming of the Rwandese Patriotic Front, which invaded Rwanda on October 1, 1990.
		Habyarimana killed all those who opposed him including former President Kayibanda and at least 56 other people who had worked for the Government under Kayibanda.6 Citizens were forbidden from changing residence without the Governments approval.
		Habyarimana, and hissuccessors, were the heirs of the Mwami and the Belgians.
	www.jburroughs.org /history/causes/papers.html (12852 words)

	Judicial Responses to Genocide: International Criminal Tribunal
		Soon after Habyarimana's death, extremist Hutu militias, the Presidential Guard, and the Hutu-dominated national army unleashed a systematic campaign of murder and genocide against hundreds of moderate and opposition Hutu and all Tutsi.
		Major-General Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hutu, seized power in 1973, by a military coup.
		Among those convicted by the Rwandan courts were a former official of the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (Habyarimana's ruling party), three school teachers, a hospital aide, a low-level local official, and a Burundian Hutu, reportedly one of many who participated in the genocide(64).
	web.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v1/1/2.htm (6666 words)

	Rwanda Habyarimana Kagame
		Hate speech had been transmitted through Hutu media, radicalising the population, which was easy to lead into supporting the slaughtering of their neighbours when the Interahamwe led the way.
		President Habyarimana, a close friend of the French, was himself not among the most radical Hutus, but his government included several of the leaders of the genocide, the Akazu.
		It was "not within the Tribunal's mandate," she said, acknowledging that the incident may have caused the Hutu extremists to start executing their genocide plan but that this plan was already developed and approved of.
	www.orwelltoday.com /rwandahabkagame.shtml (958 words)

	www.obsac.com Volume 9, du 1er au 28 février 2006
		Nous tenons d’amblée à réfuter l’argument en vogue selon lequel, c’est l’assassinat du président Juvénal Habyarimana qui a causé le génocide de 1994 au Rwanda.
		Parallèlement à l’offensive du F.P.R, un grand mouvement d’opposition au régime de Juvénal Habyarimana a vu le jour et il a été soutenu par beaucoup de rwandais de l’intérieur qui avaient longtemps aspiré passivement au changement du pouvoir dictatorial de la deuxième république.
		Ce sont ces mêmes génocidaires en cavale et leurs sympathisants d’hier qui tentent aujourd’hui de mettre à l’avant scène, l’attentat contre l’avion du président Habyarimana pour voiler leurs forfaits et distraire l’opinion internationale.
	www.obsac.com /OBSV9-061128AutreVersion94.html (11158 words)

	The US and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994
		On April 6, 1994, Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana’s personal plane, a gift from French president Francois Mitterand, was shot down as it returned to Rwanda, killing Habyarimana, Burundian president Cyprien Ntarymira, and members of their entourages.
		Habyarimana himself was pressed to implement the power-sharing Arusha Accord his government had concluded with the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) in August 1993, which capped three years of war, cease-fires and negotiations.
		Produced one month into the genocide, this report declares that “Almost immediately after President Habyarimana was killed, in Kigali the Presidential Guard began the systematic execution of prominent Tutsi and moderate Hutu” and that the violence is “directed by high-level officials within the interim government”.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB53/index2.html (2875 words)

	Country:
		Their aim was to overthrow Habyarimana and secure their right to return to their homeland.
		In August 1993, after several attacks and months of negotiation, a peace accord was signed between Habyarimana and the RPF, but it did little to stop the continued unrest.
		hen Habyarimana's plane was shot down at the beginning of April 1994, it was the final nail in the coffin.
	www.webpages.uidaho.edu /~bern8529/RWanda.htm (305 words)

	Rwanda Information Exchange - Post Independence - Part I
		In 1965 Rwanda was declared a one-party state under MDR/PARMEHUTU, which was the architect of the divisionist ideology that was to be consolidated in the Second Republic under President Major General Juvenal Habyarimana.
		In 1975 President Habyarimana formed the Movement Revolutionaries Natinale pour le Development (MRND), a single ruling party that was to promulgate in 1978 a sham constitution that repeatedly returned him to office by organizing "elections" in which he was the sole candidate.
		The divisions within the ruling Bahutu clique that culminated in the coup d'etat of 1973 became more heightened in the 1970s and 1980s when the clique talked of Bahutu of the north and Bahutu of the south.
	www.rwanda.net /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=32&Itemid=36 (330 words)

	Rwanda Propaganda 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The man extending his hand was the President of Rwanda, Juvenal Habyarimana.
		The presence of President Habyarimana extending his hand to Paul Kagame, who in extremist propaganda was a symbol of the Tutsi drive to reestablish an Hutu-oppressive monarchy, is a powerful indicator of Habyarimana?s weakness and inability to ensure manage a secure state.
		Thus, the theme of Hutu Unification is implied as a last resort for ensuring the safety of Hutus whose government had recently brokered a power-sharing peace accord with the arrogant, oppressive, and cunning Tutsis.
	www.onemancult.com /rwanda/rwandaprop3.html (236 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Africa \| Rwandan widow loses refugee bid
		A French appeals board has rejected the asylum request of the widow of Rwanda's ex-President Juvenal Habyarimana, whose death triggered the 1994 genocide.
		She had appealed after her claim was turned down by the French Office for the Protection of Refugees last month.
		Last month, Rwanda demanded that France arrest Mrs Habyarimana on charges that she was involved in the genocide.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/6364179.stm (306 words)

	Timeline Rwanda
		1973 Juvenal Habyarimana, a Tutsi, led a military coup that ousted Kayibanda as president.
		There was an uprising led by mainly Tutsi exiles in Uganda, known as the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), against the 18-year-old regime of Juvenal Habyarimana.
		In 2003 the former mayor was convicted by a UN tribunal in Tanzania and sentenced to life in prison.
	timelines.ws /countries/RWANDA.HTML (6289 words)

	Juvenal — Infoplease.com
		Dryden's sixth satire of Juvenal and the sexual politics of monarchy.
		The incurable wound of Telephus: noise, speech and silence in Juvenal's Satire 1.(Critical Essay)
		Chaucer's 'The Knight's Tale 2681-82' and Juvenal's 'Tenth Satire.'
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0826825.html (303 words)

	Habyarimana cabinet discussed Genocide - The New Times - - News in rwanda
		Shocking reports indicate that a testimony that was recorded as a transcript of sixty hours of interrogations of former Rwandan Prime Minister Jean Kambanda, reveals that the Genocide was openly discussed in cabinet meetings of the defunct Juvenal Habyarimana regime.
		It is believed that Melvern obtained a copy of the transcript from unofficial sources.
		The details of pre-genocide arms imports from Egypt and France are also given, as is the extent of French military cooperation with the parts of the Rwandan army most responsible for the genocide.
	www.rwandagateway.org /article.php3?id_article=765 (558 words)

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