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	Physiology of adult Homo sapiens - Urinary apparatus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The main trend of progressive evolution of kidney function (both in phylogenesis of vertebrates and ontogenesis of birds and mammals) is the increase of the intensity of filtration-reabsorption mechanism of urine formation.
		The development of secretory apparatus is considered as an adaptation to the conditions in which this mechanism is not sufficient to provide the necessary level of excretion.
		juxtaglomerular index : semiquantitative estimation of the degree of granulation of juxtaglomerular cells, obtained by a counting method and expressed as a ratio to the number of glomeruli.
	focosi.altervista.org /kidney.html (4158 words)

	Juxtaglomerular apparatus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a renal structure consisting of the macula densa, mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells.
		Juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells, also known as granular cells) are the site of renin secretion.
		The JG cells are found in the afferent arterioles of the glomerulus and act as an intra-renal pressure sensor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Juxtaglomerular_apparatus (219 words)

	Medical Dictionary: Juxtaglomerular apparatus - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Juxtaglomerular apparatus : specialized cells containing secretory granules, located in the tunica media of the afferent glomerular arterioles; major structural component responsible for the release of renin; play a major role in renal autoregulation.
		Juxtaglomerular apparatus : A complex of cells consisting of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangium lacis cells, the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule, and granular epithelial peripolar cells.
		Granular epithelial peripolar cells are located at the angle of reflection of the parietal to visceral angle of the renal corpuscle.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /medical/juxtaglomerular_apparatus.htm (292 words)

	Chapter 26
		These group of cells (juxtaglomerular and macula densa) together form the juxtaglomerular apparatus and function with the renin-angiotensin-mechanism in regulating blood pressure.
		Juxtaglomerular Apparatus is significant in regulating the ----------
		A group of cells in the distal convoluted tubule form juxtaglomerular apparatus consisting of columnar cells of macula densa and cuboidal cells of juxtaglomerular tissues.
	www.gpc.edu /~pahanotu/Urinary.htm (2921 words)

	APStracts 10:0086F, 2003. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Phospholemman expression in extraglomerular mesangium and afferent arteriole of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
		The molecular mechanisms with which the juxtaglomerular apparatus accomplishes its twin functions, acute regulation of glomerular blood flow and secretion of renin, are still not clearly understood.
		Phospholemman is a major kinase target, and its location in the juxtaglomerular apparatus suggests that it is involved in tubuloglomerular feedback.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/2003/renal/May/86f.html (210 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		a complex in the kidney comprising the juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa, and lacis cells of the polkissen; it is the site of tubuloglomerular feedback for autoregulation of the glomerular filtration rate.
		lacrima´lis [TA] lacrimal apparatus: the system concerned with the secretion and circulation of the tears and the normal fluid of the conjunctival sac; it consists of the lacrimal gland and ducts, and associated structures.
		an apparatus by which fatty or lipid constituents can be extracted from solid matter by repeated treatment with distilled solvent.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_a_54zPzhtm (1911 words)

	Blue Histology - Urinary System
		At the point of contact with the glomerulus, the distal tubule is always in close contact with the endothelial cells of the efferent and afferent arterioles of the glomerulus.
		Other parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are extraglomerular mesangial cells and the juxtaglomerular cells surrounding the afferent arteriole (modified smooth muscle cells), which produce and secrete renin.
		Another theory, the macula densa theory, claims that the secretion of renin is regulated by the composition of the fluid in the distal tubule and/or the afferent arteriole (low sodium would increase in the release of renin).
	www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au /mb140/CorePages/Urinary/urinary.htm (1975 words)

	Lab Exercises- JG cells
		This apparatus is found near each glomerulus where the afferent and efferent arterioles lie next to a distal tubule.
		The cells of the distal tubule become taller and form a structure known as the MACULA DENSA.
		Together, the Macula Densa and the JG cells are called the JG apparatus.
	cellbio.utmb.edu /microanatomy/kidney/JG_lab.htm (216 words)

	Juxtaglomerular Apparatus definition (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A complex of cells consisting of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangium lacis cells, the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule, and granular epithelial peripolar cells.
		Juxtaglomerular cells are modified smooth muscle cells found in the walls of afferent glomerular arterioles and sometimes the efferent arterioles.
		Extraglomerular mesangium lacis cells are located in the angle between the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles.
	medical.webends.com.cob-web.org:8888 /kw/Juxtaglomerular%20Apparatus (111 words)

	VIII. Control of Extracellular Fluid Volume
		The juxtaglomerular apparatus receives and processes a variety of signals arising from changes in vascular volume and causes changes in salt and water excretion in response to those signals (Fig.
		The signals that impinge upon the juxtaglomerular apparatus in response to vascular volume changes and the effector mechanisms controlled by the apparatus.
		apparatus can respond to these signals by altering the rate of renin release, by changing GFR, and by adjusting the balance between hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure in the peritubular capillaries.
	www2.kumc.edu /ki/physiology/course/eight/8_2.htm (677 words)

	II. Blood Flow and Filtration
		This conjunction of the arterioles, glomerulus, and distal tubule of one vascular-tubular unit is called the juxtaglomerular apparatus (Fig.
		It is postulated that changes in the composition of that fluid result in changes in secretion of paracrine factors that alter the degree of contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the arterioles, and the rate of renin secretion by the granular cells.
		apparatus responds to signals carried by the nerves innervating it, to humoral factors arriving via the blood stream, to changes in pressure in the afferent arteriole, and to changes in solute delivery to the macula densa via the tubular fluid.
	www2.kumc.edu /ki/physiology/course/two/2_6.htm (571 words)

	SIU SOM Histology CRR
		The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a complex of structures associated with the vascular pole of each renal corpuscle.
		Juxtaglomerular cells ("J-G cells") in the wall of the afferent arteriole are specialized smooth muscle cells containing secretory granules, the source of the hormone renin.
		The juxtaglomerular apparatus is thought to participate in the regulation of blood flow through the glomerular capillaries (and hence the rate of urine formation).
	www.siumed.edu /~dking2/crr/rnguide.htm (4384 words)

	Pathological Expression of Renin and Angiotensin II in the Renal Tubule after Subtotal Nephrectomy : Implications for ...
		To quantify the presence of renin in the juxtaglomerular apparatus,
		Expression of renin protein and mRNA was noted in the juxtaglomerular apparatus and in the afferent arteriole (arrow) G denotes glomerulus.
		Angiotensin II was present in the juxtaglomerular apparatus in sham operated controls (A, arrow) and in tubules in STNx rat kidneys (B, arrow).
	ajp.amjpathol.org /cgi/content/full/155/2/429 (5430 words)

	Sect. 7, Ch. 3:The Nephron: Juxtaglomerular Apparatus: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), located in the renal cortex, is a unique segment of the nephron where the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles of its own glomerulus.
		The macula densa is the specialized area of the thick ascending limb which makes contact with the vascular elements of the JGA.
		It has been proposed that changes in Na or Cl? transport by the macula densa causes release of an unidentified vasoconstrictor which acts locally to control filtration pressure and GFR.
	www.lib.mcg.edu /edu/eshuphysio/program/section7/7ch03/7ch03p17.htm (199 words)

	Kidney (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The site where the ascending loop of Henle touches the afferent arteriole, is called the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
		Juxtaglomerular cells are the site of renin synthesis and secretion.
		Fluids become more concentrated along the tubules and ducts to form urine, which is then drained into the bladder via the ureter.
	kidney.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (1442 words)

	REGULATION OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION BY THE KIDNEY
		Sandwiched between the contact point of the distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole are several populations of cells collectively known as the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
		Using this juxtaglomerular apparatus, individual nephrons have the ability to maintain relatively constant perfusion pressures such that consistency of overall renal function is normally well maintained.
		Both the distal tubule and the afferent arteriole contribute cells to the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
	faculty.etsu.edu /currie/renalpressure.htm (755 words)

	NIH Press Release - Researchers Determine Structure of Signalling Enzyme Power Center - 03/19/1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Briggs will come to the NIH from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor where she is professor of internal medicine and physiology and associate chair of research and faculty affairs in the department of internal medicine.
		Her research has focused on the juxtaglomerular apparatus and its role in regulating renin and renal blood flow.
		Current studies target the development of this structure and the cellular transmission mechanisms in the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
	www.nih.gov /news/pr/mar97/niddk-18.htm (502 words)

	Phospholemman expression in extraglomerular mesangium and afferent arteriole of the juxtaglomerular apparatus -- Wetzel ...
		Phospholemman expression in extraglomerular mesangium and afferent arteriole of the juxtaglomerular apparatus -- Wetzel and Sweadner 285 (1): 121 -- AJP - Renal Physiology
		Diagram of PLM and Na,K-ATPase immunoreactivity in the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
		Immunocytochemical localization of distinct isoforms of nitric oxide synthase in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of normal rat kidney.
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/285/1/F121 (4617 words)

	(via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Juxtaglomerular Apparatus: Located near the vascular pole of a renal corpuscle at the point of contact between a distal convoluted tubule and an afferent arteriole, this includes juxtaglomerular (JG) cells, a macula densa, and polkissen (extraglomerular mesangial cells).
		The JG cells, modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole, exhibit typical secretory ultrastructure and numerous PAS-positive cytoplasmic granules.
		Here, aided by the juxtaglomerular apparatus and al dosterone, the salt, ion, and water balance between the blood and urine is adjusted.
	www.loyno.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /~chood/histnoteuro.html (3463 words)

	Urinary System: Physiology
		This is a region where the cells of the distal tubule come into close approximation with the afferent and efferent arterioles.
		The sympathetic nervous system also directly stimulates the Juxtaglomerular cells (by binding NE to beta adrenergic receptors) to release renin, which begins the renin-angiotensin mechanism.
		Renin acts on angiotensinogen (plasma protein made in the liver) to release angiotensin I which is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme.
	www.etsu.edu /cpah/hsci/forsman/UrinaryPhysiology.htm (934 words)

	SODIUM BALANCE
		Renal regulation of salt and water is govemed by the juxtaglomerular apparatus and the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin axis.
		For example, sensing mechanisms thought to be in the juxtaglomerular apparatus cause diuresis of salt and water, while volume loss by hemorrhage stimulates vasopressin and aldosterone secretion, thereby increasing water retention.
		Water retention is also increased by diminished renal water clearance, nutritional deficiency, a shift of Na+ into the cells concomitant with the release of cellular K+, and release of endogenous Na+-poor water from posttraumatic catabolism.
	members.tripod.com /~lyser/na.htm (3119 words)

	Juxtaglomerular cell complex in the regulation of renal salt excretion -- Schnermann 274 (2): 263 -- AJP - Regulatory, ...
		Juxtaglomerular cell complex in the regulation of renal salt excretion
		Juxtaglomerular mediators of the TGF response to increased MD NaCl transport (left) and of the renin secretory response to reduced MD NaCl transport (right), and intracellular changes in respective target cells involved in eliciting changes in vascular and secretory endpoints.
		The assay of renin in single glomeruli and the appearance of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the rabbit following renal artery constriction.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/274/2/R263 (9016 words)

	Juxtaglomerular apparatus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The juxtaglomerular apparatus is form by cells near the glomerulus of the kidney, consisting of:
		§ juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells), epithelioid cells in the media of the afferent arterioles as they enter the glomerulus
		The JG cells secrete renin, a process mediated by angiotensin II and vasopressin.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Reference/dictionary/Biologie/J/17.html (64 words)

	lab1
		This is an association of macula densa and JG cells which are clustered around the point where the distal convouted tubule runs adjacent to both the afferent and efferent arterioles associated with the glomerulus.
		This apparatus serves as a baroreceptor to blood pressure.
		To furthur regulate the blood pressure of that contacting the glomerulus, the juxtaglomerular apparatus is used.
	www.humboldt.edu /~lls9/lab1.html (611 words)

	Angiotensin II feedback is a regulator of renocortical renin, COX-2, and nNOS expression -- Kammerl et al. 282 (6): ...
		gene expression in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of rat kidneys.
		We conclude that the expression of renin, COX-2, and nNOS in the juxtaglomerular apparatus during low-salt diet is markedly
		Schnermann, J. Juxtaglomerular cell complex in the regulation of renal salt excretion.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/282/6/R1613 (3360 words)

	Jürgen B. Schnermann, M.D. : Faculty : NIDDK Laboratories
		The laboratory focuses specifically on the role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, an intrarenal control mechanism that regulates the renin-angiotensin system and renal vascular tone through tubuloglomerular feedback.
		Current work focuses on the roles of the angiotensin 1A receptor, adenosine 1 receptor, neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthases, phospholipase A2, and cyclooxygenase-2 in control of renin gene expression and renin secretion as well as renal hemodynamic and transport functions using knockout mice.
		The juxtaglomerular apparatus: from anatomical peculiarity to physiological relevance.
	intramural.niddk.nih.gov /research/faculty.asp?People_ID=1546 (616 words)

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