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	Programming Language - MSN Encarta
		Programming Language, in computer science, artificial language used to write a sequence of instructions (a computer program) that can be run by a computer.
		For instance, programming languages such as Fortran and COBOL were written to solve certain general types of programming problems—Fortran for scientific applications, and COBOL for business applications.
		Assembly languages are intermediate languages that are very close to machine language and do not have the level of linguistic sophistication exhibited by other high-level languages, but must still be translated into machine language.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761575695/Programming_Language.html (580 words)

	C programming language
		C is a programming language, designed by Dennis Ritchie during the early 1970s, for writing the UNIX operating system.
		C is a high level language, meaning that the source code of a program can be written without detailed knowledge of the computer's CPU type.
		By 1973, the C language had became powerful enough that most of the kernel of the Unix operating system was reimplemented in C. This was the first time that the kernel of an operating system had been implemented in a high level language.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/c_/C_language.html (2572 words)

	A Shallow Introduction to the K Programming Language
		K is a high level system programming language available for Windows, Solaris, Linux, and maybe a few other Unix flavors upon request.
		K is a dynamically, strongly typed language and, variables are not declared, but they come into existence when you assign a value to it.
		K takes the approach that you show variables and changes made to that variable on the screen are immediately reflected in the program without any work by you.
	www.xcf.berkeley.edu /~nordwick/kintro.html (3041 words)

	K (programming language) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The second core distinction of K is that functions are first-class objects, a concept borrowed from Scheme.
		K is an interpreter, evaluating each expression entered and returning the results.
		The GUI library included in K is based on that of A+, but it takes advantage of many features unique to K. K's GUI is declarative and data-driven, as opposed to most GUIs which are imperative.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/K_programming_language (1374 words)

	C programming language - Avoo - Ask Us A Question - C is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		By 1973, the C language had become powerful enough that most of the Unix kernel, originally written in PDP-11 assembly language, was rewritten in C. This was one of the first operating system kernels implemented in a language other than assembly.
		Without such precautions, programs may compile only on a certain platform or with a particular compiler, due, for example, to the use of non-standard libraries, such as GUI libraries, or to a reliance on compiler- or platform-specific attributes such as the exact size of data types and byte endianness.
		The C++ programming language was derived from C and is Bjarne Stroustrup's answer to adding object-oriented functionality with C-like syntax.
	www.millvalleycaus.com /info/C_programming_language (5794 words)

	The Lazy K Programming Language
		More usually, "functional programming" is programming in which functions behave like real mathematical functions — that is, without side effects — and a pure functional language, then, is just one which requires this of all functions.
		Lazy K programs live in the same timeless Platonic realm as mathematical functions, what the Unlambda page calls "the blessed realm of the pure untyped lambda calculus." Just as garbage collection hides the process of memory management from the programmer, so referential transparency hides the process of evaluation.
		Unfortunately, this is not the case in Lazy K, because the return value of a Lazy K program must be a list of numbers, and not every function is a valid list of numbers.
	homepages.cwi.nl /~tromp/cl/lazy-k.html (3284 words)

	Kay Language
		The language K was created by ArthurWhitney, and is distributed by http://kx.com It belongs to both the ArrayOrientedLanguage Class and the Data Base Management Class of languages.
		K belongs to the class of MinimalistLanguage, because its footprint is so small.
		The interesting part of the story of APL, A+ and K is that we have awfully unusual languages - usually considered dead or at least zombified - being adopted by large, conservative financial institutions and thriving in a demanding application niche.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?KayLanguage (744 words)

	Fortran programming language
		It was the first high level language, one in which the programmer did not have to directly deal with assembler or machine code (0's and 1's).
		It was the first language to be widely used and it is the oldest language still widely used today.
		The language knew an if-statement by using a goto-statement and using this, spagethi-programs were quickly developed.
	www.thocp.net /software/languages/fortran.htm (581 words)

	Rich resource site for the programming language "K" \| Lambda the Ultimate
		Rich resource site for the programming language "K" I don't remember how I stumbled upon this, but I've been interested in K for quite some time but could not find much in way of information and examples (outside of the Kx Systems commercial site).
		Each punctuation mark in K has a meaning; those meanings are _named_ and _defined_ in the K reference manual; readers of K code must perform several tasks to gain understanding: Translate symbol to name, recall the definition of the name, then understand the effect of that definition in the usage context.
		Offhand I think you'd struggle to write functions quite as general as the k ones in haskell due to the mismatch between the type systems, and the way apl family languages let functions written over scalars to be automatically generalized to arrays and nested arrays.
	lambda-the-ultimate.org /node/1323 (1994 words)

	The Java Programming Language Third Edition
		Programming Language is an indispensible resource for novice and advanced programmers alike.
		Programming Language, Fourth Edition, is the definitive tutorial introduction to the Java language and essential libraries and an indispensible reference for all programmers, including those with extensive experience.
		Programming Language is a valuable resource for both novice and advanced programmers.
	java.sun.com /docs/books/javaprog (758 words)

	The Brainfuck Programming Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A Brainfuck program has an implicit byte pointer, called "the pointer", which is free to move around within an array of 30000 bytes, initially all set to zero.
		The Brainfuck programming language consists of eight commands, each of which is represented as a single character.
		My own Brainfuck programs: an 822-byte quine, and factor, a program that factors arbitrarily large integers in an arbitrarly large amount of time -- and what may have been, at the time that I wrote it, the largest Brainfuck program in existence.
	www.muppetlabs.com /~breadbox/bf (382 words)

	The Ballisti-K Programming Language
		Data is stored in the "accumulator", which holds a SIRS (signed integer of reasonable size (32 bits in the reference implementation)), in the "chamber", which also holds a SIRS, or in the "air", which can hold an implementation-limited number of SIRS.
		Jumping backward past the beginning of the program is considered an error, while jumping forward past the end of the program is an acceptable way to stop execution of the program.
		A sample program which includes the fibonacci program described above, is available.
	www.estarcion.com /exrecto/ballistik.html (752 words)

	The pbrain Programming Language
		This is an extension to the Brainfk programming language** that adds the ability to define and call procedures.
		If you're wondering about the asterisks in the name of the programming language, it's because the name is rather rude.
		This is the pbrain program referred to in the comment header of the intepreter source.
	www.parkscomputing.com /code/pbrain (1033 words)

	FreiK's WebLog : Language & Library Evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		And it turns out that the language needed some new features, like concepts, thread safety, concurrency, a strong memory model, improved security, and the library needed to repair, oh, perhaps a really awful std::kstring implementation, and perhaps std::vektor.
		But also, this K-- language is incredibly popular, to the tune of roughly 75% of worldwide software revenue.
		Language users need to be able to rely on the old library, while bringing in portions of the new runtime, so your legacy code base can migrate as a business model allows.
	blogs.msdn.com /freik/archive/2006/05/25/607728.aspx (410 words)

	Popular Programming Language Timelines Tutorials Extensions
		Assembly language is very flexible and powerful; anything that the hardware of the computer is capable of doing can be done in assembly.
		This language became so popular in the early 1960s that other vendors started to produce their own versions and this led to a growing divergence of dialects (by 1963 there were 40 different compilers).
		Until the early 1980s, although compilers existed for a variety of machine architectures and operating systems, the language was almost exclusively associated with Unix; more recently, its use has spread much more widely, and today it is among the languages most commonly used throughout the computer industry.
	home.cfl.rr.com /eaa/Languages.htm (697 words)

	Esoteric programming language - Esolang
		An esoteric programming language is a computer programming language designed to experiment with weird ideas, to be hard to program in, or as a joke, rather than for practical use.
		Some languages are created mainly for the purpose of being weird and difficult to program in.
		INTERCAL's main purpose was to be as different as possible compared to normal languages (although there are still many similarities with conventional programming languages), and Malbolge was designed with the goal of being next to impossible to use.
	www.esolangs.org /wiki/Esoteric_programming_language (434 words)

	" , webtitfn[ html.URL ] , "
		http://www.kx.com/ ArthurWhitney `s language : K, which I consider to be the most conceptually advanced language in its abstraction of the essential structures of data and algorithms.
		k is faster (sum of times) k(32) perl(95) java(300) tcl(1400+) k is shorter (lines of code) k(9) awk(66) perl(96) tcl(105) scheme(170) vb(200) java(350) we really are different...
		Try this, which I got from the K people: Maintenance is provided for an annual fee of 20% of the K Developer License Fee.
	www.cosy.com /language/k-lang.htm (1069 words)

	Amazon.com: The C Programming Language (2nd Edition): Books: Brian W. Kernighan,Dennis Ritchie,Dennis M. Ritchie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This book is not for people who study C as their first programming language (those would be better served with a pair of books - a first course in programming and compiler guide).
		This last aspect is sufficiently lost in 4G languages and elaborate frameworks and tools that the critical art of debugging has become a crass exertise and "tweak and test" that lacks a deep appreciation for why some things weren't a good idea to start with.
		No mater what language you program in, please read K&R. It will be one of the few programming books you will still own ten years later (my current copy was bought in 1981).
	www.amazon.com /C-Programming-Language-2nd/dp/0131103628 (1695 words)

	Techno / Programming Language Theory Texts Online
		This is a collection of programming language theory texts and resources, all of which are freely available over the Internet.
		Many valuable reference texts on programming language theory, previously only available in paper form, have in recent years become publicly accessible from the net.
		Part of the reason PL theory and advanced programming languages seem impenetrable to other communities is that learning materials are hard to obtain, or demand a sizeable investment of resources (time, money,...) even if the potential reader is only exploring the subject.
	www.cs.uu.nl /wiki/Techno/ProgrammingLanguageTheoryTextsOnline (659 words)

	Jim Cordy Software and Languages
		A unique programming language and software analysis / transformation system designed and implemented by the author with the help of several graduate students.
		Turing is still the primary programming language taught at over 50% of secondary schools in Ontario and at several universities.
		The first implementation of the radically innovative Euclid programming language commissioned by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. Department of Defense and the Canadian Department of National Defence.
	www.cs.queensu.ca /~cordy/software.html (744 words)

	Amazon.com: The Java(TM) Programming Language (3rd Edition): Books: Ken Arnold,James Gosling,David Holmes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Direct from the creators of the Java(tm) programming language, this Third Edition of The Java(tm) Programming Language is a valuable resource for both novice and advanced programmers.
		The Java programming language is object oriented, and its syntax has been inspired from the C and C++ programming languages [1, 2].
		Java is made of four parts: Java the programming language [3], Java the virtual machine [4], Java the standard set of libraries [5], and Java the specifications [6, 7].
	www.amazon.com /Java-TM-Programming-Language-3rd/dp/0201704331 (2062 words)

	C Programming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The notes on these pages are for the courses in C Programming I used to teach in the Experimental College at the University of Washington in Seattle, WA.
		I originally designed the first, Introductory course around The C Programming Language (2nd Edition) by Kernighan and Ritchie, and the notes were designed to complement that text, highlighting important points and explaining subtleties which might be lost on the general reader.
		Depending on your background, you might want to read one or both of the two preliminary handouts: one on programming in general, and one which reviews some math which is relevant to programming.
	www.eskimo.com /~scs/cclass/cclass.html (615 words)

	Wireless Developer Network - The Java Programming Language Tutorial
		The language is governed by the Java Language Specification document available from Sun Microsystems.
		The C++ programming language allows variables and functions to be declared outside of classes.
		An object-oriented programming language provides the developer with the capability to model things in the real world as, you guessed it, objects.
	www.wirelessdevnet.com /channels/java/training/javalanguage.html (698 words)

	" , webtitfn[ html.URL ] , " (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		is by many measures one of the most powerful programming languages.
		Already K.CoSy provides an extremely productive workspace like environment previously impossible in K which is itself one of the most expressive and perhaps the fastest language yet created.
		Shallow Introduction to the K Programming Language 021114
	cosy.com /K/CoSy.htm (935 words)

	Amazon.ca: C Programming Language: Books: Brian W. Kernighan,Dennis Ritchie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		An indisputably classic computing text, Kernighan and Ritchie's The C Programming Language, 2nd Edition, is the standard reference for learning and using ANSI C. Written by the co-inventors of C, this concise tutorial has a well-deserved reputation for clarity and precision as it defines one of the most successful programming languages of all time.
		C is still a great first programming language, and its influence is felt in Java and C++, both of which support many programming constructs based on C, while adding support for objects.
		The C Programming Language is still an excellent reference to one of our most successful and efficient programming languages.
	www.amazon.ca /Programming-Language-Brian-W-Kernighan/dp/0131103628 (1332 words)

	C Programming Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Actually, if you read it carefully, you'll find that is constantly dispensing wisdom about programming in general, from basic concepts to deep insights to impeccable commentary on imponderable topics such as programming style, at the same time it teaches the specifics of the C language.
		The authors are not out to save the world or to convert it to their philosophy of programming.
		They are meant to supplement KandR for the reader who is new to C and perhaps to programming, and who wants a slightly more detailed, less pithy presentation.
	www.eskimo.com /~scs/cclass/krnotes/top.html (371 words)

	K Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		K is a small, fast, and powerful programming language made by Arthur Whitney at Kx.
		A Shallow Introduction to the K Programming Language: An essay on the basics of K
		K and KDB Tutor: General information on K and KDB, aiming at mostly learning the systems
	www.xcf.berkeley.edu /~nordwick/k (146 words)

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