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	Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		KEDO's principle activity is to construct a light water reactor nuclear power plant in North Korea to replace North Korea's Magnox type reactors, with an original target date for completion of 2003.
		Currently KEDO is ensuring that the nuclear power plant project assets at the construction site at Kumho, 30 km north of Sinpo, in North Korea and at manufacturers’ facilities around the world ($1.5 billion invested to date) are preserved and maintained.
		KEDO may well have a role in any new agreement that replaces the Agreed Framework, as agreed in the six-party talks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/KEDO (374 words)

	Nuclear News - KEDO's Nuclear Safety Approach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In summary, KEDO is responsible for providing two units that meet, at a minimum, international and U.S. standards of safety, and the DPRK regulatory authority is responsible for issuing construction, commissioning, and operating permits based on its review of the licensing documents and a determination of whether the units meet these standards.
		KEDO shall be responsible for assuring that design, manufacture, construction, testing, and commissioning of the LWR units are in compliance with these nuclear safety and regulatory codes and standards.
		KEDO is committed to adopt the safety principles and utilize internationally formulated safety guidelines for the LWR project, as outlined by the IAEA and the Convention on Nuclear Safety.
	www.npec-web.org /letters/nuclearnews.htm (5547 words)

	KEDO: Promoting Peace and Stability on the Korean Peninsula and Beyond (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Established to advance the implementation of the October 1994 Agreed Framework between the United States and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), KEDO has served as a unique vehicle for implementing energy-related projects in the DPRK and, more broadly, for supporting international nuclear non-proliferation efforts and peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula.
		In December 2002, KEDO suspended shipments of heavy fuel oil to the DPRK.
		In the interim, KEDO has shifted the focus of its efforts to ensuring that the LWR project assets at the construction site in North Korea and at manufacturers’ facilities around the world (US $1.5 billion invested to date) are preserved and maintained.
	www.kedo.org (242 words)

	General Accounting Office Report
		According to KEDO officials, the heavy fuel oil is being stored in a large number of storage tanks and excavated open storage pits at the delivery ports and at the plants where the heavy fuel oil is being consumed.
		KEDO is thus unable to track the heavy fuel oil from the time it is unloaded from delivery vessels at the North Korean ports to the time it passes through the flow meters at the plants where it is eventually consumed.
		KEDO officials, during their monitoring visits, have observed storage facilities at the seven plants; however, they cannot confirm that these are the only facilities where KEDO-supplied heavy fuel oil is being stored.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/report/gao/rced-00-020.htm (2846 words)

	China
		KEDO, its contractors, subcontractors and KEDO Persons shall respect the relevant laws and regulations of the DPRK on transportation as shall be agreed between KEDO and the DPRK and shall conduct themselves at all times in a decent and professional manner.
		KEDO shall ensure that the barges and vessels specified in this Article shall operate under the pilotage of the DPRK between the pilot station specified in Annex 4 of the Protocol and berths and anchorage in the ports specified in paragraph 1 of this Article.
		KEDO, its contractors and subcontractors shall be allowed to select any means of transportation and crew, including those of the DPRK, without discrimination, as they deem necessary for transporting KEDO Persons and Materials to and from the entry and exit points of the DPRK.
	www.nti.org /db/china/prot2.htm (2637 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: KEDO Pours Concrete for North Korean Nuclear Reactor
		KEDO Pours Concrete for North Korean Nuclear Reactor
		KEDO is the international consortium implementing the agreement.
		Bush waived the certification requirement, however, and funding for KEDO was not affected.
	www.armscontrol.org /act/2002_09/kedo_sept02.asp (666 words)

	Talking Points: The Language of Rule Based Regional Security (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Although the KEDO charter was signed in March of 1995, it took until June to complete several rounds of tough negotiations establishing the particulars of the reactor deal outlined in the AF.
		The KEDO brain-trust viewed their negotiated agreements as an “inverted pyramid” that moved from general at the top to specific points touching the ground.
		KEDO had the opportunity to serve as such a vehicle because its narrow mandate was in fact a sizable and vastly complex undertaking.
	www.isanet.org /noarchive/howard.html (10678 words)

	letter to the nuclear regulatory commission (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Your letter raises further concerns on the points I raised with you: (1) the capability of the LWRs KEDO is building for North Korea to produce large quantities of plutonium useful for weapons and (2) the inability of the nuclear plants to meet the essential safety requirements that KEDO has advertised it will meet.
		KEDO incorporated measures in its agreements with the DPRK to ensure that adequate liability protection and legal and financial mechanisms are available for meeting claims related to the LWR plants.
		The second KEDO website statement that bears correcting is the one that work on the two reactors is being conducted in a manner that "meets or exceeds international standards of nuclear and conventional safety." In fact, these reactors cannot meet U.S. safety requirements for the reactors’ electric power systems.
	www.npec-web.org /letters/kedo-letter.htm (1464 words)

	North Korea zone: Energy
		KEDO, of course, is the Korea Peninsula Energy Development Organization, which according to the 1994 Agreed Framework was funded to build a light-water reactor in North Korea, in exchange for that country's abandoning nuclear weapons development.
		KEDO is the international consortium responsible for building 2 light-water nuclear reactors in Kumho, North Korea as part of the 1994 Agreed Framework deal in which N.Korea agreed to scrap its nuclear weapons program.
		KEDO plans to notify Pyongyang that resumption of construction will be difficult if North Korea remains uncooperative, and if it continues to develop nuclear arms, the sources said.
	www.nkzone.org /nkzone/category/energy/index.php (1843 words)

	N. Corea (Korea) Reactor Project Approaches Financial Meltdown \| Asian American Intelligence \| GoldSea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The KEDO project appears to be facing the final blow later this year, when its major loans from Japan and South Korea come due on Dec. 1 on the second anniversary of the suspension of reactor construction, according to its auditors, PricewaterhouseCoopers.
		In a letter endorsing KEDO's accounting procedures in the KEDO annual report covering activity to the end of 2004, the auditors note that waivers were placed on repayments on the loans in conjunction with the suspension of construction activity.
		KEDO was founded by South Korea, Japan and the United States under President Bill Clinton's administration to fulfill terms of the 1994 U.S.-North Korean agreement intended to head off a looming war over Pyongyang's withdrawal from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.
	goldsea.com /Asiagate/507/08nuclear.html (779 words)

	China
		The purpose of the Protocol is for KEDO and the DPRK to establish the conditions under which labor, goods, facilities and other services shall be provided to KEDO, its contractors and subcontractors and their personnel, including persons under the auspices of KEDO and their accompanying family members.
		KEDO, its contractors or subcontractors and the DPRK Company shall enter into and implement relevant contracts in accordance with the general principles and guidelines referenced in paragraph 2 of this Article.
		KEDO, its contractors and subcontractors may choose not to accept any goods, made available by the DPRK Company for the LWR project, which are inconsistent with the relevant contracts specified in Article 2 of the Protocol.
	www.nti.org /db/china/prot5.htm (1620 words)

	Sioux City Journal: Serving Sioux City, Iowa
		KEDO halted the $4.6 billion project in 2003 after the United States confronted North Korea with evidence that in addition to its nuclear power program, Pyongyang had also sought to secretly develop nuclear weapons by enriching uranium.
		KEDO responded by saying that Kartman would stay until a decision on his successor is reached.
		KEDO was founded by South Korea, Japan and the United States under the Clinton administration to fulfill terms of the 1994 U.S.-North Korean agreement intended to head off a looming war over Pyongyang's withdrawal from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
	www.siouxcityjournal.com /articles/2005/05/25/news/latest_news/80b8acfa93e2fcf08625700c0011926b.prt (408 words)

	Korea
		KEDO, its contractors and subcontractors and respective personnel shall be exempt from DPRK taxes, duties and charges in connection with the LWR project.
		KEDO, its contractors and subcontractors shall also be permitted to establish secure and independent means of communications for their offices based on a timely and case-by-case review of equipment requests and in accordance with relevant telecommunications regulations of the DPRK.
		Nuclear Safety and Regulation KEDO is responsible for assuring that the design, manufacture, construction, testing and commissioning of the LWR plants are in compliance with safety and regulatory codes and standards equivalent to those of the IAEA and the U.S. and applied to the reactor model selected by KEDO.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/news/dprk/1995/951218-dprk-usia.htm (1931 words)

	Online NewsHour Update: International Consortium Suspends N. Korea Nuclear Power Project -- November 21, 2003
		KEDO, whose members include the United States, South Korea, the European Union and Japan, is the international consortium in charge of managing development of two light-water nuclear reactors, which were to be used for energy purposes.
		While KEDO will spend the next year attempting to convince the North Koreans to discontinue their nuclear weapons programs, the fate of the project may have already been sealed.
		KEDO had intended to deliver the first reactor to North Korea this year, but the project is only about 30 percent finished and is expected to take another five years.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/updates/nkorea_11-21-03.html (525 words)

	KEDO ready to begin construction on nuclear reactors
		On Monday in Tokyo, Japan signed a loan agreement with KEDO to provide up to 116.5 billion yen to finance construction of the reactors, completing the funding of the project under a 1994 U.S.-North Korean accord on Pyongyang's abandonment of its nuclear development program.
		Regarding the timetable for the entire project, however, Anderson said it is still premature to determine a specific schedule, emphasizing instead the importance of engaging Pyongyang in the KEDO process and offering the country a way out of international isolation.
		KEDO is an international energy consortium created in 1995 as agreed in a U.S.-North Korean accord the previous year to provide two light-water reactors with a capacity of 1,000 mw each to North Korea in exchange for Pyongyang's abandonment of its nuclear development program.
	www.state.nv.us /nucwaste/news2000/nn10476.htm (514 words)

	Mitchell B. Reiss Testimony
		First, KEDO needs to reach an agreement with the prime contractor, KEPCO, that is acceptable to the subcontractors on nuclear liability for the LWR project.
		Third, KEDO is faced with the difficult task, first, of explaining to the KEDO Executive Board members that an internationally acceptable nuclear liability regime must be established in the DPRK, a regime that may be very different from the ones in place in the ROK and Japan.
		This would include KEDO performing all of the nuclear commissioning tests to ensure the LWR plants worked properly before responsibility for the reactors was formally transferred to the North.
	www.icasinc.org /lectures/reiss1.html (2819 words)

	Asia Times: Kedo signals intent to use Japanese firms
		TOKYO - The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (Kedo) is likely to ask Hitachi Ltd and Toshiba Corp to jointly deliver generators for light-water reactors to be built in North Korea.
		Kedo is an international organization with members that includ Japan, the US and South Korea.
		By 2008 Kedo will build proliferation-resistant light-water reactors in Kumho, in exchange for the North halting work on a fl lead reactor, which could be used for developing nuclear arms.
	www.atimes.com /japan-econ/BL08Dh02.html (184 words)

	A Coming Crisis on the Korean Peninsula?: Special Reports: Publications: U.S. Institute of Peace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		KEDO (Korean Economic Development Organization)--an international organization of American, South Korean, and Japanese staff founded to implement the Agreed Framework--has established itself as an effective interlocutor with North Korea on nuclear-related issues.
		The major challenge to KEDO at the moment is whether sufficient political support exists in the United States, Japan, and South Korea to raise the funding and number of members from governments to ensure KEDO's financial ability to provide the required heavy oil shipments and initiate light water reactor construction.
		KEDO's multinational membership--including South Korean and Japanese staff--has not proved to be an obstacle to its ability to implement the framework agreement.
	www.usip.org /oc/sr/korea96.html (6509 words)

	Unfinished Reactors Haunt Pyongyang Nuclear Disarmament Process \| Asian American Intelligence \| GoldSea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Sources close to the talks being held this week at KEDO's offices in New York believe a final decision to abolish the KEDO reactor project may come at a subsequent meeting in November, when key loans and contracts come due, and a political decision about the light-water reactor project must be reached.
		The improbable KEDO project was cobbled together in 1994 as the Bill Clinton administration laid plans to go to war over North Korea's secret reprocessing of plutonium from a research reactor at Yongbyon.
		KEDO being an easy political target, John Bolton, the undersecretary of State for disarmament and non-proliferation affairs, immediately launched a campaign to have the IAEA declare North Korea in violation of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) agreements on the uncompleted reactor, former KEDO chief Charles Kartman told the AP.
	goldsea.com /Asiagate/509/26reactor.html (1222 words)

	Senate Appropriations Chair Proposes $3.5 Million for KEDO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		KEDO was established to implement the 1994 Agreed Framework signed by the United States and North Korea.
		Under the Agreed Framework, KEDO was to have arranged for the building of two light-water nuclear reactors in North Korea when the Pyongyang regime agreed to freeze and ultimately dismantle its nuclear weapons program.
		That funds may be obligated for assistance to KEDO subject to the regular notification procedures of the Committees on Appropriations.
	japan.usembassy.gov /e/p/tp-20030121b5.html (329 words)

	13 Wn. App. 433, PEPPER & TANNER, INC., Appellant, v. KEDO, INC., Respondent
		The trial court concluded the KEDO should not be expected to have the contract continuing indefinitely and we agree.
		Secondly, the 2,600 spots which KEDO agreed to run as advertising for Mars and Pepper were specifically not to preempt the advertising for KEDO's regular customers.
		Therefore the ruling that the spots which had not been ordered during the first 2 years of the term were lost, and the requirement that KEDO utilize the 1,720 remaining spots at the rate of 520 per year appears a reasonable interpretation of the contract.
	www.mrsc.org /mc/courts/appellate/013wnapp/013wnapp0433.htm (1117 words)

	Korea
		The executive meeting of the KEDO board was held in Seoul today for the early implementation of the DPRK and U.S. agreed things in Kuala Lumpur as has already been stated in the press statement.
		In addition to that determination, the KEDO executive board determined today that the reference plant to be designed in the contract between KEDO and the prime contractor on the light water reactor project will be Ulchin three-four.
		KEDO said that some or part of the additional facility will be provided to North Korea.
	globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/news/dprk/1995/950613-dprk-usia2.htm (2298 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: KEDO Suspends Construction of Nuclear Reactors
		KEDO’s Executive Board announced Nov. 21 that it would suspend construction of the two reactors for one year beginning Dec. 1.
		KEDO said the project’s future “will be assessed and decided by the Executive Board before the expiration of the suspension period,” but the Bush administration believes there is “no future for the project,” Department of State spokesman Adam Ereli said Nov. 5.
		Reacting to a Nov. 4 KEDO announcement that the board was considering suspending the project, a North Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman argued Nov. 6 that KEDO should compensate North Korea for the reactors and said North Korea would “never allow” KEDO to remove “all the [reactor project’s] equipment, facilities, materials and technical documents.”
	www.armscontrol.org /act/2003_12/KEDO.asp (1079 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Asia / U.S. and Allies Suspend North Korea Nuclear Plant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		KEDO was the international consortium established to run and manage a project that stemmed from the so-called Agreed Framework between the Clinton administration and Pyongyang.
		KEDO, which includes the United States, Japan, South Korea and the European Union, would maintain about 100 caretakers, most of them South Korean nationals, at the reactor site in Kumho on the eastern coast of North Korea, an official said.
		"The executive board of KEDO, given that the conditions necessary for continuing the light water reactor project have not been met by the DPRK (North Korea), has decided to suspend the light water reactor project," KEDO said in its announcement, which was expected after intense pressure from Washington.
	www.boston.com /news/world/asia/articles/2003/11/21/us_and_allies_suspend_north_korea_nuclear_plant (574 words)

	Japan Policy & Politics: U.S. eyes compromise deal of giving fuel to N. Korea thru KEDO
		KEDO is a New York-based multilateral consortium established by the United States, Japan and South Korea to provide light-water nuclear reactors for power generation to North Korea under a 1994 agreement between Washington and Pyongyang.
		But KEDO has virtually stopped operations since the current nuclear crisis erupted in October 2002 when Washington alleged that Pyongyang admitted to running a secret uranium enrichment program.
		''KEDO can be a very useful vehicle for managing energy assistance to North Korea and in the context of when we have come to an agreement in the six-party talks to provide energy assistance,'' the official said.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2005_Jan_18/ai_n8704239 (751 words)

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